Mbalame yayikulu, yokongola yodya nyama, yowuluka kwa maola ambiri mlengalenga pamadambo ndi minda, ikufika mchaka ndikuuluka nthawi yozizira, iyi ndi - chiwombankhanga chowoneka bwino... Ambiri mwina adawona m'misewu yamatawuni achisangalalo, m'masekesi, m'makanema, mbalame zazikuluzikulu, zosonyeza nzeru zambiri, osakhala otsika kuposa agalu omwewo anzeru, kukhulupirika kwa anthu komanso kuleza mtima podziyang'anira.
Ngakhale pazithunzi zojambulidwa ndi makanema kapena m'misewu yodzaza ndi alendo, mutha kuwona ndi nzeru ndi kuzindikira kwa mbalamezi. Anthu ochepa amaganiza kuti ndi akabawi kapena nkhandwe, koma ambiri aiwo chithunzi – chiwombankhanga chowoneka bwino.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo a chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mabanga
Chimodzi mwazokongola izi zomwe zikukwera mlengalenga ndikugawika kwawo m'magulu awiri:
- chachikulu;
- yaying'ono.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitunduyo kumangokhala kukula kwa osaka nthengawo.Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu imafikira mapiko otalika masentimita 170-190, imalemera kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 4 kg, ndipo imakula mpaka masentimita 65-75. Mtundu wa nthenga nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, wokhala ndi zigamba zowala. Koma nthawi zina pamakhalanso mbalame zopepuka, zomwe ndizosowa kwambiri.
Mitundu yoyera, yamchenga kapena zonona zamtundu wa nthenga, ziwombankhanga zazikulu zamawangamawanga m'miyambo yambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zopatulika, kubweretsa chifuniro cha milungu. Chakumapeto kwa Middle Ages ku Europe, zimawerengedwa kuti ndizotchuka kwambiri kukhala ndi mbalame yotetedwa, kupita kokasaka nayo kunatsimikizira kupambana kwathunthu ndikugogomezera ulemu ndi chuma chake.
Pachithunzicho pali mphungu yayikulu yamawangamawanga
Mfumu ya Prussia, Frederick, yemwe adamenya nkhondo mwamphamvu ndi aliyense, kuphatikiza Russia, anali ndi chiwombankhanga chowoneka bwino chokhala mchenga.Mphungu Yocheperako ndilo lalikulu, mapiko ake akakwera amafika masentimita 100-130, mbalame "yaying'ono" yotereyi imalemera kuchokera theka ndi theka mpaka kilogalamu ziwiri, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 55-65.
Mbalamezi ndi abwenzi akale a Don Cossacks. Ngakhale m'zaka zana zapitazo, zinali zosatheka kuyang'ana kumwamba pamwamba pa Don, osazindikira ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawuluka. Komanso, mbalame zamitundumitundu zamtunduwu zimazungulira Volga, Neva, komanso nkhalango pafupi ndi Moscow. Pafupifupi madera onse aku Europe aku Russia osati kokha.
Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, ndi ziwombankhanga zochepa zomwe zimatsagana ndi Vladislav Tepes ndi Malyuta Skuratov. Mbalame yofananayo idaperekedwa kwa Otrepyev pa phwando laukwati atakwatirana ndi Akazi a Mnishek, koma Zabodza Dmitry anali a mphungu yaying'ono kapena, komabe, yayikulu, siyikudziwika.
Pachithunzicho, mbalameyi ndi Mphungu Yocheperako
Malo okhala mbalame zanzeru kwambiri komanso zokongola kwambiri ndizokwanira. Amapezeka, kuyambira ku Finland mpaka kumapeto kwa Nyanja ya Azov. Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mafunde zimakhalanso ku China ndipo mwina ku Mongolia.
Ku Mongolia, amasamalidwa kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka ndi kuteteza ma yurves ku mimbulu. Ku China, chiwombankhanga chowoneka ndichikhalidwe m'nthano zambiri, ndipo nthano zimanena kuti mbalamezi zimachita nawo kusaka nkhandwe zomwe zimathandizidwa ndikuthandizira kuyang'anira nsanja za Great Wall of China.
