Mbalame yayikulu, yodziwika bwino kumadera onse apadziko lapansi, imadziwika chifukwa champhamvu komanso yopanda mantha. Mitundu yokhayo yabanja la Skopin ndi ya dongosolo la mbalame zamphamba.
Pazinthu zodabwitsa zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha anthu, dzina la mbalameyo lakhala chizindikiro cha kunyada, mphamvu, chitetezo, kulimba mtima. Kuuluka osprey Chojambulidwa pamalaya ndi mbendera ya mzinda wa Skopin.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a osprey
Lamulo lamphamvu la chilombocho limasinthidwa kuti likhale ndi moyo wathanzi komanso maulendo ataliatali. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 55-62, kulemera kwake ndi 1.2-2.2 kg, mapiko ake mpaka 170-180 cm.
Zazimayi ndizokulirapo komanso zakuda kuposa akazi. Mlomo wamphamvu wokhotakhota, chingwe kumbuyo kwa mutu, maso achikaso okhala ndi maso akuthwa, olowera mkati. Mphuno za mbalamezi zimatetezedwa ndi mavavu apadera kuchokera kumadzi olowera.
Osprey amagwira nsomba
Mchira ndi waufupi, miyendo ndiyolimba, pa zala zake pali zikhadabo zakuthwa, pansi pake pali zikhomo zokhala ndi zisonga zolanda nyama yoterera. Osprey amasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama zina zolusa ndi kutalika kofanana kwakumbuyo ndi zala zapakati ndikusinthanso chala chakunja. Chilengedwe chimapatsa mbalameyo luso logwira mwamphamvu nsomba zam'madzi, chomwe ndi chakudya chachikulu cha nkhono.
Mtundu wokongola umakopa chidwi cha okonda mbalame, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufotokozera kwa osprey. Chifuwa ndi mimba ya mbalameyi ndi yoyera, ndi mizere ya bulauni. Pakhosi ngati mkanda wamawangamawanga. Kumbali ya mutu, mzere wofiirira umayambira mlomo mpaka diso ndikupitirira mpaka m'khosi.
Kutalika, mapiko akuthwa ndi bulauni yakuda. Mlomo, miyendo yakuda. Nthenga zolimba zimakankhira madzi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimawoneka zowonekera pang'ono, ndipo mamina awo ndi ofiira lalanje. Mawu a mbalame ndi akuthwa, kulira mwadzidzidzi, kukumbukira kuitana "kai-kai".
Mverani mawu a mbalame yakuda
Mbalameyi imadziwa kusambira ndi nyama, samaopa madzi, ngakhale imayika pachiwopsezo chomira polimbana ndi nsomba zamphamvu. Osprey ilibe mafuta apadera, monga mbalame zam'madzi, chifukwa chake pambuyo poti madzi akuyenera kutaya madzi kuti athawire kwina.
Njira yogwedeza ndiyapadera kwambiri, kukumbukira kuyenda kwa galu. Mbalameyi imapinda thupi lake, imagubuduza mapiko ake mwanjira yapadera yofinya. Osprey amatha kuchotsa madzi pamtunda komanso ntchentche.
Osprey akuthawa
Mu chithunzi osprey Nthawi zambiri amatengedwa munthawi yofunika kwambiri pamoyo - pakusaka, kusamuka, chisa ndi anapiye. Maonekedwe okongola, kuwuluka kokongola nthawi zonse kumadzutsa chidwi cha iwo omwe amakonda nyama zakutchire.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kuledzera kwa nsomba kumasintha kufalikira kwa mbalame pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Osprey amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, samapezeka m'malo okhaokha. Funso, Osprey ndi mbalame yosamuka kapena yozizira, Ali ndi yankho losamveka. Zowononga zakumwera zimakhala pansi, pomwe zina zimasamukira kwina. Malire omwe amagawa anthu ali ku Europe pafupifupi 38-40 ° kumpoto.
Zimakhazikika m'malo otakasuka; nyengo yachisanu ikafika zimauluka ku Africa, kupita ku Central Asia. Bwererani kumalo opangira zisa mu Epulo. Njira yayitali imagawidwa m'magawo okhala ndi mpumulo. Tsiku lililonse mbalame ya osprey Zitha kuphimba mpaka 500 km. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kubwerera kuzisa zawo kumakhala kosavuta. Odyera sanasinthe zisa zawo zomwe asankha kwazaka zambiri.
Mbalame zisa zayandikira kwambiri, mpaka 2 km, kuchokera kunyanja, nyanja, mitsinje ndi madzi ena. Kusaka nyama zolusa ndikoletsedwa, popeza anthu akuwopsezedwa ndikusintha kwachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza gawo la moyo wa munthu. Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ulimi kunatsala pang'ono kupha mbalame yokongola.
