Tuna ndi fuko lonse la mackerel, lomwe lili ndi mitundu 5 ndi mitundu 15. Tuna kale inali nsomba yamalonda, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, asodzi aku Japan adagwira tuna zaka 5 zikwi zapitazo. Dzinalo la nsomba limachokera ku Greek thyno "thyno", lomwe limatanthauza "kuponya, kuponya."
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a tuna
Mitundu yonse yamitundumitundu imakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tolukoti tolowera kumchira. Chinsalu chimodzi chakumbuyo chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a concave, chimakhala chotalikirapo, pomwe china chimakhala chowoneka ngati chikwakwa, chochepa thupi komanso chofanana ndi kumatako. Kuchokera kumapeto kwachiwiri mpaka kumchira, zipsepse zina 8-9 zowonekera kwambiri.
Mchira umawoneka ngati kachigawo kamwezi. Ndiye amene amachita ntchito yokometsera, pomwe thupi, lokutidwa m'mimba mwake, limangokhala losayenda poyenda. Tuna ili ndi mutu waukulu woboola pakati wokhala ndi maso ang'ono ndi pakamwa ponse. Nsagwada zili ndi mano ang'onoang'ono opangika mzere umodzi.
Masikelo omwe amaphimba thupi la tuna ndi olimba kwambiri komanso okulirapo kutsogolo kwa thupi komanso m'mbali mwake, amapanga chinthu chonga chitetezo. Mtundu umadalira mitunduyo, koma yonse imadziwika ndi msana wakuda komanso mimba yopepuka.
Nsomba za Tuna Ali ndi malo osowa - amatha kutentha thupi kutengera chilengedwe chakunja. Mphamvu imeneyi, yotchedwa endothermia, imangowoneka mu tuna ndi herring shark.
Chifukwa cha izi, tuna imatha kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu (mpaka 90 km / h), kuwononga mphamvu zochepa ndikusinthira bwino chilengedwe, mosiyana ndi nsomba zina.
Makina onse azombo zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi magazi amitsempha komanso amitsempha, omwe amalumikizana komanso amakhala mmbali mwa nsombazo, amathandizira "kutenthetsa" magazi a tuna.
Magazi ofunda m'mitsempha, otenthedwa ndi kutsekeka kwa minofu, amalipira magazi ozizira amitsempha. Akatswiri amatcha gulu ili la "lateral mirabile" - "matsenga network".
Nyama ya tuna, mosiyana ndi nsomba zambiri, ili ndi mtundu wofiira pinki. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakupezeka m'magazi a nsomba zamapuloteni apadera otchedwa myoglobin, omwe amakhala ndi chitsulo chochuluka. Zimapangidwa poyendetsa galimoto kwambiri.
MU kufotokoza nsomba za tuna ndizosatheka kuti musakhudze nkhani yophikira. Kuphatikiza pa kukoma kwake, nyama ya tuna ili ngati ng'ombe, chifukwa chakumwa kwawo kwachilendo ku France amatcha "nyama yam'nyanja".
Nyama imakhala ndi zinthu zingapo, ma amino acid ndi mavitamini othandizira thupi. Kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya nthawi zonse kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ndi matenda amtima, kumawonjezera chitetezo chamthupi komanso kumathandizira thupi lonse.
Ku USA, mwachitsanzo, mbale za tuna ndizovomerezeka pamndandanda wa ofufuza ndi ophunzira aku yunivesite. Zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakupanga kwake zimapangitsa kuti ubongo uzichita bwino.
Tuna mwina silingatengeke ndi tiziromboti, nyama yake itha kudyedwa yaiwisi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma khofi ambiri mdziko lapansi. Pali mitundu yoposa 50 ya tuna, yotchuka kwambiri posodza ndi:
Pachithunzicho, nyama ya tuna
- wamba;
- Atlantic;
- nsomba ya makerele;
- milozo (skipjack);
- nthenga yayitali (albacore);
- wachikopa;
- maso akulu.
Wamba tuna - nsomba zazikulu zosangalatsa kwambiri. Imatha kukula mpaka 3 mita m'litali ndikulemera mpaka 560 kg. Gawo lakumtunda, monga nsomba zonse zomwe zimakhala m'madzi apamtunda, limakhala lakuda. Pankhani ya tuna wamba, imakhala yabuluu kwambiri, yomwe mtundu uwu umatchedwanso bluefin tuna. Mimba ndi yoyera, zipsepse ndi zofiirira.
Nsomba wamba
Atlantic (blackfin tuna) ndi pafupifupi masentimita 50 kutalika, yokwanira mita 1. Mwa milandu yolembedwa, yayikulu kwambiri imalemera 21 kg. Mosiyana ndi ena banja la nsomba, tuna blacktip amakhala m'malo ochepa ku West Atlantic.
Nsomba ya Atlantic
Mackerel tuna ndiwokulirapo wokhala m'mbali mwa nyanja: kutalika - osapitilira 30-40 cm, kulemera - mpaka 5 kg. Mtundu wa thupi silosiyana kwambiri ndi enawo: msana wakuda, mimba yopepuka. Koma mutha kuzizindikira ndi zipsepse zake ziwiri za pectoral: mkati mwake ndi zakuda, kunja kwake ndi zofiirira.
