Mbalameyi ili ndi mayina awiri odziwika: chitsogozo ndi panopea. Woyamba adachokera ku Amwenye a Nisquali ndipo amatanthauza "kukumba mozama." Dzina lachiwiri limachokera ku dzina lachilatini la mollusk - Panopea.
Chitsogozo chili ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Anthu achi China amayifanizira ndi thunthu la njovu. Anthu akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia amagwirizanitsa panopea ndi chakudya chokha. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri chimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Canada ku Gulf of Alaska, ndipo chimadyedwa makamaka ku China ndi Japan.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Guidak ndiye wamkulu kwambiri kuposa ma bollveve molluscs akuluakulu. Zithunzi zolemera kuyambira 0,5 mpaka 1 kg sizachilendo. Anthu omwe amalemera makilogalamu 7 amabwera. Chitsogozo chachikulu Ili ndi kutalika kwa siphon mpaka mamita 2. Njira ya siphon imayamba kumbuyo kwa nkhono, choncho dzina loti mchira lingafanane nalo.
Kulemera kwakukulu kwa chitsogozo ndikukhalabe pansi kumangopindulitsa mollusk. Chosavomerezeka ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamoyo zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kukhala zaka 140 ndizofala kwa panopea.
Asayansi apeza chiwindi chazitali - chitsogozo ndikupeza zaka zake. Mbalameyi inakhala zaka 168 itakwiriridwa pansi. Wokhalamo m'madzi adakwanitsa kuchita izi chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wotsika kwambiri, kuchepa kwama metabolism, komanso kutha kubisalira adani.
Guidak pachithunzichi zimadabwitsa ndi chiwalo chake chodabwitsa - siphon. Gawo ili la thupi limalumikiza chovala cham'mbali cha lead ndi dziko lakunja ndi chubu. Makamaka, chitsogozo chili ndi mapaipi awiri mu siphon. Imodzi imagwira pakhomo: mawu oyamba. Wina amapereka kutulutsa madzi onyansa: kotulutsa.
Kudzera mwa siphon yolowera, madzi amalowa mthupi la mollusk. Amatsuka mitsempha yake, amafika pakamwa pakamwa. Pazipangizo za malangizo pali maselo obisika omwe amawalola kuti azindikire tinthu todyedwa mumtsinje wa madzi. Mpweya wa mollusk umagwira osati kokha kusinthana kwa gasi. Amagwira nawo ntchito yolekanitsa zakudya ndi zosadya.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatumizidwa kukamwa, kuchokera komwe amalowa m'mimba kudzera mummero. Chitsogozo chili ndi matumbo komwe njira yogaya imathera. Sizinthu zonse zomwe zimalowa mthupi la malangizo zomwe zimatha kulowetsedwa ndi thupi lake. Zinyalala ndi zinthu zosadyeka, pamodzi ndi madzi amyali, amatayidwa kunja kudzera mu chubu chotulutsa siphon.
Guidak ndi bivalve mollusc. Koma thupi lake ndi lalikulu kwambiri moti silikwanira mkati mwa chipolopolocho. Mavavu azipolopolo azungulira m'mbali. Ndiwo kukula kofanana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chingwe chotanuka. Masamba sangatseke ndipo amangokwanira pang'ono pokha poteteza.
Guidaka chipolopolo, monga ma bivalve onse, amakhala ndi zigawo: periostracum, prismatic ndi mayi wa ngale. Periostracum ndi wakunja wosanjikiza makamaka wowonda wa zinthu zakuthambo conchiolin. Zomwe zili mu epithelium, yomwe sikuphimba kokha chipolopolo, komanso chovala cha minofu ndi nkhope yonse ya siphon.
Chovalacho, chopangidwa ndi mbali yakumanzere ndi kumanja, chimalumikizana kutsogolo, ndikupanga chiwalo cham'mimba, "mimba" ya malangizo. Kuphatikiza apo, chovalacho chimaphatikizana ndi gawo lakumunsi, lamkati mwa siphon. Pali bowo limodzi lokha chovalacho - apa ndiye gawo la mwendo wa mbalameyi.
