Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a nkhaka zam'nyanja
Nkhaka zam'nyanja, zotchedwanso nkhaka zam'nyanja, makapu am'nyanja ndiomwe amakhala m'nyanja yakuya, ofanana ndi nyongolotsi zapansi kapena mbozi. Amatha kupanikizika mwamphamvu ngakhale atakhudza pang'ono, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi makapisozi a dzira.
Nkhaka zam'nyanja - echinoderm nkhono yopanda mafupa yoposa mitundu chikwi. Mitundu ya zamoyo zam'madzi izi zimasiyana kukula, matendawo, kapangidwe ka ziwalo zina.
Ali ndi thupi lamakwinya, lamatenda achikopa lomwe limafanana ndi nkhaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owulungika. Pakhungu lakuda, zophuka ngati minga zimawoneka. Kumbali imodzi ya thunthu lake pali pakamwa pozunguliridwa ndi mahema, mbali inayo - anus. Nkhaka zam'nyanja zitha kukhala zamitundumitundu - zakuda, zofiirira, zobiriwira, zotuwa, zofiira.
Nkhaka zam'madzi zimasiyananso kukula kwake - mitundu ina ndi yofanana ndi ing'onoing'ono ndipo imafikira kukula kwake kuchokera pamamilimita angapo mpaka masentimita angapo, mitundu ina imatha kutalika kwa mita ziwiri kapena zisanu. Ogwira ntchitoyo amasaka zimphona zotere ndi chidwi chapadera. Nkhaka zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi nkhono zam'madzi ndi starfish.
Mu chithunzi nyanja nkhaka
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zakale kwambiri zimadziwika kale munthawi ya Silurian, dzina lenileni "nkhaka zam'madzi" ndi la wafilosofi wachiroma Pliny, ndipo Aristotle adapanga kufotokozera koyamba kwa mitundu ina.
Pafupifupi mitundu zana zamitundu imeneyi imakhala ku Russia, yotchuka kwambiri ndi mitundu yaku Japan nkhaka zam'madzi - cucumaria... Mtundu wa nkhaka zam'nyanja umasiyana ndi kapangidwe kake kabwino ndi kukoma kwake, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika. Trepangs ndi mitundu ya nkhaka zam'nyanja zomwe zitha kudyedwa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala nyanja nkhaka
Nkhaka zam'nyanja amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana am'nyanja, komanso m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, komanso m'malo akuya kwambiri, komanso m'miyala yamakorali, m'malo otentha. Amapezeka panyanja pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma Holothuri ndi odekha komanso aulesi, amakwawa pansi, ndipo izi zimawapangitsa kukhala osaka nyama mosavuta. Nthawi zambiri amagona pansi, "mbali yawo". Mitundu yakuya m'nyanja imatha kukhala ndi miyendo yayitali yama ambulansi, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati zolumikizira nyama ndikuthandizira kuyenda pansi ndi miyala.
Minofu ya echinoderms imapangidwa mokwanira kusunthira pansi ndikumalumikizana mwamphamvu pakagwa ngozi. Mitundu ina imatha kumamatira pamiyala kapena kubowola mu matope. Ma Holothurians okha amatha kukhala nyama zanyanja, nsomba, crustaceans kapena gastropods.
Monga abuluzi, pakagwa vuto kapena zoopsa zina, holothuri "amaphulika" - amwazikana matupi awo. Pomwe mdani amasankha chidutswa chokoma, panthawiyi mbali yakutsogolo ya nkhaka imasungidwa.
Zikakhala zoopsa, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimatha kutsamira gawo lina la m'matumbo kuti likhale ndi tchire lofiira.
Thupi la echinoderms limasinthidwa msanga msanga. Nkhaka zam'nyanja - nyamazomwe zimatha kubwereranso ngati theka la thupi lasungidwa, zimatha kuchira ngakhale kotala la thupi lawo. Njira yobwezeretsanso imatha kutenga sabata limodzi ndi theka mpaka milungu isanu.
Zakudya zam'mkhaka zam'nyanja
Kodi nkhaka zam'madzi zimasaka bwanji? Mitundu yonse yam nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi zitseko zapadera pakamwa pawo. Chiwerengero cha zovuta zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 8 mpaka 30.
