Mbalame zambiri zimadzidalira osati mlengalenga zokha, komanso pamadzi. Awa ndi malo okhala, chakudya. Dziwani mbalame zotani zamadzi, amapambana pamaziko ophunzirira mbalame, kuthekera kwawo kukhala pamtunda. Sizo mitundu yofanana, koma ali ndi zinthu zambiri zofananira: zingwe zamkati, nthenga zakuda, gland coccygeal.
Pakati pawo mbalame zam'madzi osapanga mpikisano wazakudya, kupeza chakudya m'njira zosiyanasiyana, amakhazikika pa chakudya chawo. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi zachilengedwe. Palibe mitundu yodyetsa pakati pawo. Mbalame zimamatira ku zilombo zolusa, kapena osusuka owopsa.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimaimiridwa ndi magulu:
- zovala;
- miyezi;
- ziphuphu;
- wofanana ndi vuwo;
- wofanana ndi anyani;
- onga crane;
- alireza.
Oimira ma anserifomu athunthu amakhala ndi moyo wam'madzi kapena wam'madzi. Onse ali ndi nembanemba pazala zitatu, mlomo wophwatalala, mbale m'mbali mwa lilime losefa chakudya. Ku Russia, mitundu ya tsekwe ndi bakha imakhala.
Gogol
Bakha yaying'ono yaying'ono yokhala ndi khosi loyera, mimba ndi mbali. Mchira wakuda wa mtundu wakuda, utoto wobiriwira pamutu, kumbuyo. Kutalika kwa thupi la gogol ndi 40-50 cm, mapiko ake amakhala pafupifupi 75-80 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 0.5 - 1.3 kg. M'nyanja zam'madzi zakutali. M'nyengo yozizira, siliva ku Europe, Asia, kumwera kwa Russia, ndipo nthawi zina malo apakati amapita kuderali.
Goose Woyera
Dzinalo limawonetsa utoto waukulu wa mbalameyi, yomwe ili ndi nthenga zokha zouluka zokhala ndi utoto wakuda. Mlomo, miyendo yapinki. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 70-75 cm, mapiko ake ndi 120-140 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 2.5-3 kg. Zisa za mbalamezi m'dera lamtunda wa Arctic, pagombe la Greenland, kum'mawa kwa Chukotka, ndi Kola Peninsula.
Ogar
Mbalame yofiira yamadzi ndi ya banja la bakha. Nthenga zowala za lalanje zimapereka mawonekedwe okongola kwa okhala osamala okhala m'madamu aku Europe ndi Asia. Mapiko othamanga, zikhomo zakuda. Ogari ndi osambira abwino kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana. Amathamanga bwino pansi. Pothawa, amafanana ndi atsekwe. Kutalika kwake, mbalamezi zimafikira masentimita 65. Amakhala awiriawiri, pokhapokha pofika nthawi yophukira amasonkhana m'magulu.
Nyemba
Goose wamkulu wokhala ndi mlomo waukulu. Nthenga zakuda, malo owala pachifuwa. Dongosolo locheperako limapangitsa mawonekedwe kukhala otseguka. Miyendo ya lalanje ndi mzere wopingasa pamwamba pamlomo umawonjezera kamvekedwe kowala ku mtundu wa nyemba. Kutalika kwa thupi kuli 80-90 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 4.5 kg, mapiko ake amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 160. Amakhala m'matupi amadzi ndi nkhalango zamtundra, nkhalango-tundra, taiga.
Canada tsekwe
Mbalame yayikulu yamadzi ndi khosi lalitali, mutu wawung'ono. Thupi limakhala pafupifupi 110 cm, mapiko ake ndi masentimita 180, kulemera kwa munthuyo sikupitilira 6.5 kg. Mutu ndi khosi ndizakuda; kumbuyo, mbali, m'mimba ndi bulauni-bulauni ndi mizere yoyera. Ma paw akuda.
Mitunduyi imapezeka kuzilumba za Britain, malo osungira ku Sweden, Finland, zilumba za Lake Ladoga ndi Gulf of Finland.
Eider wamba
Bakha wamkulu womira pamchira ndi mchira wautali. Mlomo wamphamvu wotsogola wopanda zotuluka. Chipewa chakuda chimakongoletsa mutu wa chifuwa, chifuwa, zotchingira, ndipo khosi ndi loyera. Mawanga achikasu pansi pa makutu. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-70 cm, mapiko ake amakhala pafupifupi 100 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 2.5-3 kg.