Mitundu
Dzina lonse la mollusk ndi Pacific malangizo. Imaphatikizidwanso m'gulu lachilengedwe lotchedwa Panopea generosa. Ndi woimira wotchuka kwambiri wa mtundu wa Panopea, womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu 10. Mitundu yonse yamtunduwu imagawika: kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Canada kupita ku New Zealand.
- Panopea generosa - pacific malangizo... Umenewu ndi mtundu wa nkhono zomwe zimatanthawuzidwa pamene dzina "leadkak" limatchulidwa.
- Panopea chidule - malangizo akumwera... Amakhala m'madzi a Atlantic oyandikira kugombe la Argentina, komwe kumatchedwa Nyanja ya Argentina. Mollusk ili ndi kukula kocheperako: kutalika kwake sikuposa masentimita 15, kulemera kwake ndi kochepera makilogalamu 1.3.
- Panopea australis imadziwika ndi madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Australia. Kutalika kwa nkhono wamkulu pafupifupi 18 cm.
- Panopea bitruncata - Chitsogozo cha Atlantic... Amapezeka ku Gulf of Mexico.
- Panopea ma globos - malangizo otsogolera... Mitunduyi idawonedwa kuti imapezeka ku Gulf of Mexico. Posachedwapa, akatswiri a zachthyologists adapeza m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mexico ku Baja California ku Pacific Ocean.
- Panopea glycimeris - yomwe imapezeka m'nyanja ya Mediterranean, pagombe la Atlantic ku Portugal.
- Panopea japonica - malangizo am'nyanja yaku Japan... Amakhala m'malo osaya mu Nyanja ya Japan, kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk.
- Panopea smithae - A mollusk adziwa bwino madzi ozungulira New Zealand. Mwinanso, mosiyana ndi abale awo, amatha kukumana mozama kwambiri.
- Panopea zelandica - Chitsogozo cha New Zealand... Mumakhala madzi am'mbali mwa zilumba za New Zealand. Titha kupezeka pagombe la Stewart Island.
Kuphatikiza pa panopea wamoyo, mtunduwu umaphatikizaponso mitundu 12-13 yakutha. Zigoba ndi zotsalira za ma molluscs nthawi zambiri zimagwera m'manja mwa akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale zili bwino, kotero kuti ndizotheka kudziwa mitundu yawo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Atadutsa gawo la mphutsi, mollusk amakhazikika pansi ndikuyamba kuchita ngati wamkulu. Uku kumatchedwa gawo lopatukana. Pakutha kwa chaka chachiwiri, chitsogozo chimafika kukula kwa achikulire ndikubowola kuzama komweko, pafupifupi 90 cm.
Guidak kapena Panopea amakhala moyo wosakhazikika. Imasefa madzi nthawi zonse, kutulutsa mpweya ndi tinthu tazakudya tofunikira pamoyo wake. Pakutha nyengo yozizira, imayamba kubala, yomwe imatha mpaka pakati pa chilimwe.
Sizikudziwika momwe chitsogozo chimamvera kuyandikira kwa chilombo. Poterepa, akufuna kubisa mollusk kumachubu zonse ziwiri za siphon amayamba kutulutsa madzi. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yogwira ntchito, imabisa siphon ndipo imakwiriridwa pansi.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya cha malangizo ndi phytoplankton, makamaka ma diatom ndi ma dinoflagellates. Ma diatom ndi zamoyo zosakanikirana. Ma dinoflagellates kapena ma dinophytes ndi ma monic apadera. Zonsezi ndi gawo lofunikira la plankton.
Kuyambira nthawi za pre-Columbian, malangizowo akhala chakudya cha anthu akumaloko. Omwe anali Amwenye am'mafuko: Chinook, mpongozi ndi ena. Pazaka 30 mpaka 40 zapitazi, chidwi chazitsogozo chakula kuchokera pa zero kufika pakulima kwa bizinesi yayikulu.
