Chisoti cha padziko lapansi amatanthauza amphibiya opanda mchira. Awa ndi gulu. Ophunzirawo amangotchedwa amphibians. Gululi lili ndi banja la achule. Oposa 40 a m'badwo. Pali mitundu 579 mwa iwo. Amatchedwa dothi, chifukwa ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira komanso masana nthawi yotentha amabisala m'mabowo, amadziika m'manda pakati pa mizu, miyala.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a toad yadothi
Chidole cha padziko lapansi pachithunzichi ndipo zenizeni zake ndi zazikulu kuposa chule, zimakhala ndi khungu lowuma, lolimba. Idzakutidwa ndi mtundu wa njerewere, zotuluka. Achule alibe zoterezi, komanso amatha kugwira tizilombo tothamanga kwambiri.
Chisoti chikuwatenga ndi lilime lake. Kumbali inayi, achule adakulitsa miyendo yakumbuyo. Izi zimathandiza nyamazo kudumpha. Achinyamata alibe luso limeneli. Zowonjezera kuchokera ku achule ndi izi:
- thupi lotayirira lopanda mizere yoyera
- mutu udatsitsa pansi
- kuchuluka kwa ma gland kumbuyo, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatulutsa poyizoni
- khungu lakuda lokhala ndi pansi
- kusowa mano pachibwano chapamwamba
Maganizo azakugonana amakula mumiyendo yadothi. Amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi ndipo amakhala ndi zala zoyambirira pamapazi awo. Zimathandiza dziwani zogonana zadothi.
Ziphuphu pamiyendo ya zitsamba zachimuna zadzala ndi zopangitsa za khungu. Amathandizira kukhalabe kumbuyo kwa wokondedwayo nthawi yokwatirana. Chifukwa chake kukumbatirana ndikumvetsetsa kumayambika mwa amuna.
Kuchuluka kwa zisoti zadothi ndi zopangitsa zamakutu. Izi zimagwira amuna ndi akazi. Zomveka zamakutu zimatchedwa parotids.
Makulidwe achilendowa amafika masentimita 30 m'litali. Pachifukwa ichi, kulemera kwa munthu kumatha kukhala ma 2.3 kilogalamu. Palinso oimira kakang'ono ka gulu pafupifupi masentimita atatu m'litali.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ziphuphu zazifupi komanso zolemera kwambiri zimayenda pang'onopang'ono. Pakakhala zoopsa, amphibiya amataya misana yawo. Izi zowoneka bwino zimapangitsa kuti zitsamba zikhale zazikulu, kuwopseza olakwira. Achule amangodumpha kuchokera kumapeto.
Achinyamata nthawi zina amatha kudumpha kamodzi, koma amachita ngati "chinyengo" chobwezera kumbuyo chikulephera.
Kukhala ndi khungu lolimba, lopaka khungu kuposa achule, zitsamba zimatha kukhala kutali ndi matupi amadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Palibe chifukwa chosungunulira kosalekeza. Makamaka, ntchitoyi imagonjetsedwa ndi ma parotids. Amapanga chinsinsi chosungunulira.
Moyo wa chofunda chadothi umagawika magawo opuma ndi kuchita, osati usana ndi usiku wokha. Yotsiriza ndi nthawi yodzuka. Moyo umagawidwanso munthawi yotentha ndi kuzizira. Pofika nyengo yozizira, zitsamba zimaboola pansi mpaka kuzama pafupifupi masentimita 10. Pamenepo nyama zimagwera makanema oimitsidwa, zomwe zimachedwetsa njira zamoyo.
Achule atha kubowola m'zipululu, madambo, nkhalango. Mkhalidwe waukulu ndi kupezeka kwa posungira pafupi. Sikuti kunyowetsa zophimba zazitsamba. Amafuna madzi kuti abereke. Mazira amaikidwa m'madambo ndi m'nyanja.
Nthawi yokolola kulira kwa mphalapala yadothi nthawi zina zimawoneka ngati zachinyengo. Amph amphibi amaopa amatha kulira pang'onopang'ono. Kukula kwa achule, monga achule, sikupezeka kawirikawiri komanso kumayankhula pang'ono. Kulira kwa achule, monga achule, sikupezeka kawirikawiri komanso kutsika.
Mitundu yazidole zadothi
Mwa mitundu pafupifupi 600 ya zisoti zadothi ku Russia, 6. Mndandanda umayamba ndi wamba. Amatchedwanso sulfure. Mimba ya amphibian imawonekera. Kumbuyo kwazitsamba ndi imvi yakuda.
Kutalika kwa tozi wamba sikudutsa masentimita 7. M'lifupi thupi ukufika 12. Mutha kuwona nyamayo ku Central Asia ndi Far East.
