M'nthawi ya Mesozoic, mbalamezi zidasiya kuwuluka mokomera gawo lamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, anyani amayenda ndi matupi awo owongoka. Onse ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma amasiyana kutalika. Mitundu yayitali yayitali mpaka 125 cm kapena kupitilira apo, ma penguin ang'onoang'ono sangathe kuposa 30 cm. chizindikiro.
Ma Penguin amakonda kampani yamtundu wawo. Pafupifupi samanga zisa; amapanga magulu ambiri achisokonezo. Nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madera ena am'nyanja. Mbalame zimayamba zaka 20.
Mitundu yaying'ono sikuti nthawi zonse imagonjetsa zaka 15. Mbalame zimakhala zaka 5 muukapolo kuposa kuthengo. Dziwani, mitundu yanji ya ma penguin, mutha kuwawona ndi maso anu poyendera malo osungira nyama akuluakulu.
Genus emperor penguins
Mtunduwu unali woyamba kupatukana ndi muzu wabanja, chifukwa chake umatchedwa basal. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha mmenemo. Mmodzi wosankhidwa - wachifumu, winayo komanso dzina lachifumu - ma penguin achifumu. Izi mitundu ya anyani pachithunzichi wonyada ndi wolemekezeka.
Mu mbalame za mtundu uwu, mawotchi amagwira ntchito yapadera. Zimatumikira osati zothandizila kuti thupi likhale loyimirira. Panthaŵi yofunika kwambiri ya kusamira mazira ndi kuteteza kamwana kakang'ono kamene kamazizira, iwo ali ngati chisa.
Mapazi a anyani amatetezedwa ku chimfine ndi nthenga. Zombo zolumikizana zolumikizana kwambiri zimathandizanso kukhala otentha. Magazi otentha otentha amapereka magazi ake ochepa. Pali njira yotenthetsera nthawi zonse. Sikuti paws zokha zimasungidwa, chisa chosakonzekera chimatenthetsedwa.
Mtundu wa emperor penguin
Anapezeka mu 1820, paulendo wa zombo zaku Russia motsogozedwa ndi Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev kugombe la Antarctica. Mbalamezi zinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi omwe anatulukira. Chifukwa chake, adalandira ulemu wapamwamba womwe udalipo panthawiyo.
Mbalamezo ndi zazikulu modabwitsa. Kukula kwawo kuli pafupi masentimita 130. Ndipo kulemera kwake, ndi chakudya chokwanira, kumatha kufikira 50 kg. Mtundu ndi okhwima komanso waulemu. Mimba yoyera imasanduka chifuwa chachikasu. Makala akuda kumbuyo kwake ndi mapiko ake amapanga mawonekedwe ofanana. Mlomo ndi wolumikizidwa pang'ono. Pamutu wakuda, pafupi ndi khosi, pali mawanga achikasu.
Nthenga zimakhazikika ngati magawo atatu aubweya, kutenthetsa komanso kutchinjiriza chinyezi. Moulting amachotsa mbalame chitetezo chawo. Mpaka pomwe imatha, mbalame zimakhalabe kumtunda, ndiye kuti zimafa ndi njala. Kukonzanso nthenga kumachitika mwachangu komanso munthawi yomweyo mthupi lonse. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyi imangotenga sabata limodzi kapena awiri kuti ifwe ndi njala chifukwa cha kusungunuka.
Makoloni amapangidwa kutali ndi gombe. Ma Penguin amayenda maulendo ataliatali (mpaka 50-100 km) kuti adzipeza ali mgulu la amuna ndi akazi achikulire ndikuyamba nkhani yobereka. Dzuwa lomwe likuyandikira ku Antarctic komanso kuchepa kwamasana kukuyambitsa njira yoberekera.
Zikafika kumudzi, mbalame zimayamba kufunafuna awiriawiri. Amuna amayenda pamsonkhano wa avian akutsitsa ndikukweza mitu yawo. Mkazi waulere amakhudzidwa ndi mauta awa. Ataima moyang'anizana, mbalame ziwerama. Pokhulupirira kubwezereranso kwa zikhumbo, anyaniwa amayamba kuyenda awiriawiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chibwenzi chamasiku ndi zochita zina zimachitika pakatentha -40 ° C.