Zoyeserera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi, zopangidwa kuti zisonkhanitse zakudya m'nthaka. Ma Holothuri amakhalanso ndi ma tenti omwe amatha kuphimba madzi ambiri kuti agwire nyama.
Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi plankton, zomera, nyama zazing'ono ndi zinyalala zomwe zimatha kutengedwa mumchenga wapansi kapena silt. Nthawi zina amatchedwa dongosolo lam'madzi chifukwa amatsuka pansi pazotsalira za nyama zakufa, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi monga michere.
Makhalidwe apadera a nkhaka zam'madzi adaphunziridwa bwino ndi asayansi aku America. Adapeza kuti nkhaka zam'nyanja zimadyetsa makamaka pakamwa, koma anus, yomwe imathandizanso kupuma m'matenda osavutawa, imathanso kugwira ntchito yolanda chakudya. Ntchito zopumira zimathandizidwanso m'mapapu am'madzi awa.
Ku Russia, nkhaka ndi mitundu ina ya nkhaka zam'madzi ndizofala ku Sakhalin, ku Primorye, komanso munyanja za Okhotsk, Japan ndi Barents, pamtunda wa mita mita zana.
Kubalana ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wa nkhaka nyanja
Ma Holothuri ndi ma hermaphrodites, amatulutsa maselo a amuna ndi akazi mosinthana, nthawi zina ngakhale nthawi imodzi. Amaberekana mwa kubereka, ali ndi mazira a mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira, mphutsi zomwe zimatha kusambira kuchokera kumazira amaswa.
Kubzala nthawi zambiri kumachitika madzulo kapena usiku, mwina mdima. Cucumaria amabala kawiri, mu Meyi ndi Julayi. A Holothuri omwe amakhala kunyanja ya Atlantic amabwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Sweden nthawi yophukira, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala. Mitundu ina imatha kubala chaka chonse. Mphutsi zimasambira mu plankton kwa milungu iwiri, kenako zimamira pansi.
Ma tenti a nkhaka zam'madzi amatenga chakudya kuchokera pansi
Pafupifupi mitundu 30 ya nkhaka zam'madzi zimagonana ndipo imagawika amuna ndi akazi. Amasamalira ana ndipo amanyamula anawo pamwamba pa thupi la mayi.
Milandu yobereka mobwerezabwereza imagawidwanso ndikufotokozedwa ndi asayansi: theka la thupi limatha kuchira mpaka kuchuluka kwathunthu. A Holothuri amakhala ndi moyo wokwanira, kuyambira zaka zisanu mpaka khumi.
Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa cucumaria komanso kufunikira kwake ngati chinthu chophikira, komanso ku pharmacology, kulima kwamakaka nkhaka kumachitika, kuphatikiza ku Russia, ku Far East.
Zothandiza katundu wa nyanja nkhaka mankhwala akale akum'mawa ankadziwa izo, kuyambira kalekale amatchedwa nyanja ginseng. Nyama ya Cucumaria ndi yolera, siyimakhudzidwa ndi ma virus ndi mabakiteriya; ma mollusk awa ali ndi michere yambiri modabwitsa, amafufuza, makamaka ayodini, komanso fluorine, calcium, amino acid ndi ena.
Nkhaka zam'nyanja ndizochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake zinthu zawo zimatha kukhala maziko azakudya kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuonda. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochiritsa omwe amalimbikitsa chitetezo chamthupi, kwa anthu omwe akuvutika ndi kutopa, kutaya mphamvu. Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimathandiza munthu kuchira msanga atamuchita opaleshoni kapena atadwala nthawi yayitali.
Sea nkhaka nyama phindu Zaumoyo, zimawongolera kagayidwe kake, kamalimbikitsa mtima, kakhoza kuthandizira kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kumathandizira kukonzanso minofu mwachangu, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita opareshoni.
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimachiritsa pamafundo ndikuthandizira nyamakazi. Zowonjezera zakudya ndi mankhwala amapangidwanso kuchokera ku nkhaka za m'nyanja.
Nkhaka zam'madzi zitha kugulidwa osati kokha chifukwa chothandiza ndi mankhwala - mbale zokoma zimakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimapanga masaladi abwino kwambiri, ma molluscs opanda mafupa, atasenda, okazinga ndi stewed, ndi zamzitini. Mitundu ina ya nkhaka zam'madzi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zokoma ndipo zimakopa chidwi kwambiri.