Kuphatikiza pa toad wamba pamndandanda wa mitundu yaku Russia:
1. Kum'maŵa Kutali... Iye, monga imvi, ali ndi maso a lalanje. Komabe, utoto wa tozi zakum'mawa kwa Far umasiyanasiyana. Pazoyera zoyera, pali mawanga amtundu wa njerwa ndi zolemba zakuda. Ziweta zaku Far East zimakhala m'madambo osefukira komanso nkhalango zamvula.
Pali ambiri a iwo ku Sakhalin, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa Russia. Kunja kwa malire ake, mitunduyi imapezeka ku PRC ndi Korea.
2. Chobiriwira... Amawonekeranso, koma zolemba zake ndizobiriwira komanso zazing'ono kuposa za ku Far East. Chithunzicho chikuwoneka chosakhwima. Chakumbuyo ndi imvi. Madontho a lalanje amabalalika kumbuyo. Mitunduyi ikufanana ndi kusindikiza kobisa.
Chinsalu chobiriwirachi chimapezeka m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia m'madambo osefukira komanso madambo.
3. Chimongoliya... Chikho ichi ndi imvi-azitona. Mawanga obiriwira. Iwo ndi osiyana kukula kwake. Mimba ndi yopepuka. Zilonda zamwamuna ndizopota. Kukula kwa khungu kwazimayi kumakhala kosalala. Oimira mitunduyo amakhala kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
4. Anthu a ku Caucasus... Ndi bulauni komanso wokulirapo kuposa zitsamba zina zadothi zaku Russia, mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 13. Kuchokera pa dzina dera lomwe amphibiya amakhala ndizowonekeratu. M'mapiri a Caucasus, zitsamba zimakopa kupita kumapanga onyowa.
5. Bango... Zofanana ndi zobiriwira, koma zazing'ono. Mtundu wa mawanga a toad ndi wowala. M'malo madontho lalanje kumbuyo - bulauni. Mitu ya bango ili pafupi kutha. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, oimira mitunduyo amapezeka m'dera la Kaliningrad.
Achule ena amawonjezeredwa pazisu zenizeni zadothi. Pafupifupi theka la zilankhulo, palibe kusiyana komwe kumapangidwa pakati pamalingaliro. Chifukwa chake, chule wakuda waku Africa ndi onse mphonje wakuda wakuda... Makona pakamwa pake atsika. Izi zimapangitsa nyamayo kuoneka yachisoni. Thupi la amphibian limakhala lotupa nthawi zonse.
Zitsamba zenizeni kunja kwa Russia zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, American American-headed and cricket. Chomaliza ndichobiriwira chikasu. Awa ndimawu akulu. Kujambula - bulauni-wakuda. Mimba ya chidole cha kricket ndi zonona, ndipo khosi ndi loyera mwa akazi komanso lakuda mwa amuna.
Nkhunda yamutu wa paini ndiyokulirapo katatu kuposa kricket, ndipo imafika mainchesi 11 m'litali. Dzinalo la mitunduyo ndi chifukwa cha mizere yotchuka pafupi ndi maso. Kutuluka kumapezeka kutalika. Oimira mitunduyo amakhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma ma warts mthupi amakhala opepuka kapena akuda kuposa mawu akulu.
Chidebe chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, bloomberg, chimakhalanso kunja kwa Russia. Oimira mitunduyo amapezeka ku Colombia, mdera la Ecuador. Kumeneko, zovalazo zimakhala za 30 cm kutalika. Pansi pa thupi la nyamayo ndi loyera mopitilira, ndipo pamwamba pake pali udzu wobiriira wobiriwira.
Antipode wa Bloomberg ndiye woponya mivi wa Kihansi. Kutalika kwa thupi kwachitsondochi sikupitilira masentimita awiri. Awa ndiwo malire a amuna. Saki ndi wamkulu sentimita imodzi. Komabe, mitundu yokhayo ndi mikwingwirima yochepa. Nyama zimakhala mkati mwa Tanzania. Pali mathithi a Kihansi. Amphibians amatchulidwa mwaulemu wake. Amakhala pamahekitala awiri pansi pa mathithi.
Kumapeto kwa mutuwu, tanena za toad eya. Ndiye membala woopsa kwambiri m'banjamo. Kukula kwake, ma aga akulu ndi masentimita 2-4 okha otsika kuposa bloomberg. Mafinya a tozi amapangidwa ndimatenda mthupi lonse. Yaikulu kwambiri ili pamutu.
Poizoni amaponyera wolakwayo. Poizoniyo amalowa pakhungu. Chifukwa chake, ndikowopsa kugwira aga m'manja mwanu. Zilombo zomwe zimaluma amphibian zimafa patangopita mphindi zochepa. The poyizoni amatseka ntchito yamtima.