Emperor penguin amangokhala okha kwa nyengo imodzi yokha. M'dziko lovuta la Antarctica, munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi woyamba woswana. Palibe chifukwa chodikirira mnzanu wa chaka chatha kuti abwere kumudzi. Pali mwayi wochepa kwambiri wa mwayi.
Mu Meyi-Juni, mkazi amatulutsa dzira limodzi la 470g. Ndikulemera kwake, dziralo limawoneka lalikulu, koma poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwake kwachikazi, iyi ndi imodzi mwazitsamba zazing'ono kwambiri za mbalame. Pokhapokha 2.3% ya kulemera kwa kholo ndiye kamwana kameneka ka penguin kotsekedwa.
Ikatsalira, dzira limasamutsidwira kwa yamphongo. Ndi yekhayo amene amasunga ndi kuyatsa anyani amtsogolo kwa masiku 70. Mkazi amapita kunyanja kukadyetsa. Iye watopa, thupi likusowa chakudya. Amuna nawonso amakhala ndi zovuta. Colony, kupanga gulu lolimba, amadzipulumutsa okha kuzizira ndi mphepo, kukumbatirana, kutembenukira kumbuyo kumphepo.
Pakati pa nthawi ya kukwatira, kuphatikiza nthawi yakumasulira, amuna amalephera kulemera 40%. Anapiye amakhala kwa miyezi 2-3. Pofika nthawi yoonekera, zazikazi zimabweranso ndi nsomba kum'mero, zomwe zimadyetsa anapiye. Mpaka Januware, mbalame zazikulu zimapita kunyanja kukadya. Kenako njuchi zimatha. Mbalame zonse zimapita kukawedza.
Ma penguin amfumu
Mbalamezi zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Amakhala okwera mita imodzi. Unyinji, makamaka, umafika makilogalamu 20. Mtundu wa mitundu yonseyi ndi wofanana. Koma ma penguin amakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga owala, lalanje m'khutu ndi pachifuwa.
Malo okhala ma penguin okhala ndi dzina lachifumu ndizilumba zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe zimachokera ku 44 ° S latitude. mpaka 56 ° S M'zaka zapitazi, malo okhala penguin pazilumba zambiri atsala pang'ono kutha, chifukwa chake ndi mafuta a mbalame.
Izi zidatsala pang'ono kuwononga anthu okhala pachilumbachi. Oyendetsa sitima anapha mbalame chifukwa cha mafuta okha. Mpaka pano, kupha anthu mopanda nzeru kwatha. Chiwerengero chonse cha mbalame chimaposa 2 miliyoni. Ndiye kuti, sawopsezedwa kuti atha.
Ma penguin amfumu amakula azaka zitatu. Njira yoberekera imayamba, nthawi zambiri ali ndi zaka 5. Mu Okutobala, ma penguin okhwima amasonkhana pamudzipo. Amuna amayamba kudutsa gulu la mbalame, posonyeza kukonzeka kwawo. Kuvina kwawo kosakanizana ndi kupindika mutu. Vapors amapanga msanga mokwanira.
Mkazi amaikira dzira limodzi la magalamu 300. Mosiyana ndi achibale achifumu, osati champhongo chokha, komanso chachikazi chimaswa. Pakatha masiku pafupifupi 50, anapiye pafupifupi amaliseche amawonekera. Makolo amayenera kuwateteza, mosakhazikika kuposa dzira. Pambuyo masiku 30-40, mwana wankhuku amayamba kudziyimira pawokha.
Ma penguin okongola
Mtundu umodzi wamtunduwu wapulumuka mpaka nthawi yathu - uyu ndi penguin wokhala ndi mzere wachikaso m'maso, kumbuyo kwa mutu, kuzungulira mutu. Dzina lodziwika bwino ndi penguin wamaso achikaso. A Maori, omwe ndi nzika zaku New Zealand, adaupatsa dzina loti Huaho. Ikuti izi ndizo Mitundu yosaoneka ya penguin... Amakula mpaka masentimita 60-80. Mu nyengo yodyetsedwa bwino imalemera pafupifupi 8 kg. Maso achikaso ndi penguin wachinayi wamkulu kwambiri potengera kukula ndi kukula kwake.
