Kum'mwera kwa Pacific, ku Tasman Sea, kum'mawa kwa Australia ndi New Zealand. Maziko a dzikolo ndi zilumba za Kumpoto ndi Kummwera. M'chinenero cha anthu achi Maori, mayina awo amamveka ngati Te Ika-Maui ndi Te Weipunemu. Dziko lonselo limatchedwa Aotearoa - mtambo woyera wautali ndi anthu wamba.
Zilumba za New Zealand zimapangidwa ndi mapiri ndi mapiri. Kumadzulo kwa Te Weipunemu kuli mndandanda wa mapiri - Southern Alps. Malo okwera kwambiri - Phiri la Cook - amafikira mamita 3,700. Chilumba chakumpoto sichikhala ndi mapiri ochepa, pomwe pali mapiri amoto ophulika komanso zigwa zazikulu.
Ma Alps Akumwera amagawa New Zealand m'magawo awiri anyengo. Kumpoto kwa dzikolo kumakhala kotentha kotentha ndi kutentha kwapakati pa + 17 ° C. Kummwera, nyengo imakhala yabwino, ndikutentha kwapakati pa + 10 ° C. Mwezi wozizira kwambiri ndi Julayi, kumwera kwa dzikolo kuzizira mpaka -10 ° C ndikotheka. Otentha kwambiri ndi Januware ndi February, kumpoto kutentha kumapitilira 30 ° C.
Zopezeka pamtundu komanso nyengo, mawonekedwe osagawanika am'derali komanso kudzipatula kumayiko ena adathandizira kukulitsa zomera ndi zinyama zapadera. Opitilira gawo limodzi padziko lapansi ali ndi zinyama zambiri zomwe zimapezeka mosiyanasiyana komanso zokhazokha.
Maori (Polynesia) adawonekera zaka 700-800 zapitazo, ndipo azungu adafika pagombe la New Zealand mzaka za zana la 18. Asanafike anthu, pachilumbachi panali pafupifupi nyama zilizonse. Kusakhalapo kwawo kunatanthauza kuti Nyama zaku New Zealand operekedwa ndi adani.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chilengedwe chapadera. Niches, komwe kuli nyama zamiyendo inayi zodyerako ziweto ndi nyama zodya nyama kumayiko ena, mbalame zimakhala ku New Zealand. Zinyama zakusumbu, monga kwina kulikonse, kunali mbalame zambiri zopanda ndege.
Poyang'ana kuzilumbazi, anthu adabwera ndi nyama. Mabwato oyamba kubwera ku Maori anali makoswe komanso agalu owetedwa. Pamodzi ndi osamukira ku Europe, zilumba zonse zoweta, ziweto zidawonekera pazilumbazi: kuyambira amphaka ndi agalu mpaka ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe. Ali panjira, makoswe, ma ferrets, ma ermine, ndi ma possum adafika pazombozo. Zinyama za New Zealand sizinali nthawi zonse kuthana ndi kukakamizidwa kuchokera kwaomwe amakhala - mitundu yambiri yamderalo idatayika.
Mitundu yotayika
Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, ambiri achikhalidwe nyama za new zealand... Kwenikweni, izi ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu zomwe zakhala ndi chidziwitso ku biocenosis ya New Zealand, yomwe imakhala ndi zinyama zakumayiko ena.
Moa wamkulu
Dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Dinornis, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "mbalame yoopsa". Mbalame yayikulu yapamtunda yomwe idakhala m'nkhalango komanso m'munsi mwa zilumba zonse ziwiri, idafika mamita atatu kapena kupitilira apo. Dzira la mbalameyi linkalemera makilogalamu 7. Mbalameyi idakhala kuzilumbazi zaka 40,000, mpaka zaka za 16th.
Nkhalango zazing'ono moa
Ndege yopanda ndege. Sanadutse kutalika kwa mita 1.3. Amakhala mdera lamapiri, anali wosadya nyama, amadya udzu ndi masamba. Kutha nthawi imodzimodzi ndi moa yayikulu. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ma moas omaliza a nkhalango adawonedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.