Mpaka posachedwa, maupangiri anali kupezeka kokha pogwira nkhono zomwe zidafika pokhwima mwachilengedwe. Si njira yophweka yophatikizira osiyanasiyana. Guidaki amayimbidwa ndi dzanja m'modzi m'modzi. Zomwe zimapangitsa nsomba za nkhono kukhala zodula.
Omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku nkhono zam'madzi mosakayikira ndi achi Japan. Iwo analawa malangizo. Anamupatsa dzina loti Mirukui. Kutsatira Achijapani malangizo amakoma oyamikiridwa ndi achi China. Kufunika kwa nkhono za nkhono kunayamba kukula mwachangu.
Kuisodza kunakhala kopindulitsa. Monga zimachitikira Zikatero, njira yowonjezera kukwera mtengo yayamba. Kuswana kwapangidwe ndiye njira yayikulu yochepetsera kusodza. Famu ya nkhono zimawoneka ngati zosavuta.
Pamphepete mwa nyanja, m'dera lamadzi, mapaipi ambirimbiri amakwiriridwa. Mphutsi yotsogolera imabzalidwa mwa aliyense. Madzi amadzimadzi amapatsa nkhonozo chakudya, ndipo chitoliro cha pulasitiki chimayika malo ake ndikuletsa kuti mbombayo isakokeredwe m'nyanja ndi mafunde akuomba.
Imatsala kudikirira. Guidak samakhwima msanga. Koma pambuyo pa zaka 2-3 mutha kupeza zokolola zazikuluzikulu. Kupambana kwakugwira ndikuwongolera maupangiri kwalimbikitsa a New Zealand. Mtundu wina, wotchedwa Panopea zelandica, umakhala pagombe la New Zealand. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adayamba kupikisana ndi Pacific malangizo kapena panopea.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Pakubala ana, pamafunika ma gametes (maselo oberekera) azimuna zonse. Kuyanjana kwawo ndikofunikira pakupanga zygote - mazira. Koma chitsogozo — chipolopolo kuyima. Sichoka pamalo ake. Kuyanjananso kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizosatheka.
Funso lathetsedwa mophweka. Poyamba nyengo yobereketsa, kalozera, mosasamala za mtundu wake, amatulutsa maselo oberekera m'madzi. Kwa zaka zana limodzi, panopea wamkazi, amakhalanso chitsogozo, amapopera pafupifupi maselo biliyoni azimayi oberekera. Zomwe mwamuna amatulutsa ndizosawerengeka.
Kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndikutentha kwamadzi, nthawi yoberekera yamayendedwe imayamba. Kutalika kwake kukugwa mu Meyi-Juni ndikutha mu Julayi. Choyamba, amuna amatulutsa maselo awo ogonana m'madzi. Akazi amatengera mawonekedwe awo. Amatulutsa mazira pafupifupi 5 miliyoni. Akazi amatha mibadwo pafupifupi 10 mu nyengo imodzi.
Chinthu choyamba chomwe chiyenera kuchitika kwa dzira lomwe limathera m'malo amadzi ndikumera kapena kukumana ndi umuna. Mwayi wa izi siabwino, koma umuna umachitika.
Pambuyo maola 6-12 kuchokera ku zygote, mgwirizano wamaselo achimuna ndi achimuna oberekera, pali trochophora - mphutsi zoyandama zoyambirira za malangizo. M'maola 24-96, Trochophora imasandulika kukhala boti loyenda kapena bwato. Mphutsi za Sailfish zimayenda limodzi ndi zooplankton zina.
Pambuyo masiku 2-10, mphutsi zimadutsa m'dziko lina, lomwe limatchedwa pediveliger, lomwe lingamasuliridwe ngati mphutsi ndi mwendo. Ndiye kuti, panthawiyi, mluza wa mollusk umayamba mwendo.