Mitundu ya Huajo m'mphepete mwa nyanja yakum'mawa kwa New Zealand, Steward Islands, Auckland ndi ena. Chiwerengero komanso kukula kwa ana kumawonetsa kutha kwa mbalamezi m'zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu zikubwerazi. Chifukwa, malinga ndi asayansi, chagona mukutentha, kuipitsa, kusodza.
Amalonda aku New Zealand adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magulu a penguin kukopa alendo. Okonda zachilendo amabweretsedwa ku magombe a Oamaru, Otago Peninsula, komwe amatha kuwona mbalame zam'nyanja zachilendo, makamaka popeza omwe ali ndi maso achikaso nthawi zambiri samapezeka akaidi. Iwo sakhutitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi zinthu zopangira kubereka.
Penguin zazing'ono
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wosankhidwa - penguin yaying'ono kapena yabuluu ya New Zealand. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi ena onse m'banjamo ndi moyo wake wamadzulo. Mbalame, pamlingo winawake, titha kuziwona ngati zikubowola nyama. Amakhala tsiku lonse ali m'malo okhumudwa, m'mabowo achilengedwe, ndikupha nsomba usiku.
Kuopa ndiye mkhalidwe waukulu wa mbalame zazing'onozi. Kulemera kwawo sikupitilira 1.5 makilogalamu. Kuti apeze misa yotereyi, ma penguin ang'onoang'ono amayenera kusambira makilomita 25 kuchokera pagombe ndipo kumeneko amasaka nsomba zazing'ono ndi cephalopods. M'magombe a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amagwira nkhanu.
Mbalameyi idalembedwa koyamba ndikufotokozedwa mu 1871 ndi wofufuza malo waku Germany Reinhold Forester. Koma pali mikangano pakati pa akatswiri azamoyo. Mwachitsanzo. Pali mitundu ya mbalame zoyera zokhala ndi mapiko oyera. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi subspecies zazing'ono, koma olemba ena amawaika ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Kafukufuku wa DNA wa mbalame akuchitika, koma nkhaniyi sinathetsedwe.
Penguin wamapiko oyera amakhala m'chigawo cha New Zealand ku Canterbury. Pamalo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mbalame zamapiko oyera zimapanga maenje osavuta omwe amakhala masana. Madzulo, mumdima, pita kunyanja. Chizolowezichi chimapulumutsa ku mbalame zam'nyanja, koma chimateteza kuzilombo zazing'ono zomwe zimaperekedwa kumayiko amenewa ndi azungu.
Maboma a Commonwealth of Australia ndi oyandikana ndi New Zealand aletsa kuphedwa kwa ma penguin. Anapanga malo otetezedwa kumene mbalame zimasonkhana m'madera. Koma kusodza, makamaka maukonde, kutayika kwamafuta, zinyalala zam'madzi, kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso kufooketsa chakudya, zonse zikuyendetsa ma penguin.
Penguin zouma
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 7 yomwe ilipo. Ena mwa iwo ndi ambiri. Koma imodzi - mitundu 8 - idazimiririka m'zaka za zana la 19. Kukula kwathunthu kwa mbalame kumafika masentimita 50-70. Maonekedwe onse ndi penguin, koma pali nthenga zokongoletsa pamutu, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chawo. Mayina a mitundu ya penguin ziwonetseratu mawonekedwe awo akunja kapena malo okhala ndi zisa.
- Penguin Wokondedwa. Maganizo osankhidwa. Monga choyenera ndi penguin wodula, chovala chakuda ndi choyera chimakongoletsedwa ndi zisoti za nthenga zachikaso ndi zisa.
- Penguin wokhala ndi tsitsi lagolide. Ndizodziwika kuti mitundu ingati ya anyani ndi wa banja. Pali 40 miliyoni a iwo. Hafu ya kuchuluka kwa anyani ndi mbalame zaubweya wagolide.