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonongeka zimauluka mpaka nthawi yozizira ku India, Africa, mayiko aku Middle East - Pakistan, Iraq ndi Iran, kumwera kwa Indochina Peninsula. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yosamuka, mitundu yofananira ya mbalamezi, ku India pali mitundu ina ya mbalamezi - Chiwombankhanga chaku India.
Ndi wocheperako kuposa "abale" ake, ali ndi miyendo yolimba, thupi lokwanira komanso lokwanira ndipo amakonda kusaka achule, njoka ndi mbalame zina. Mapiko a mapiko samapitilira 90 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 60. Komabe, "Indian" amalemera kwambiri - kuyambira 2 mpaka 3 kg.
Ndizosavuta kuweruza, ndipo, malinga ndi zolemba za aku Britain omwe adaphunzira za chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa India panthawi yachikoloni, panthawiyo kunalibe rajah, vizier, kapena munthu wolemera mdziko muno yemwe analibe chiwombankhanga chowoneka bwino m'malo mwa mongoose m'nyumba zachifumu zolemera okhala makamaka pakati pa Amwenye apakati komanso olemera.
Ponena za malo okhala ndi ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga, ziyenera kudziwika kuti samakhala m'mapazi opanda kanthu, chifukwa amakhala m'mitengo yayitali. Chifukwa chake, mu steppe amatha kuwona pafupi ndi mitsinje pomwe pali zisa. M'madera ena akumpoto, mbalame zimasankha m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'malire ndi madera ndi minda. Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga sizimaperekanso zisa zawo m'madzi.
Komabe, pali maumboni ambiri ochokera kwa alenje komanso osunga masewera kuti chiwombankhanga chowoneka chikuwoneka chikuyenda pang'onopang'ono munjira, koma umboni wake siwodziwika.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa chiwombankhanga chowoneka
Mphungu yowala – mbalame ochezeka kwambiri komanso mabanja, nthawi yomweyo amakhala omasuka. Awiri amapangidwa moyo wonse, monga chisa. Mbalame zam'banja zimatha kudzimangira zokha, kapena amatha kukhala pachisa chopanda adokowe akuda, zopamba kapena mbalame zina zazikulu. Mulimonsemo, chaka ndi chaka amabwerera ku chisa ichi, ndikuchikonza mosalekeza, kuchikonza ndi kuchichinjiriza.
Kuti mbalame ziyambe kukonza malo obisalapo atsopano ndikudzipangira "nyumba" zina, china chake chachilendo chiyenera kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, mkuntho wamkuntho, kapena munthu wobetera matabwa wokhala ndi unyolo.
Kunali kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwa anthu, kukhazikitsa misewu, kufutukula mizinda, kukhazikitsa mizere yamagetsi komwe kunapangitsa mbalame kugunda masambawo Buku Lofiira, ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu anali pafupi kutha. Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mbalame sizongokhala mbalame zanzeru, komanso ndizochenjera, zimatha kuzindikira zikhalidwe zatsopano ndikuzolowera.
Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuti ngati kuli kotheka kuti asayang'ane chakudya, mwachitsanzo, mukamanga chisa pafupi ndi gulu la omwe amatola kapena ma voles, chiwombankhanga chowoneka sichimauluka kutalika kwake kwamamita chikwi, koma kumenya nkhondo kuchokera pamalo, kubisalira.
Mbalameyi imakhala yamtendere, yamtendere, komanso yamphamvu komanso yofuna kudziwa zambiri. Ndi zikhalidwe izi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuphunzira kwa mbalamezi kutheke. ZOKHUDZA kuletsa ndipo imbani kunja ziwombankhanga zooneka mwachangu kwambiri adalemba mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 19 mu zilembo za nthawi zonse "Zachilengedwe ndi Kusaka" ndi "Kusaka Kalendala".
Komanso njirayi, yomwe idatchedwa kuyitanitsa, tsopano - kuphunzitsa, komanso ndikuphunzitsa mbalame kusaka, mofananira ndi galu, yafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'buku la S. Levshin "A Book for Hunters", lofalitsidwa mu 1813 ndikusindikizidwanso mpaka zaka 50 zapitazo zaka zana limodzi, ndi m'mabuku a S. Aksakov, mu gawo lotchedwa - "Kusaka ndi mbewa za zinziri", lofalitsidwa koyamba mu 1886.