Kunja, aha amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa ma prickick warts kumbuyo, ziwalo. Nyamayo imakhalanso ndi khungu lokhala ndi keratinized kuposa zoseweretsa zina. Chikope chapamwamba cha aga chimadutsa ndikutuluka kwapadera kwa semicircular. Mtundu wa zitsamba ndi zofiirira komanso zotuwa pamwamba. Zolemba zake zimakhala zazikulu kumbuyo komanso zocheperako thupi.
Zakudya zanyama
Kodi dothi ladothi limadya chiyani zimadalira komwe kumakhala. Mwachidule zakudya 100% m'munsi mwa mapuloteni. Achule samadya zakudya zamasamba. Kudyera kumangokhala kudya mphutsi ndi tizilombo.
Chokhacho ndi chakudya cha agi. Chifukwa cha poyizoni, amphibian amathanso kupatsira mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe, ndi zokwawa.
Kukula kwa Russia, zitsamba zimadya makamaka zodzaza, nyerere, ndowe, slugs, mbozi, dinani kafadala, udzudzu. Ambiri omwe ali pandandandawu ndi tizirombo. choncho tozi zadothi m'munda kapena kumunda kumathandiza.
Komabe, amphibiya samawoneka kumeneko ndi manja awiri. Ndi za zikhulupiriro zambiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti amatenga zida zake panthawi yomwe akukhudza nyama. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zisoti zikuyimira mphamvu za mdima. Enanso amaganiza kuti heroine wa nkhaniyi ndi imfa.
Mwachilungamo, tikuwona kuti palinso kutanthauzira kwabwino kwa chithunzi cha tulo tadothi. Ku China, mwachitsanzo, ndiye chizindikiro cha chuma. Anthu achi Celtic amatcha chuleyu mbuye wa dziko lapansi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Yankho la funso, momwe zisoti zadothi zimaswana ku Russia, sizodziwika bwino - umuna wakunja. Dzira limamasulidwa kunja kwa thupi. Kumeneko chachimuna chimadzipereka kwa umuna. Mazira achule ndiwo mazira awo. Akazi ake anagona mosungira. Amuna amatenga mazira kumeneko.
Madambo, maiwe, maenje, mitsinje yamadzi amasankhidwa ngati malo osungira zisoti. Kunja kwa Russia, pali mitundu yomwe imayikira mazira m'matumba. Poterepa, tadpoles amakhala ndi ma suckers. Amapezeka pamimba. Mothandizidwa ndi oyamwa, tadpoles amakhazikika pa algae, miyala yapansi, nkhono.
Kunja kwina, palinso zitsamba zapansi zomwe zimatulukira kunja kwa matupi amadzi. Oyimira mitundu ya Philippines akuika mazira awo m'mizere ya masamba amitengo. Toads amatenga amadyera kutalika kwa mita zingapo.
Kupatula pakati pa achule ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira kwa umuna mkati. Izi ndi mitundu ya viviparous. Mazira awo amakhala ndi ma oviducts otanuka. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mitu yonse ya viviparous ndi yaying'ono, siyidutsa masentimita atatu m'litali.
Kodi zisoti zadothi zimakhala zazitali bwanji zimatengera mtunduwo. Malire ambiri ndi zaka 25, osachepera zaka 5. Komabe, oimira mitundu ikuluikulu adapulumuka mpaka zaka 36.
Momwe mungachotsere mphonje yadothi
Kudya tizilombo, achule samanyansitsa kununkhira kwakuthwa ndipo samawopa mitundu yosiyanako. Mbalame zolusa zimawanyalanyaza. Chifukwa chake pali kuchokera mphonje zadothi zimapindula. Kuvulaza kapena amphibians samawononga munda. Koma kuti athandizire, mitundu yambiri yazisoti idakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.
Kotero, mwachitsanzo, ndinafika ku Australia ndi zilumba za Hawaii. Okhazikika omasulidwa adatulutsidwa kumunda ndi bango. Achulewo anawononga tizirombo mofulumira, kupulumutsa mbewu.
Ngakhale zabwino za heroine wa nkhaniyi, ambiri amaganiza momwe mungachotsere mphonje yadothi... Ndizokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro olakwika komanso kunyansidwa ndi amphibian. Zina mwa njira zochotsera zidole ndi izi:
- kusunga nkhuku zomwe zimadya nyama zakutchire
- kuyeretsa masamba akufa, matabwa, makungwa ndi malo ena komwe zibisala zimatha kubisala
- kutchetcha udzu nthawi ndi nthawi kofunikira pazitsamba zomangira ndi pogona
Chokhacho chomwe, zitsamba zimapweteketsa minda yamasamba - maenje. Kupanga iwo pogona, amphibian akhoza kukhudza mizu ya zomera. Alimi ena amadandaula kuti nkhaka ndi tomato zawo sizilephera. Komabe, pazotsatira zoterezi, payenera kukhala misoti yambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amakhala patsamba limodzi.