- Penguin wakumpoto. Mbalamezi zadziwika kuti ndi taxon yapadera. Chifukwa chakukakamizidwa kukwera miyala, amatchedwa okwera miyala. Kapena ma penguin okhala ndi tsitsi lagolide. Mbalame zopanda ndegezi zimamanga zisa zawo m'malo otsetsereka. Kumene munthu wolanda nyama sangakwane. Tsoka ilo, izi siziteteza kwa achifwamba.
- Penguin wonenepa kwambiri. Ngakhale zili zochepa, zikumbu sizingathe kulembedwa mitundu ya penguin yomwe ili pangozi... Chiyembekezo choteteza mitunduyi chimalumikizidwa ndi kutalika kwa malo okhala komanso kusapezeka kwa adani akumtunda.
- Nkhono Zotchedwa Penguin. Mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'zilumba zazing'ono zotchedwa Snares Archipelago. Dera lake limapitilira 3 sq. Km. Kunja, mbalameyi imasiyana kwambiri ndi abale ake. Malo owala patsinde pa mlomo wakuda wakuda akhoza kukhala chizindikiritso.
Chilumba chakunyumba si mulu wa miyala. Ili ndi tchire ndi mitengo, komanso zomwe timatcha nkhalango. Chilumbachi ndichabwino kwambiri chifukwa kulibe nyama zolusa. Chifukwa chake, Snair Crested Penguin amapanga zisa m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso patali, ku Forest Forest.
- Mbalame ya Schlegel. Wokhala pachilumba cha Macquarie. Chilumba chakutali ku South Pacific ndi malo okha omwe mbalameyi imaberekera ana. Oyandikana ndi mbalame zina zam'nyanja, zokongolazi zidakwanira anthu 2-2.4 miliyoni.
- Penguin wamkulu. Nthawi zina amatchedwa Sclater Penguin. Wokhala ku Antipode ndi Bounty Islands. Mitunduyi imaphunziridwa bwino. Chiwerengero chake chikuchepa. Amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yomwe ili pangozi.
Tiyenera kunena kuti si akatswiri onse azamoyo omwe amavomereza mitundu iyi ya mbalame zomwe zimapezeka. Ena amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu ya 4. Ndipo atatu oyamba pamndandandawo ndi amtundu wamtundu womwewo.
Ma penguin a Chinstrap
Amakhala, pamodzi ndi mfumu, malo akummwera kwambiri pakukhazikitsa madera. Pokhala pagombe lamiyala, zimapanga zisa zazing'ono kwambiri. Mukaswana anapiye pa madzi oundana am'makontinenti, izi sizotheka. Zala za mbalame zimakhala ngati chisa.
Amapita kunyanja kukapeza chakudya. Malo owukira masukulu a nsomba zazing'ono nthawi zina amakhala pamtunda wa makilomita 80 kapena kupitilira gombe. Apa iwo osati kudzaza m'mimba mwawo, koma iwowo amakhala chandamale cha adani. Pafupifupi 10% ya anyani amtundu wa penguin amakhala ndi mikango yam'nyanja.
- Adelie Penguin. Penguin anatulukira ndikufotokozedwa ndi wasayansi waku France Dumont-Durville. Yogwirizana ndi dzina la mkazi wa wasayansi. Maonekedwe a mbalame ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kalembedwe ka penguin. Palibe zokopa. Mimba yoyera ndi chifuwa, chovala chovala chakuda. Mabanja pafupifupi 2 miliyoni amasamalira ana awo kuzilumba za Antarctic ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
- Penguin wa Gentoo. Dzinalo lodziwika bwino limachokera ku Latin Pygoscelis papua. Kuwonedwa koyamba ndikufotokozedwa kuzilumba za Falkland. Mbalameyi sikabisala kwenikweni.
Amadzipereka yekha ndikulira kosangalatsa kwambiri. Malo ndi njira ya moyo imabwereza malo ndi zizolowezi zomwe ena amawonetsa mitundu ya anyani ku Antarctica... Mbalame yam'nyanja yopanda ndege kwambiri. M'madzi, imapanga mbiri ya 36.5 km pa ola limodzi. Ndi membala wachitatu wamkulu kwambiri wamabanja a penguin. Imakula mpaka 71 cm.