Mwachilengedwe, palinso adani okwanira. Ena amasaka nyama, yomwe nkhono imagwira, ena amayesa anapiye, ena sachita manyazi kudya mbalameyo. Kadzidzi, ziwombankhanga, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amapikisana ndi nkhono kuti zigawane nawo nsomba.
Osati nsomba zonse zomwe zagwidwa zochuluka zimapita kubanja lake. Mwa nyama zomwe zimadya pamtunda, adani achilengedwe ndi ma raccoon, njoka zomwe zimawononga zisa. M'nyengo yozizira ku Africa, mbalame zimawombedwa ndi ng'ona, zimateteza nyama zolusa kwinaku zikusambira m'madzi.
Osprey wokhala ndi nyama
Osprey amakhala yekhayekha m'moyo, kupatula nyengo yobereketsa. Nthawi zina mbalame zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikusaka nsomba, ngati dziwe lili ndi anthu ambiri. Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za Osprey ndikuzungulira pamwamba pa dziwe pamtunda wa 30 m ndikuyang'ana nyama.
Zakudya zabwino
Osprey - mbalame angler, chifukwa chake amatchedwa chiwombankhanga. Alibe zovuta zina za nsomba. Nyamayo ndi yomwe imayandama pamwamba ndipo imawonekera kuchokera kutalika kwa kutha kwa mlenje wa osprey. Nsomba amapanga 90-98% ya chakudya chake cha tsiku ndi tsiku.
Njira yosakira osprey ndiyopatsa chidwi. Mbalameyi imakonda kubisalira, makamaka imangoyang'ana komwe ikufuna, ikamawuluka ndikuzungulira pamtunda wa 10-30 mita. Ngati nyamayo ikukonzekera, mbalame imatsika mwachangu ndi liwiro lokulira ndi mapiko ake atagona pansi ndi miyendo yake patsogolo.
Kuyenda kwa osprey ndikofanana ndikuthamanga kwa womenya kwambiri. Kuwerengera molondola sikusiya mpata woti wozunzidwayo athawe. Chiwerengero cha ma dive opambana chimadalira nyengo, kusinthasintha kwa madzi, pafupifupi kufika 75% malinga ndi ziwerengero za omwe amaonera mbalame.
Osprey akudya nsomba
Kusodza sikuchitika ndi mulomo, monga mbalame zina zambiri, koma ndimakhola okhazikika. Kulowerera pang'ono kumathera ndikumugwira mwamphamvu nyamayo ndikuwukweza m'madzi pambuyo pake. Kuti inyamuke mwachangu, mbalameyi imapanga mapiko ake mwamphamvu.
Nsombazo zimagwidwa ndi zikopa zapadera, zomwe, pamodzi ndi zikhadabo, zimathandiza kunyamula nyamayo ndi cholemera, nthawi zina chofanana ndi kulemera kwa mbalameyo. Phazi limodzi limagwira nsomba kutsogolo, linalo - kuchokera kumbuyo, malowa amalimbikitsa mphamvu zowuluka za osprey. Kulemera kwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa kungakhale kuchokera ku 100 g mpaka 2 kg.
Kusaka madzi kumalumikizidwa ndi nthenga zamadzi. Osprey amatetezedwa ndi chilengedwe ku chinyezi chofulumira - nthenga zomwe zimathamangitsa madzi zimatha kuuluka. Ngati kumiza kunali kozama, mbalameyo imathira madzi ochulukirapo mlengalenga ndikusuntha kwamapiko ake.
Pakusaka, chilombocho chimakhala pachiwopsezo chomira m'madzi ngati nsomba zikulemera komanso zamphamvu. Chingwe chakupha ndi zikhadabo chimakhala chakupha - mbalameyo singachotse msanga katundu wake ndikutsamwa pankhondoyo, ndikumira.
Kudya nsomba zochuluka kumayambira kumutu. Izi zimawasiyanitsa ndi obadwa ena ambiri omwe samadya mitu ya nsomba konse. Chakudyacho chimachitika pa nthambi kapena malo otsetsereka a dothi. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya patsiku ndi 400-600 g wa nsomba.
Gawo la nyamayo limapita kwa mkazi ngati iye afungatira anapiye. Chisa cha Osprey Nthawi zambiri mbalame yolimba imayenera kunyamula nyama yotalikirapo kwa ma kilomita angapo. Anapiye achichepere amafunikiranso kudyetsedwa kufikira atadziwa sayansi yakusaka.
Nthawi zina achule, mbewa, agologolo, salamanders, njoka, ngakhale abuluzi ndi ng'ona zazing'ono zimalowa mchakudya cha chilombo. Chofunikira chokha chodyera chilichonse ndikuti iyenera kukhala yatsopano, sichidyetsa carrion osprey. Osprey samamwa madzi - kufunika kwake kumakwaniritsidwa ndikudya nsomba zatsopano.