Chiwalo ichi sichosangalatsa ngati siphon. Mollusk wamkulu amakhala pafupifupi wosaoneka. Guidaks amatchedwa pelecypods pamapangidwe amiyendo yawo. Dzinalo - Pelecypoda - lingatanthauziridwe ngati phazi. Ndi mwendo, wopanga mayendedwe olumikizana, womwe umatsimikizira kuti kutseka kwayekha ndikofunika.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwamankhwala kumachitika - mbozi imakhazikika pansi ndipo imabadwanso mu mollusk wachichepere. Ntchito yake yoyamba mwanjira yatsopano ndi kuyika maliro. Pambuyo pake, mwayi wopulumuka kwa chitsogozo ukuwonjezeka kwambiri.
Chitsogozo sichinasankhe njira yodalirika yoberekera. Kuchuluka kwa ma gametes opangidwa sikungathandize kukonza nkhaniyi. Magawo ena amoyo m'mimba mwa mazila nawonso sawoneka opatsa chiyembekezo. Koma njira yoberekera ikupitilizabe. Liwiro lake limawerengedwa m'njira yosavuta.
Gawo lina la kunyanja likuwonetsedwa. Osiyana powerengera kuti ndi malangizo angati omwe amakhala mderali. Chiwerengero chotsatiracho chikuwonjezeka ndi 20% - pafupifupi nkhono zomwezi zimadumpha pakuwerengera. Makampani azamalonda amapatsidwa chilolezo choti atolere 2% ya ziwonetsero zomwe zili mderali.
Chiwerengero cha nkhono m'dera lolamulidwa nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa. Mwanjira yovutayi, koma yopepuka, zidapezeka kuti zimatenga zaka 39 kuti munthu wofanana m'malo mwa amene wagwidwawo awonekere. Kuphatikiza apo, kwa asayansi, malangizo ndi zinthu monga zojambula zosatha. Mkhalidwe wa thupi lawo ndi zipolopolo zimayankha mafunso ambiri okhudza zamankhwala.
Guidaki amakhala zaka zopitilira 100. Amadzibisa bwino kwa adani: otters a m'nyanja ndi nyenyezi zina za m'nyanja zimatha kuzifikira. Musakhale ndi mavuto azakudya. Koma adasankha njira yosaswana kwenikweni. Chilengedwe chimayesetsa kukhala ndi malire m'zonse.
Mtengo
Asodzi a clam ochokera ku United States ndi Canada amagulitsa malonda achilendowa padziko lonse lapansi. Achijapani amadya malangizo ndi chilakolako chapadera, achi China sawatsalira. Anthu aku Europe, Australia, akuyesetsa kudya zakudya zambiri zam'madzi, alowa nawo mbale za nkhono.
Chaka Chatsopano cha China chisanafike, ogulitsa kunja anali kufunsa $ 15 pa paundi, kapena magalamu 454. Mu nthawi yotopetsa, tumizani kunja mtengo wotsogolera kutsika kawiri. Ku Russia, malo ogulitsa nsomba pa intaneti amapereka mollusk iyi pafupifupi ma ruble 2,700. pa kg, kutsatsa ngati chakudya chokoma cha m'madzi.
Palibe chakudya chokoma chomwe chimakonzedwa mosavuta ngati mbale yopangidwa ndi nkhonozi. Nthawi zambiri malangizo kudya yaiwisi. Ndiye kuti, adula siphon yathupi ndikudya. Anthu aku Korea nthawi zambiri amachita izi, komabe, amathira msuzi wa chili. Achijapani amakometsedwa ndi msuzi wa soya ndi wasabi pachidutswa chosalala cha malangizo. Likukhalira sashimi.
Amwenye aku America poyambirira adakonza malangizo amodzimodzi ndi nyama. Siphon wa clam amatsukidwa, kudula mzidutswa. Zidutswa za mollusk zimamenyedwa ndi kukazinga mafuta, mchere usanachitike, ndi tsabola asanakhale okonzeka. Chakudyacho chimaperekedwa ndi anyezi wokazinga.
Zakudya za clam zimakhala ndi zonunkhira komanso zonunkhira. Okonda Guidak ali otsimikiza kuti amalipira osati kokha chokwanira komanso chopatsa thanzi, komanso zina zamankhwala, makamaka zofunika kwa amuna. Chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro ichi chagona pa mtundu wa mbalameyi.