- Penguin wa Chinstrap. Mzere wakuda wosiyana umadutsa kumunsi kwa nkhope, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikire mawonekedwe a anyani... Chifukwa cha mzerewo, mbalame nthawi zina zimatchedwa chinstrap penguin kapena mavuvu a ndevu. Amakhala oposa 75 cm kutalika ndipo amalemera 5 kg.
Ma penguin owoneka bwino kapena abulu
Chiwonetsero - mitundu ya anyanichisa chimenecho kutali ndi Antarctica. Kwa kulira koboola, kofanana ndi kubangula kwa chiweto chamiyendo inayi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa abulu. Mzere wosiyana wokhala ndi m'mbali zosagwirizana, wofanana ndi chipilala chachikulu, umadutsa mbali yamkati mwa thupi.
- Penguin wowoneka bwino. Chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 200 zikwi. Ngakhale zaka zana zapitazo, panali mbalame pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi zamtunduwu.
- Mbalame ya Humboldt. Ku Chile ndi ku Peru, komwe nyengo yozizira imakhudza magombe amiyala, ma Humboldt penguin amaswa anapiye awo. Pali mbalame zochepa zomwe zatsala - pafupifupi awiriawiri 12,000. Asayansi akuti kuchepa kwa ma penguin ndikusintha kwamayendedwe am'nyanja.
- Penguin wa Magellanic. Dzinalo limasokoneza kukumbukira wapaulendo Fernand Magellan. Mbalame zimakhala kumwera kwenikweni kwa South America, gombe la Patagonia. Kumeneko, mabanja okwana 2 miliyoni omwe ali ndi phokoso amakhala ndi ana.
- Penguin wa Galapagos. Mitundu yomwe imamanga zisa ku Galapagos, ndiko kuti, pazilumba pafupi ndi equator. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamalopo, anyani a Galapagos sanasinthe mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi zawo mofanana ndi mbalame zina zowoneka bwino.
Zosangalatsa
Powona ma penguin a Magellanic, akatswiri a zoo asonyeza kuti pakati pawo pali omanja ndi akumanzere. Ndiye kuti, nyama zimagwira ntchito ndi phazi limodzi kapena linzake. Palibe ambidextor imodzi (nyama yokhala ndi mawoko onse opangidwa mofananamo). Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti ma penguin "amiyendo yamanzere" ndiwokwiya kwambiri. Mwa anthu, kudalira uku sikuwonedwa.
Pofuna chakudya, ma penguin amfumu amawonetsa luso lawo posambira komanso pamadzi. Pofunafuna nsomba, mbalamezi zimadumphira m'madzi akuya mamita 300. Khalani m'madzi kwa mphindi zopitilira 5. Kujambula pamadzi kunalembedwa mu 1983. Kuzama kwake kunali 345 m.
Penguin amathetsa ludzu lawo ndi madzi amchere. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimangokhala zilibe komwe zingakwere. Thupi la penguin limakhala ndi chotupa chapadera cha supraorbital chomwe chimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mchere ndikuchotsa kuchuluka kwake kudzera m'mphuno. Ngakhale nyama zina zimayang'ana komwe kumachokera mchere, zina (anyaniwa) zimadontha kuchokera kumapeto kwa mphuno zawo.
Mwa mamiliyoni ambiri, penguin m'modzi yekha ndiye amayitanidwa kuti akalowe usilikali. Dzina lake ndi Nils Olaf. Zoo zokhala ku Edinburgh. Tsopano dzina laulemu "bwana" liyenera kuwonjezedwa padzina lake. Penguin wagwira ntchito yankhondo yaku Norway kwazaka zambiri. Ntchito yake idayamba kukhala wogwirizira mpaka kukhala woyang'anira wamkulu.
Zowona, womutsatira, yemwe adamwalira mu 1988 ndi sergeant, adadutsa theka loyambirira la ulendowu. Olaf wapano walamulidwa mu 2008. Ndiye penguin yekhayo amene adafika paudindo wapamwamba kwambiri ku Gulu Lankhondo Laku Norway.