South moa
Flightless ratite bird, zamasamba. Idagawidwa kuzilumba zakumpoto ndi kumwera. Nkhalango zokondedwa, zigwa zakutchire ndi madambo. Adagawana nawo tsogolo la mbalame zina zazikulu zopanda ndege.
Mitundu yonse yotayika ya moa ndi yamabanja osiyanasiyana. Ma moa akulu ochokera kubanja Dinornithidae, nkhalango moa - Megalapterygidae, kumwera - Emeidae. Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango yayikulu, nkhalango ndi kumwera, mbalame zina zopanda ndege zofananira ndi moa zimakhala ku New Zealand. Ndi:
- Anomalopteryx didiformis, mbalame yopanda ndege yothamanga yolemera pafupifupi 30 kg.
- Dinornis robustus - kukula kwa mbalameyi kudafika 3.6 m. Iyi ndiye mbalame yayitali kwambiri yodziwika ndi sayansi.
- Emeus crassus alibe mapiko, monga ma moa onse, mbalame yomwe imakula mpaka 1.5 m.
- Pachyornis ndi mtundu wama bryophytes okhala ndi mitundu itatu. Tikayang'ana mafupa omwe adapezeka, inali yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yaulesi ya mbalame zopanda mapiko ku New Zealand.
Amakhulupirira kuti kale kwambiri, mbalamezi zinkatha kuuluka. Kupanda kutero, sakanatha kukhazikika pazilumbazi. Popita nthawi, mapikowo adasiya kugwira ntchito, atawonongeka kwathunthu. Kukhalapo kwawo kwapadziko lapansi kunapangitsa mbalame kukhala zazikulu komanso zolemera.
Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu
Nyama yamphongo yomwe idakhala m'nthawi zamakono. Kulemera kwake kwa mbalameyi kumakhala pafupifupi 10-15 kg. Mapikowo amatha kutseguka mpaka mamita 2.5. Izi zimapangitsa chiwombankhanga kukhala imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri. Amaganiziridwa kuti ziwombankhanga zimasaka nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe sizitha kuthawa. Adagawana nawo zomwe zidachitidwa ndi omwe adawazunza - ziwombankhanga zidazimiririka Maorian atakhazikitsa zilumbazi.
Zokwawa za New Zealand
Palibe njoka pakati pa zokwawa ku New Zealand. Kulowetsa kwawo kuzilumba ndizoletsedwa. Buluzi amalamulira m'kalasi ya zokwawa.
Tuatara
Kuphatikizidwa ndi gulu lokhala ndi milomo. Kutalika kwa thupi la buluzi wa tuatara ndi pafupifupi masentimita 80. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 1.3 kg. Zamoyozi zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 60. Akatswiri a zooology apeza tuatara yomwe yakhala ikuchitika kwa zaka 100. Buluzi sakupezeka kuzilumba zazikulu za New Zealand.
Tuatara imatha kubereka kuchokera zaka 20. Mazira amaikidwa kamodzi zaka zinayi zilizonse. Kuchepetsa kubereka kumatha kubweretsa kutha kwa zomalizira izi.
Tuatara ili ndi diso lotchedwa parietal diso. Ichi ndi gawo lakale lomwe limatha kuyankha pang'ono. Diso lanyama silimapanga zithunzi, limaganiziridwa kuti limathandizira kuyenda mlengalenga.
Nalimata zaku New Zealand
- New Zealand viviparous nalimata. Amathera nthawi yawo yayikulu atavala pamtengo wamtengo wapatali, pomwe amagwira tizilombo. Mtundu wa thupi umafanana ndi malowa: bulauni, nthawi zina wobiriwira. Mtundu wa ma vigiparous aboriginal geckos uli ndi mitundu 12.
- New Zealand nalimata zobiriwira. Mtundu wokhazikika wa zokwawa. Buluzi ndi wamtali wa masentimita 20. Thupi limakhala lobiriwira, zowonjezera zimabisidwa ndi mawanga owala. Nthawi zambiri amakhala kuthengo. Amadyetsa tizilombo, zopanda mafupa. Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu 7 ya abuluzi.