Mackerel nsomba
Mizere ya tuna ndi wochepetsetsa kwambiri wokhala m'nyanja yotseguka pakati pa mitundu yawo: pafupifupi amakula mpaka 50-60 cm, mitundu yosowa - mpaka mita 1. Chosiyanitsa chake ndi mdima, mikwingwirima yotalika bwino pamimba.
Mu chithunzi chamizere ya tuna
Nthenga zazitali (zoyera tuna) - nsomba zam'nyanja mpaka 1,4 m kutalika, mpaka 60 kg. Kumbuyo kwake ndimabuluu amdima ndimayendedwe achitsulo, m'mimba ndikopepuka. Kutalika kumatchedwa kukula kwa zipsepse za pectoral. Nyama ya tuna yoyera ndiyofunika kwambiri, pakhala pali milandu pomwe ophika aku Japan adagula nyama ya $ 100,000.
Pachithunzichi longfin tuna
Yellowfin tuna nthawi zina imafika 2-2.5 m m'litali ndipo imalemera 200 kg. Ili ndi dzina loti kukongola kwamtundu wachikaso chakumaso ndi kumapeto. Thupi lili ndi imvi buluu pamwamba, ndi silvery pansipa. Pamzere wotsatira pali mandimu wokhala ndi mzere wamtambo, ngakhale mwa anthu ena mwina sangakhalepo.
Pachithunzichi yellowfin tuna
Nsombayi yamaso akulu, kuphatikiza kukula kwa maso, ili ndi chinthu china chomusiyanitsa ndi abale ake apafupi kwambiri. Ndi nyanja yakuya mtundu wa tuna - nsomba amakhala mozama kupitirira 200 m, ndipo ndi nyama zazing'ono zokha zomwe zimakhala kumtunda. Anthu akuluakulu amafika 2.5 m ndikulemera makilogalamu 200.
Nsomba zazikulu za tuna
Moyo wa tuna ndi malo okhala
Tuna ndi nsomba za pelagic zomwe zimakonda madzi ofunda ndi mchere wambiri. Ndiwo osambira abwino, othamanga komanso achangu. Tuna nthawi zonse imayenera kuyenda, chifukwa mwa njira iyi mpweya wokwanira umadutsa m'mitsempha.
Nthawi zina nsomba za tuna zimasamukira m'mbali mwa nyanja ndipo zimapita kutali kukafunafuna chakudya. Chifukwa chake, nsomba za tuna zimachitika nthawi inayake pomwe nsomba m'derali zimakhala zochuluka kwambiri. Msodzi wosowa samalota kuchita chithunzi cha tuna - nsomba ndi kukula kwaumunthu.
Madera amadzi, kumene nsomba za tuna zimakhala - ndi zazikulu. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa magazi, nsombazo zimakhala zomasuka pa + 5 ° ndi + 30 °. Mtundu wa tuna umagwira nyanja zam'madera otentha, ozizira komanso ozizira panyanja: Indian, Atlantic ndi Pacific. Mitundu ina imakonda madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, ena - m'malo mwake - kuphweka kwa madzi otseguka.
Chakudya cha tuna
Tuna ndi nsomba zolusa. Amasaka nsomba zing'onozing'ono, amadya nyama zosiyanasiyana za crustaceans ndi molluscs. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo anchovies, capelin, sardines, mackerel, hering'i, sprats. Anthu ena amagwira nkhanu, squid ndi ma cephalopods ena.
Akatswiri azachipatala, pophunzira za kuchuluka kwa nsomba, adazindikira kuti masana sukulu ya nsomba imamira mozama ndikusaka komweko, pomwe usiku imakhala pafupi kwambiri.
Mlandu wochititsa chidwi, womwe udatengedwa pavidiyo, udachitika pagombe la Spain: tuna yayikulu, yomwe idakokedwa ndi bwato, idameza nyanjayi, yomwe idafunanso kulawa nsomba, limodzi ndi sardine. Pambuyo pa masekondi angapo, chimphonacho chinasintha malingaliro ake ndikulavulira mbalameyo, koma m'kamwa mwake ndi kuthamanga kwake zinakhudza aliyense womuzungulira.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa tuna
Kudera la equator, kotentha ndi madera ena a lamba lotentha (kumwera kwa Japan, Hawaii), tuna amabala chaka chonse. M'madera otentha komanso ozizira - kokha m'nyengo yotentha.
Mkazi wamkulu amatha kusesa mpaka mazira 10 miliyoni nthawi imodzi, osaposa 1 mm kukula kwake. Feteleza imachitika m'madzi, pomwe yamphongo imatulutsa timadzi timeneti.
Pambuyo masiku 1-2, mwachangu amayamba kutulutsa mazira. Nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudyetsa okha ndipo amalemera kunenepa msanga. Zinyama zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'madzi ofunda, olemera ndi ma crustaceans ndi plankton. Tuna ifika pakukula msinkhu wazaka zitatu, imakhala pafupifupi 35, anthu ena - mpaka 50.
Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kusodza mopanda chifundo, mitundu yambiri ya tuna ili pafupi kutha. Greenpeace yaika tuna pa Red List of Foods yomwe iyenera kusungidwa kuti isunge zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka komanso kuti zisawononge chilengedwe.