Banja la Loon imakhala ndi mitundu yofanana kwambiri yomwe imakhala kumpoto kwa America, Europe, Asia - malo ozizira a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi abakha, anyani amawuluka mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Izi ndi mbalame zokhala ndi mbiri yakale pakati pa mbalame zamakono.
Mphuno yofiira
Kambalame kakang'ono kokhala ndi milomo yokhota. Malo ofiira mabokosi kutsogolo kwa khosi. Nthengawo ndi imvi ndi ziphuphu zoyera. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60 cm, mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi 115 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 2 kg.
Mbalameyi imasankha malo okhala ndi tundra ndi taiga kuti apange chisa. Zima ku Mediterranean, Nyanja Yakuda, Nyanja ya Atlantic. Msuzi wandiweyani komanso chivundikiro cha nthenga, mafuta amkati amapulumutsidwa ku hypothermia.
Mtsinje wakuda wakuda
Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 70 cm, mapiko mpaka 130 cm, kulemera kwake mpaka 3.4 kg. Mlomo ndi wowongoka, wakuda. Chovala chakuda chokhala ndi zoyera zoyera. Mumakhala matupi amadzi akumpoto kwa Eurasia, America. Mbalameyi imakonda malo omwe ali m'mbali mwa mapiri.
Kulira kwa a loon kumadziwika kwambiri, kofanana ndi kuseka kwamphamvu.
Mverani mawu a nyamayi
Zikakhala zoopsa, mbalame sizimauluka, koma zimadumphira m'madzi, zikupinda mapiko awo kumbuyo kuti zisanyowe. Mafuta apadera a coccygeal gland, omwe amaphimbidwa nthenga zam'madzi, imapereka kukana kwamadzi.
Mbalame yakuda (polar) loon
Kukula kwa mbalameyi ndikokulirapo pakati pa abale ake. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mawonekedwe mumdima wobiriwira wamutu ndi mawonekedwe amlomo, wofanana ndi lupanga. M'nyengo yozizira zimawulukira kunyanja ndi madzi ofunda. Pandege, zimayenda m'magulu obalalika. Magulu awiri a anyani amakhala moyo wawo wonse. Mbalame zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 20.
Grebe – chachikulu banja la mbalame zam'madzi, kuphatikiza mitundu 22. Dzinalo limachokera pakumvetsetsa kwa nyama yawo yapadera yokhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa la nsomba. Mamembala am'banja nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha abakha, koma pali zosiyana zambiri pakati pawo.
Ndiosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yayifupi yolimba yomwe ilibe zoluka pakati pa zala zawo, koma ili ndi zikwangwani zam'mbali zopalitsira.
Great crested grebe (toadstool wamkulu)
Mbalame zimakhala pamadziwe, nyanja, zimakonda mabango. Crested Grebe sangapezeke pamtunda, imatha kunyamuka ikangothamanga m'madzi. Khosi limakhalabe loyera kutsogolo chaka chonse. Imadyetsa mwachangu komanso mosavomerezeka. Amasambira kwambiri m'madzi.
Chinsalu chakuda chakuda
Kukula kwake kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa grebe. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 35 cm, kulemera kwake mpaka 600 g. Zimapezeka m'matupi osaya amadzi okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira ku Europe, Africa, kumadzulo kwa United States. Ndikumazizira pang'ono, mbalame zimauluka kuchokera kumadera akumpoto kupita kumalo osungira kumwera. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika mu Africa.
Malinga ndi dzinalo, khosi ndi mutu ndizakuda, ndikumangirira nthenga zachikaso m'makutu. Nthenga zofiira kumbali, mimba yoyera. Mbali yaikulu ndi maso ofiira magazi. Anapiye ali ndi mawanga ofiira pakati pa maso ndi mulomo.
Little grebe
Woimira wocheperako pakati pa abale kukula. Kulemera kwake ndi 150-370 g okha, kutalika kwa mapiko pafupifupi 100 mm. Pamwamba pake pamakhala mdima, ndi mthunzi wabulauni, m'mimba simayera. Khosi ndi mgoza kutsogolo. Magalasi oyera pamapiko. Maso ndi achikasu ndi iris yofiira.
Mawu a toadstool amafanana ndi chitoliro.
Mverani mawu akachisoti kakang'ono
Amakhala m'madzi osaya komanso mitsinje yothamanga. Mosiyana ndi abakha, omwe amatenthetsa mapazi awo oundana m'mapiko awo am'mimba, zidole zimawanyamulira mbali zam'madzi.
Mamembala a pelican-like (copepods) am'banja amadziwika ndi nembanemba yosambira pakati pa zala zinayi zonse. Zikwangwani zamapiko ndi mapiko ataliatali zimalola ambiri kusambira molimba mtima ndikuwuluka, koma amayenda molakwika. Pali zosiyana zambiri pakati pa mbalame m'maonekedwe ndi moyo wawo.
