Zinyama zamtunduwu
Dziko lankhanza la tundra ndi lokongola, lolemera komanso losangalatsa. Ku Russia, dera lachilengedwe limakhudza dera lochokera ku Kola Peninsula mpaka ku Chukotka. Kunja kwa dziko lathu, ili kumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi North America.
Moyo m'chipululu chachisanu chopanda nkhalango, chokhala ndi madzi oundana, mphepo zamphamvu zimawoneka zosatheka. Koma ngakhale kuno, dziko lapansi ndilolimba mtima komanso losiyanasiyana. Mayina amtundu wa Tundra anakhala zizindikiro za mphamvu, mopanda mantha, kuzindikira, mphamvu, kukongola: nkhandwe, walrus, peregrine falcon, kadzidzi, tsekwe.
Ziweto zazikulu
Mphalapala
Chimodzi mwazodabwitsa kwambiri nyama zazikulu taganizirani za mphalapala. Chifukwa cha nyama yamphamvuyi, munthu adadziwa Kumpoto. Mosiyana ndi achibale oweta, oimira zakutchire ndi akulu. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi nyanga zazikulu.
Mbawala amakhala m'magulu a mitu zikwi zingapo. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, njira yakusamukira kwawo sinasinthe. Misewu yayitali, mpaka 500 km, imagonjetsedwa ndi nyama m'malo odyetserako nyengo.
Ziboda zazikulu ndizoyenera kuyenda pachisanu. Zowonongekerazo monga mawonekedwe amakulolani kuti mupeze chivundikiro cha chisanu posaka chakudya. Mbawala zimasambira bwino, kuthana ndi zopinga zam'madzi.
Moss kapena mphalapala, omwe amayang'ana pansi pa chipale chofewa, adakhala maziko azakudya zanyama. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo zipatso, zitsamba, ndere, bowa. Pofuna kuti mchere wa mchere usawonongeke, mbawala zimadya chipale chofewa kapena kumwa madzi. Pachifukwa chomwechi, amakumana ndi nyanga za anzawo kapena omwe adaponyedwa.
Mwana wakhanda wakhanda amathamangira amayi ake tsiku lotsatira. Asanafike nyengo yozizira kwambiri, mwanayo amadyetsa mkaka wa mayi, kenako, mofanana ndi akulu, amamenyera kupulumuka kuthengo. Pakati pa dziko lanyama la tundra mbawala sizikhala ndi adani. Nkhandweyo imabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu ofooka komanso ana amphongo.
Mphalapala pachithunzichi
Nkhandwe ya Tundra
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mimbulu yambiri yatsimikizira kupirira kwawo modabwitsa ndi miyoyo yawo. Amatha kukhala sabata limodzi osadya, kuyenda mpaka makilomita 20 patsiku. Amatha kudya nyama yofika 10-15 kg nthawi imodzi, limodzi ndi khungu, ubweya ndi mafupa.
Alenje osunthika amasaka nyama mu gulu lalikulu, momwe maudindo onse a omenya ndi owukira amagawidwa. Fungo labwino, kuwona ndi kumva zimawalola kusaka abakha, atsekwe, kuwononga zisa za mbalame, kugwira nkhandwe ndi hares.
Koma uku ndikugwira pang'ono. Mimbulu idzadya ngati ipambana mwana wamphongo kapena munthu wofooka. Chenjezo lachilengedwe, mphamvu ndi machenjera ndizopatsa chidwi: gulu limayenda pambuyo pa chisanu, ngati nyama yokhayokha yomwe yatsala ndi zipsera.
Kujambula ndi nkhandwe yamphongo
Nkhandwe yabuluu (yoyera) yamphepete
Ubweya wokongola komanso wosanjikiza, mpaka 30 cm, umapulumutsa nyama ku chisanu. Maso amapanga pigment yapadera kuti iteteze ku kunyezimira mumalo oyera.
Ankhandwe aku Arctic amayendayenda nthawi zonse kufunafuna chakudya. Amakopeka ndi malo obadwira kokha nthawi yakwati. Kukonzekeretsa burrow yanu mu tundra ndizovuta zanyengo. Chifukwa chake, mibadwo yambiri ya nkhandwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zokumba m'mapiri okhala ndi nthaka yofewa. Amadyetsa chilichonse chomwe tundra imapereka: nsomba, zovunda, zotsalira za mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo.
Ankhandwe aku Arctic amakhala m'magulu ndikuthandizana. Samalirani anawo ngati makolo amwalira. Adani awo achilengedwe ndi akadzidzi akutchire, ziwombankhanga zagolide, mimbulu, ndi zimbalangondo.
Nkhandwe yobiriwira (yoyera)
Wolverine
Mmodzi wachikhalidwe Nyama zamtundu wa Russia ndi nyama yomwe imawoneka ngati chimbalangondo chaching'ono. Wolverines ndi osiyana. Amachita zinthu mopupuluma komanso ndi phazi lamiyendo, amasinthasintha komanso amakhala achangu, ngati achibale awo a m'banja la weasel.
Ubweya wonyezimira ndiwopangidwa mwapadera: samamatira pamodzi kapena kunyowa. Kuyenda kosalekeza, wolverine adatchedwa chopondapo. Kudya kosasankha kumathandiza kuti tikhalebe ovuta. Ngati nyamayo singagwidwe, ndiye kuti chilombocho chimayidya ndi njala, kuyilondola mpaka kutopa.