Kubereka kwa Osprey ndi moyo wautali
Pambuyo pakupanga awiriwa, mbalame zimakhalabe zokhulupirika kwa osankhidwa moyo wawo wonse. Mbalame zakumwera zimadutsa nyengo yakukhwima ndikusankha malo okhala ndi malo awo mu February-Marichi, pomwe mbalame zakumpoto zimasamukira kumadera ofunda ndipo nthawi yaukwati imayamba mu Epulo-Meyi.
Yaimuna imafika koyamba ndikukonzekera kukumana ndi wosankhidwayo. Zida za chisa: nthambi, timitengo, algae, nthenga, - zonse mbalame zimabweretsa, koma chachikazi chimagwira ntchitoyi. Chojambulacho ndi chopangidwa ndi nthambi.
Chisa cha Osprey ndi anapiye
Kenako pansi pake pamadzaza ndiudzu ndi ulusi wofewa. Zina mwazinthu zachilengedwe, pali mapaketi, zidutswa za nsalu, makanema, mizere yosodza yomwe mbalame zimatenga. Kukula kwa chisa m'mimba mwake mpaka 1.5 mita.
Malowa amasankhidwa pamitengo yayitali, miyala, nsanja zapadera, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu mbalame. Mchitidwe wokonza masamba opangira unayambira ku America, ndipo pambuyo pake udafalikira m'maiko ena. Tsopano nsanja ndizofala ngati nyumba zodyetsera mbalame.
Mwana wakhanda Osprey Chick
Njira zazikulu zomangira chisa ndi chitetezo ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba m'madzi osaya: nyanja, mtsinje, malo osungira, dambo. Malowa ndi 3-5 km kutali ndi madzi.
Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhazikika pazilumba kapena pamiyala yamiyala pamwamba pamadzi kuti zitetezedwe kwa adani awo. Mtunda wapakati pa zisa zoyandikana umasiyanasiyana kwambiri: kuyambira 200 mita mpaka makumi amakilomita. Zimatengera chakudya - mbalame zimateteza madera awo.
Ngati chisa chidamangidwa bwino, ndiye kuti m'zaka zotsatira, osprey abwerera kumalo ano. Pali zowona zakulumikizidwa kwa mbalame zaka khumi kunyumba kwawo.
Osprey mwana wankhuku
Mkazi amaikira mazira mosinthana, ndikutenga masiku 1-2. Pambuyo pake, mofananamo, anapiye adzawoneka ndikumenyera chakudya. Chiwerengero cha okalamba chimakhala bwino kuposa cha omwe amabadwa pambuyo pake.
Mazira, ofanana ndi mipira ya tenisi m'madontho a bulauni, amasungidwa ndi makolo onse kwa miyezi 1.5-2, kuwotha moto ndi kutentha kwawo. Dzira limalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala olowa m'malo awiri mwa anayi m chisa.
Dzira la mbalame ya Osprey
Pakudula kwa zowalamulira, yamphongo imatenga nkhawa zazikulu zodyetsa ndi kuteteza theka ndi ana ake. Zikakhala zoopsa, nkhono zolimba zimalimbana ndi mdani mopanda mantha. Zikhadabo ndi milomo ya mbalamezo zimakhala chida choopsa.
Anapiye obadwa kumene amakhala okutidwa bwino, lomwe limadetsa pakatha masiku 10, limakhala lofiirira. Makolo amathyola nsombazi tizing'ono ting'ono ndikuziika m'milomo yawo yosakhutira. Anapiyewo akakwana, amayamba kutuluka mchisa kuti akafufuze za dziko ndikusaka paokha.
Nthenga zokwanira zosamuka ndizothamanga kuposa mbalame zokhala pansi (masiku 48-60). Koma kwa miyezi ingapo amakonda kubwerera ku chisa kukathandizidwa, kukalandira nsomba kuchokera kwa makolo awo.
Kusamuka kwadzinja ndizovuta kwa mbalame zonse. Si achinyamata onse omwe amayenda ulendo wautali; mpaka 20% ya ma ospreys amawonongeka. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka zitatu. Kwa chaka choyamba kapena ziwiri, kukula kwachichepere kumakhala m'malo otentha, koma malinga ndi kukula kwake, kumakonzekera kuthawira kumpoto.
Olimbikira kwambiri kubwerera kumayiko akwawo kukapanga maanja awo ndikumanga chisa chatsopano. Kutalika kwa moyo wa Osprey m'chilengedwe kumakhala zaka pafupifupi 15, mu ukapolo - zaka 20-25. Zolemba za mbalamezo mu 2011 zinali zaka 30 zamoyo.
Chilombo chokongola chimatanthauza mphamvu ndi kukongola kwa chilengedwe. Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti Russian Bird Conservation Union ipange chisankho: osprey - mbalame ya 2018... Kwa aliyense, uku ndikuti kuyitanitsa kusamalitsa ndi chisamaliro kudziko lokongola la okhala ndi nthenga padziko lapansi.