Kuyambira pamenepo, palibe chomwe chasintha, kupatula kuti ma Bashkirs ndi ma Mongol okha ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbalamezi posaka lero. Ponena za kuweta kwa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga, pamakhala lingaliro limodzi lokha mmenemo.
Mnzanu wamtsogolo ayenera kukhala mwana wankhuku, wokhoza kuuluka ndikudyera yekha, koma sanayendeko ndi gulu lanyumba nthawi yachisanu ndipo alibe wokwatirana naye. Pali nkhani zoti adanyamula mbalame zovulazidwazo, ndipo atachira ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonekerazo sizinathawire kwina kulikonse.
Izi ndizotheka, koma pokhapokha ngati mayendedwe ake sanabwezeretsedwe, ndipo mbalameyo imamva choncho, podziwa bwino kuti m'chilengedwe sichipulumuka ngakhale chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga chili chokha. Mbalame yam'banja imabwereradi ku chisa chake mwayi wawo woyamba.
Chakudya cha mphungu
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi ziwombankhanga ndi nyama zolusa komanso zosaka nyama, koma osadya nyama zina. Ndi nyama zawo, amatha kupanga chilichonse chomwe chingafanane ndi kukula kwake - kuchokera kuzinyama zazing'ono mpaka mbalame. Komabe, ngakhale chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi njala kwambiri sichingakhudze zakufa.
Maziko a zomwe mbalame zimadya ndi mbewa, gophers, akalulu, hares, achule, njoka zomwe zikukwawa kuti ziwotha, ndi zinziri. Mbalame zimakondanso kumwa ndi "kuwaza". Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga ndi chiwombankhanga chokha chomwe chitha kuwonedwa chikulowa mwakachetechete pamadzi ndi zikoka zake zosongoka, zosaka.
Kudyetsa Mphungu Zambiri Ana a nkhumba, nkhuku zankhuku ndi nkhuku zimakula nthawi zambiri, nthawi zina zimasaka osati anthu wamba okha, komanso grouse wakuda. Komabe, ziwombankhanga zooneka bwino zimabwera m'mafamu pokhapokha ngati chakudya "chachilengedwe" sichokwanira.
Kubalana ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga
Zokongola izi zimafikira pachisa kumapeto kwa Marichi komanso koyambirira kwa Epulo, ndipo apa zikuyamba kukonzanso chisa. Kale kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, mazira amatuluka m'chisa, monga lamulo, amodzi okha.
Nthawi zina awiri, koma izi ndizochepa, ndipo mazira atatu amangokhala chodabwitsa. Mazirawo amasamalilidwa ndi yaikazi, pomwe yamphongo imamudyetsa mwamphamvu, chifukwa chake, Meyi ndi nthawi yosaka kwambiri mbalamezi.
Anapiye amathyola chipolopolocho, pafupifupi, atatha masiku 40, ndipo amadzuka pamapiko milungu 7-9, nthawi zambiri pakati pamsewu wapakatikati pakati pa Ogasiti. Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga zimaphunzira kuuluka komanso kusaka mofanana ndi momwe ana amapalasa njinga, ndiye kuti, akugwa komanso kuphonya. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kotheka kuwatenga ndikuwakhazika pansi.
Pachithunzicho pali mwana wankhuku wowonekera
M'malo ena obisalira, anapiye samapezeka chaka chilichonse, mwachitsanzo, ku Estonia kunali kuswa kwa zaka zitatu kuswana kwa ziwombankhanga. Zinayambiranso pokhapokha pakukhazikika kwa ma voles m'minda yapafupi ndi malo okhala zisa, zomwe, mwanjira ina, zidathetsedweratu ndi alimi akumaloko chaka chimodzi anapiye asanatuluke.
Ponena za kutalika kwa moyo, pansi pazifukwa zabwino ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonedwa zimakhala zaka 20-25, m'malo osungira nyama zimakhala mpaka 30. Mukasungidwa mu ukapolo, kuchuluka kwa zaka kumasiyana kwambiri, ndipo kumakhala zaka 15 mpaka 30.