Cormorant
Mbalameyi ndi yaikulu, mpaka 1 mita kutalika, yolemera makilogalamu 2-3, mapiko otalika masentimita 160. Nthenga zakuda buluu zokhala ndi malo oyera pakhosi, zomwe zimatha kumapeto kwa dzinja. Mlomo wamphamvu wolumikizidwa.
Cormorant imagawidwa kwambiri m'madamu okhala ndi nsomba zambiri. Anthuwa amangokhala, kusamuka komanso kusamukasamuka. Cormorants amatenga nthenga zonyowa, choncho nthawi zambiri amawaumitsa akakhala pansi ndikutambasula mapiko awo mmbali.
Chiwombankhanga chopindika
Nthenga zokutidwa pamphumi, kumutu, ndi pansi pake zimapatsa mbalame mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Ma paw ndi otuwa mdima. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 180 cm, mapiko opitilira 3 m, kulemera pafupifupi 8-13 kg.
Mbalame yapagulu yomwe imapanga madera. Pakusaka, ziwombankhanga zimagwirira ntchito limodzi: zimazungulira nsombazo ndikuwombera nsomba m'madzi kupita kumalo osavuta kugwira. Mbalame zotchedwa curic ndi pinki sizimapezeka kawirikawiri mbalame zam'madzi ku Russiakuphatikiza mu Red Book. Amakhala pagombe la Caspian, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov.
Chiwombankhanga chofiira
Dzinalo limawonetsa mthunzi wosakhwima wa nthenga, zomwe zimakwezedwa pambali yamkati. Mukuuluka, nthenga zouluka zakuda zimawoneka bwino. Wamphamvu milomo yam'madzi, mpaka 46 cm kutalika.
Zinyama zapinki zimasaka nyama yayikulu: carp, cichlids. Mbalame imodzi imasowa makilogalamu 1-1.2 a nsomba patsiku.
Frigate yakukwera
Amakhala pazilumba za m'nyanja ya Atlantic. Nthenga za mbalame yayikulu ndi yakuda, mutu wake uli ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Thymus sac ndi yofiira. Mbali yapadera ya zakudya za frigate ndiyo kugwira nsomba zouluka.
Oimira ngati anyani, kapena anyani, - mbalame zam'nyanja zopanda ndege za mitundu 18, koma ndizabwino kusambira ndikudumphira m'madzi. Matupi osungunuka ndiabwino kuyenda m'madzi. Evolution yasintha mapiko a mbalame kukhala zipsepse. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa ma penguin m'madzi ndi 10 km / h.
Mafupa amphamvu a mafupa ndi mafupa olimba amawapatsa chitetezo chokhazikika munyanja. Mtunduwo, monga nzika zambiri zam'madzi, umabisa: kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi-buluu, wokhala ndi khungu lakuda, ndipo mimba ndiyoyera.
Anyani amakhala munyengo yovuta kwambiri ku Antarctica. Anatomically, amasinthidwa kuti azizizira kwambiri. Kutentha kwamatenthedwe kumaperekedwa ndi mafuta osanjikiza, mpaka 3 cm, nthenga zitatu zosanjikiza zopanda madzi. Magazi amkati amapangidwa m'njira yoti kuchepa kwa kutentha kumachepetsedwe. Mbalame imodzi imaphatikizapo anthu zikwi zingapo.
Mbalame za Crane zinali m'gulu la oyamba kutaya mphamvu zawo zowuluka. Mitundu yambiri imagawidwa m'makontinenti, kupatula madera a Arctic ndi Antarctic. Achibale amasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'maonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Pali zinyenyeswazi kuyambira 20 cm ndi mbalame zazikulu mpaka 2 m.
Nkhono ya dzuwa
Amakhala kumadera otentha ku America pafupi ndi matupi amadzi: madambo, nyanja, magombe.
Nthaka za Motley zamtundu wofiirira, ndikuwonjezera kwamtundu wachikasu, wobiriwira, wakuda. Kutalika mpaka 53 cm, kulemera kwake pafupifupi magalamu 200-220. Khosi lalitali mozungulira pakhosi ndi loyera. Miyendo ndi ya lalanje, yayitali. Mchira wa zimakupiza wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa. Zakudya zomwe zapezeka (achule, nsomba, tadpoles) zimatsukidwa ndi chimeza m'madzi musanadye.