New Zealand amatsegula khungu
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 20 yama skinks omwe amakhala ku New Zealand. Mbali yaikulu ya skinks ndi chivundikiro chofanana ndi mamba a nsomba. Mzere wosanjikiza umalimbikitsidwa ndi mbale za mafupa - ma osteoderms. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tofala kwambiri m'zilumba zonse za m'zilumbazi.
Amphibians aku New Zealand
Amphibian a New Zealand opanda mchira ndi amodzi m'banja la Leiopelma. Chifukwa chake, zolengedwa zomwe zimakonda kutchedwa achule nthawi zina zimatchedwa ma liopelms ndi akatswiri azamoyo. Zina zimapezeka kuzilumbazi:
- Achule achule - amakhala m'malo ochepa, ku Coromandel Peninsula, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North Island. M'litali amafika masentimita 3 - 3,5. Amuna amatenga nawo mbali pakuswana ana ankhono - amabereka ana misana yawo.
- Achule a Hamilton - amangofala pachilumba cha Stevenson. Achulewo ndi ochepa, kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira masentimita 4 mpaka 5. Amuna amasamalira anawo - amawanyamula pamsana pawo.
- Achule a Hochstetter ndiwo achule ofala kwambiri achule omwe amapezeka. Amakhala ku North Island. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitirira masentimita 4. Amadyetsa nyama zopanda mafupa: akangaude, nkhupakupa, kachilomboka. Amakhala moyo wautali - pafupifupi zaka 30.
- Achule a pachilumba cha Maud ndi mitundu ya achule yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Kuyesera kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa amphibiya mpaka pano sikunapambane.
Akangaude aku New Zealand
Mitundu yoposa 1000 ya akangaude okhala kuzilumbazi yafotokozedwa. Pafupifupi 95% ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala kumeneko, osati achilendo. Lang'anani Nyama zapoizoni za new zealand kulibeko. Kulephera kumeneku kumalipidwa ndi mitundu 2-3 ya akangaude akuda. Zithunzi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku New Zealand:
- Kangaude wa Katipo ndi mtundu wina wa poizoni wamtundu wamasiye wamasiye. Palibe anthu omwe amwalira chifukwa cholumwa ndi akangaude omwe adanenedwa zaka 200. Koma ululu wa tizilombo ungayambitse matenda oopsa, arrhythmia.
- Mkazi Wamasiye wa ku Australia ndi kangaude woopsa kwambiri. Ndi amtundu wamasiye wamasiye. Kachilombo kakang'ono, kosakwana 1 cm, kali ndi mankhwala a neurotoxin omwe amatha kupweteketsa mtima.
- Kangaude wamphanga wa Nelson ndiye kangaude wamkulu kwambiri ku New Zealand. Thupi lake ndi lalikulu masentimita 2.5.5 Pamodzi ndi miyendo - masentimita 15. Kangaudeyu amakhala m'mapanga kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South Island.
- Akangaude osodza ndi amodzi mwa mtundu wa Dolomedes. Amakhala moyo wamadzi pafupi. Amathera nthawi yawo yambiri pagombe lamadzi. Ataona ziphuphu, amalimbana ndi tizilombo ta m'madzi. Anthu ena amatha kugwira mwachangu, tadpoles, nsomba zazing'ono.
Mbalame za New Zealand
Dziko lachilengedwe lazilumbazi lili ndi magawo awiri. Yoyamba ndi mbalame zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala m'zilumbazi. Ambiri mwa iwo amapezeka. Yachiwiri ndi mbalame zomwe zidawonekera ndikubwera kwa omwe anasamukira ku Europe, kapena adaziwitsidwa pambuyo pake. Mbalame zodziwika bwino ndizosangalatsa kwambiri.
Kiwi
Mtundu wa ratites ndi wocheperako. Kulemera kwa mbalame zazikulu kumasiyana makilogalamu 1.5 mpaka 3. Mbalamezi zinkakonda moyo wapamwamba. Mapiko a kiwi asokonekera mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 5. Pali ntchito imodzi yokha yomwe yatsalira kumbuyo kwake: mbalameyo imabisa mlomo wake pansi pake kuti izitha kudziletsa komanso kutentha.
Nthenga za mbalameyi ndizofewa, makamaka imvi. Zida zam'mafupa zamfupa ndizamphamvu komanso zolemetsa. Manja anayi, okhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, miyendo yolimba imapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwathunthu kwa mbalameyo. Sizowonjezera chabe, komanso, ndi mulomo, chida chothandiza.
Kiwi ndi mbalame zamtundu umodzi zokha. Zotsatira zaubwenzi wapabanja ndi amodzi, nthawi zina awiri, mazira akulu kukula. Kulemera kwa dzira la kiwi ndi 400-450 g, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi kotala la kulemera kwa mkazi. Iyi ndi mbiri pakati pa nyama zowaza.
Mitundu ya kiwi:
- South Kiwi ndi mbalame yomwe imapezeka kumadzulo kwa South Island. Amakhala mobisa, amangogwira ntchito usiku.
- Northern Brown Kiwi - Amakhala m'nkhalango, koma samapewa madera olima ku North Island.
- Kiwi yayikulu imvi ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, yolemera mpaka 6 kg.
- Kiwi yaying'ono imvi - mtundu wa mbalame wafupika kufikira chilumba cha Kapiti. M'zaka zapitazi, adakumanabe ku South Island.
- Rovi - amakhala mdera laling'ono la Okarito, nkhalango yotetezedwa ku South Island.
Kiwi - Chizindikiro cha nyama cha new zealand... Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, asitikali aku New Zealand amatchedwa Kiwi, chifukwa cha chizindikiro pamanja. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, dzina lakutchulidoli lidalumikizidwa ndi onse aku New Zealand.
Parrot kapena mbalame ya kakapo
Mbalame yopanda ndege yochokera kubanja lalikulu la mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe. Chifukwa cha kukonda kwake kugwira ntchito usiku komanso chifukwa chodziwika bwino, ngati kadzidzi, nkhope yake, mbalameyi imatchedwa parl. Alonda a mbalame amaganiza kuti mliri wa New Zealandwu ndi umodzi mwa mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zakale kwambiri zomwe zilipo. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu mokwanira. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 60-65. Munthu wamkulu amalemera makilogalamu awiri mpaka anayi.
Pali ma parrot ochepa kwambiri omwe atsala - opitilira 100 anthu. Kakapo amatetezedwa ndipo, pafupifupi, zolemba zawo. Koma kakapo imangoikira mazira awiri okha. Izi sizimalola kuyembekeza kuchira kwawo mofulumira.
Mbalame za New Zealand
Penguin amakhala makamaka kumwera kwa zilumbazi. Pangani madera kuzilumba zakutali. Nyama za New Zealand pachithunzichi Nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi ma penguin owoneka modabwitsa. Komabe, mitundu ina yazimiratu. Mwa mabanja ambiri a Megadyptes, mtundu umodzi adapulumuka - penguin wamaso achikaso. Anthu a penguin amakhala osasunthika, koma amafunikira chitetezo.
- Penguin wonyezimira kwambiri ndi mbalame yapakatikati. Kukula kwa penguin wamkulu ndi pafupifupi masentimita 60, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 2 mpaka 5 makilogalamu, kutengera nyengo.
- Penguin wokongola kapena wachikaso - anthu achi Maori amatcha mbalameyi hoiho. Kunja, zimasiyana pang'ono ndi anyani ena. Imakula mpaka masentimita 75. Itha kukula mpaka 7 kg. Amakhala pagombe lakumwera kwa zilumbazi.
- Penguin woyera wamapiko oyera ndi mbalame yaying'ono pafupifupi 30 cm wamtali, yolemera mpaka 1.5 kg. Ili ndi dzina loyera loyera pamapiko. Madera a Penguin amakhala pafupi ndi mzinda wa Christchurch ku South Island.
Kudumpha mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe
Ma Parrot omwe adziwa bwino nkhalango. Mtundu wobiriwira wa nthenga umathandiza kubisala pakati paudzu, masamba. Koma njira yopulumutsirayi sinakhale yothandiza polimbana ndi zilombo zazing'ono komanso makoswe. Mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zodumpha zatha. Kusunga bwino ndikuweta bwino mu ukapolo kumapereka chiyembekezo choti mitundu yotsala idzapulumuka.