Arama (Mbalame ya Shepherd)
Amakhala m'malo a kontinenti yaku America, omwe ali ndi masamba pafupi ndi madambo amchere. Zimauluka moipa kwambiri, mobisalira pofuna kuthawa zoopsa.
Kufuula kwamphamvu kumene amatulutsa ndi njira yodzitetezera. Kutalika kwa thupi la kireni mpaka 60 cm, kulemera kwake sikupitilira 1 kg, ndipo mapiko ake amakhala pafupifupi mita 1. Mbalame zimapeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pamadzi - nkhono, mamazelo, zokwawa. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo achule ndi tizilombo.
Siberia Crane (White Crane)
Mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi mapiko otalika pafupifupi 2.3 m, yolemera makilogalamu 7-8, kutalika kwake mpaka masentimita 140. Mlomo wake ndi wautali kuposa cranes wina ndipo ndi wofiira. Nthenga ndi zoyera, kupatula nthenga zakuda zouluka. Miyendo ndi yayitali.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Cranes ku Siberia kumachitika ku Russia kokha. Amapeza malo omwe amakonda kwambiri mumtunda wa Yakut kapena m'madambo a dera la Ob. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimasamukira ku India, Iran, China.
Chodziwika bwino cha ma Cranes aku Siberia ndikulumikizana kwawo mwamphamvu ndi matupi amadzi. Dongosolo lawo lonse limayendetsedwa panthaka yokhazikika. Ma Cranes aku Siberia samadyetsa nthaka yolima, amapewa anthu. Mbalame yokongola komanso yosowa pangozi.
African Poinfoot
Dzinali likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezo - mitsinje ndi nyanja zaku Africa, kumwera kwa Sahara ndi Ethiopia. Chodziwika bwino cha Poinfoot ndikumwera kwakatikati posambira, momwe mutu ndi khosi zokha zimawonekera. Pangozi, imathamanga pamadzi ndikunyamuka pang'ono komanso kutsika.
Kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 28-30. Mtunduwo ndi wobiriwira-wobiriwira pamwamba, woyera pamimba. Pali mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera m'mbali mwa mutu.
Coot (nkhuku yamadzi)
Mbalame yaying'ono, yofanana ndi bakha wamba, koma yunifolomu yakuda ndi yoyera pamutu. Kutali, mbale yachikopa yopepuka imafanana ndi dazi, lomwe limadzetsa dzina lofananira.
Mlomo wawung'ono wa khanda limafanana mofanana ndi nkhuku. Mapazi achikasu okhala ndi zala zazitali zakuda. Ili paliponse ku Europe, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, North Africa. Amakonda madzi osaya, nkhalango zamabango, ma sedges, mabango. Mbalame yamadzi akuda - nsomba.
Mbalame zam'madzi zam'madzi zimayimilidwa ndi mitundu yambiri, kukula kwake, moyo wawo. Kuphatikana ndi matupi am'madzi komanso mawonekedwe ake kumabweretsa mbalamezi pafupi.
Mbalame zam'madzi
Pakati pa achibale, amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu: kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 2 kg, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 75 cm, mapiko ake ndi masentimita 160-170. Nthenga za gull ndizoyera kwambiri, kupatula nthenga zakuda zakumapiko. Kuthamanga kwapaulendo ndi 90-110 km / h.
Oyendetsa sitolo
Mitengo yosiyanitsa yakuda ndi yoyera. Mawonekedwe, milomo ya utoto wowala wonyezimira, mozungulira maso amthunzi womwewo. Oyendetsa sitimayi amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kupatula madera akummwera. Mlomo ndi wautali, wololedwa kuswa nyama zam'madzi pamiyala.
Odwala
Amapezeka ku Central Asia, ku Altai m'magulu m'mbali mwa mitsinje yamiyala yam'mapiri. Kukhalapo kwa zisumbu zokhalira mazira ndikofunikira kwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri imasaka m'madzi osaya. Mlomo wofiira wopindika kwambiri umathandiza kuyang'ana nyama pakati pa miyala pansi pamadzi.
Osambira
Mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri pamadzi. Amasambira bwino, koma samadumphira m'madzi. Amadyetsa chakudya chapamwamba kapena kumiza mitu yawo, ngati bakha, m'madzi posaka. Amagwira ngati zoyandama, zokwanira kwambiri. Amapezeka m'matumba amadzi ambiri.
Moyo wam'madzi umalumikiza mbalame zomwe zimadziwa kukhala pamtunda. Mgwirizano wosagwedezekawu umadzaza moyo wawo ndi zinthu zapadera. Mbalame zam'madzi pachithunzichi chimawonetsa mgwirizano wamlengalenga ndi madzi azachilengedwe.