- Parrot yochokera kuzilumba za Antipode ndi parrot yaying'ono yolumpha. Kutalika kuchokera pakamwa mpaka kumchira sikupitilira masentimita 35. Amakhala kumadera akutali kwambiri.
- Chiphalaphala chachikasu chakutsogolo - mbalame kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 25. Mbali yakumtunda yamutu ndiyamitundu ya mandimu. Amagawidwa kuzilumbazi.
- Chiphalaphala chofiyira nkhope - khalani awiri awiri, nthawi zina mumasonkhana m'magulu. Amadyetsa mizu yazomera, amawakumba mu gawo lapansi. Kwa kupumula ndi kugona iwo amaikidwa mu chisoti cha mitengo.
- Phokoso lodana ndi phiri ndi kachilombo kakang'ono wobiriwira, kosapitirira 25 cm. Pamwamba pamutu ndi pamphumi pamakhala ofiira. Amakhala ku South Island.
Zinyama Zaku New Zealand
Zinyama za m'zilumbazi anthu asanawonekere zinayamba popanda zinyama. Kupatula kwa omwe amatha kusambira - zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Ndi iwo omwe amatha kuwuluka - mileme.
Chisindikizo cha ubweya ku New Zealand
Madera osindikiza adagawidwa m'zilumba zonse. Koma nyanja nyama zopezeka ku New Zealand, anawonongedwa ndi anthu kulikonse. Malo awo ogulitsira amakhalabe pagombe lovuta kufikako ku South Island, kuzilumba za Antipode ndi madera ena akum'mwera kwenikweni kwa nyanja.
Aamuna achichepere, omwe sangatenge chidwi cha akazi ndi gawo lawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pagombe lomwe silili amakoloni kumwera ndi zilumba zina. Nthawi zina zimayandikira ku Australia ndi New Caledonia.
Mkango wanyanja waku New Zealand
Ndi za banja la zisindikizo zamakutu. Nyama zakutchire zakuda-bulauni zimafikira kutalika kwa 2.6 m.Akazi ndi otsika kuposa amuna, amakula mpaka 2 mita kutalika. Zisindikizo zodyera zilipo pazilumba zakummwera kwa nyanja: Auckland, Misampha ndi ena. Pachilumba cha South ndi North, mikango yam'nyanja sakonda malo ogulitsira nyama, koma kunja kwa nyengo yoswana imatha kuwoneka pagombe lazilumba zazikulu za New Zealand.
Mileme ya New Zealand
Nyama zachilengedwe za pachilumbachi ndi mileme. Mwa zolengedwa zachilendozi, chinthu chachikulu komanso chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuthekera kofufuza. Ndiye kuti, kutulutsa mafunde othamanga kwambiri ndikuzindikira kupezeka kwa zopinga kapena nyama zomwe zikugwidwa ndi chizindikiro.
Mileme yaku New Zealand ndi iyi:
- Mileme yayitali - nyama zimalemera 10-12 g zokha. Zimadyetsa tizilombo. Usiku zimauluka mozungulira malo okwana 100 sq. Km. Kuthamanga kwapaulendo kumafika 60 km / h. Mitundu ya mbewa ili mu korona wamitengo ndi m'mapanga.
- Mileme yaifupi-yaying'ono-imasiyana ndi mileme ina chifukwa imadyetsa pansi. Amasuntha, atatsamira pamapiko opindidwa. Amatenganso gawo lapansi posaka nyama zopanda mafupa. Kulemera kwa mbewa izi kumafika 35 g.
- Mileme yayikulu-yayifupi - Mwina mbewa zamtunduwu zatha.
Nyama zoyambira
Atakhazikika m'zilumbazi, anthu adabwera ndi ziweto zaulimi ndi zoweta, nyama zazing'ono, ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono. Chilumba cha biocenosis sichinali chokonzekera alendo oterewa. Nyama zonse zakutchire, makamaka makoswe ndi zilombo zolusa, ndizomwe zimakhala kwambiri nyama zowopsa ku New Zealand.