Pachithunzicho ndi wolverine
Kalulu
Pakati pa nyama zamtunda ndi nkhalango-tundra kalulu woyera adatenga zokongola kumadera a shrub komwe mutha kubisala ndikudyetsa. Amakhala m'magulu mpaka mitu 20, nthawi zina yayikulu kukula.
Amathawira kuzizira kuzipinda zokumbidwa. 20% yolemera yanyama ndi mafuta. Ubweya wofunda umateteza kuzizira. Zakudya zazikulu zimaphatikizapo moss, khungwa, algae.
Ng'ombe ya musk
Chinyamacho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, osinthidwa kuti azikhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Kutalika, malaya odula pansi, mutu waukulu ndi nyanga zozungulira ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Amakhala m'magulu olinganizidwa. Ngakhale akuchedwa kwakunja, amatha kuthamanga mpaka 30 km / h. Maulendo ozungulira otetezedwa a ng'ombe zamtundu amadziwika, mkati momwe akazi ndi ana amphongo aphimbidwa. Nyama izi ndi zodyetsa. Amadyetsanso mbewu zochepa zouma zomwe amapezeka pansi pa chipale chofewa.
Zilonda
Makoswe ang'onoang'ono ngati hamster amadziwika chifukwa chobereka modabwitsa. Momwe nyama zambiri zimasinthira kuzinthu zovuta, chifukwa chake ma lemmings adazolowera kuwonongedwa nthawi zonse. Amatchedwa masikelo amoyo omwe amayesa kukhuta kwa nyama zolusa. Kwa utoto waubweya, adalandira dzina lachiwiri la ma pestles akumpoto.
Lemmings amadyetsa mosalekeza, amadya kawiri kulemera kwawo patsiku. Ntchito imawonetsedwa usana ndi usiku, makoswe samabisala. Njira yawo ndikusinthasintha kopitilira ola limodzi lakudya ndi maola awiri ogona.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu m'derali kumapangitsa kuti ayendeyende. Kugawidwa kwa mandimu ndi paradaiso wodyetsedwa bwino kwa anthu ena ambiri okhala kumpoto chakumpoto. Ma lemmings amabisala m'mayenje ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi maenje okumba.
Amaluma makungwa, nthambi, nyerere zakale, masamba, zipolopolo. Ali panjira, amathetsa zopinga zonse: mitsinje, mapiri amiyala, madambo. Mukuyenda kosalamulirika, ambiri amafa, koma izi sizimakhudza chiwonkhetso chonse.
Amawakondera nyama zina. Amathanso kulimbana ndi chilombo chachikulu mopupuluma. Chifukwa cha mandimu, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa tundra kumasungidwa.
Mu chithunzi lemming
Sungani
Nyama yokhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso lowonda, miyendo yayifupi yosinthidwa kukwera. Kuluka kumapazi kumathandiza kuyenda chisanu. M'nyengo yotentha, ermine wokhala ndi bulangeti lofiirira komanso mimba yakuda, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira imakhala yoyera. Kokha nsonga ya mchira ndi yakuda nthawi zonse.
Nyamayo imasambira bwino kwambiri. Amadyetsa makoswe, amawononga zisa za mbalame, amadya nsomba. Ermine samapanga mabowo ake, amatenga malo ena anthu ena akadyedwa ndi makoswe.
Amatha kupeza pogona pakati pa mizu yazomera, m'zigwa. Mapiri pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Ndizovuta kuti nyamayo ipulumuke, ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Munthu amapha nyama chifukwa cha ubweya wake wamtengo wapatali.
Nyama zam'madzi
Whale whale
Nyulu zakupha zimasinthidwa bwino kuti zikhale zovuta za tundra. Mafuta ochuluka amakula kuchokera ku zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri komanso amateteza m'madzi oundana. Zanyama zanzeru zanzeru. Kukula kwakukulu ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi mikango yam'madzi, ma dolphin, nsombazi. Chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo ndi nyonga, amatchedwa anamgumi opha.
Mkango wa m'nyanja
Thupi lalikulu la nyama yolumikizidwa limakhala ndi mawonekedwe osunthika, limayenda bwino m'madzi. Pamtunda, mikango yam'nyanja imayenda mothandizidwa ndi miyendo inayi.
Mu gawo lozizira kwambiri la tundra, amapambana pakupha panyanja komanso m'malo otseguka. Mafuta onenepa ndi tsitsi lakuda amateteza mkango wam'nyanja, womwe umatha kulowa pansi mpaka 400 m ndikutentha padzuwa pagombe.
Mikango yam'nyanja
Sindikiza
Mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo imakhala mumtambo. Nyanja zimawadyetsa, ndipo pamtunda pamakhala kulumikizana, kuberekana. Kapangidwe ka chisindikizo ndichachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi m'madzi: thupi lilibe zotulutsa, kutsegula kwa mphuno ndi makutu kutsekedwa.
Kusunga mpweya wanu mpaka ola limodzi mukamamila kumakupatsani mwayi wosaka ndi kupewa nyama zowononga, kubisala mgulu lamadzi. Zipsepse zakutsogolo zimagwira ntchito ngati zopalasa ndi zipsepse zakumbuyo. Kusindikiza tsitsi sikutentha bwino, koma mafuta amkati amateteza bwino mumikhalidwe yambiri. Nyamazo zimagona m'madzi achisanu.
Belukha
Kuteteza anamgumi a beluga ku nyengo yozizira ndi kuwonongeka - pakhungu lakuda mpaka masentimita 15 komanso mafuta omwewo. Kuperewera komaliza kumbuyo, thupi lokhazikika limathandizira kuti madzi akhalebe olimba mtima.
Kuzama kwawo kumiza mamita 700. Ndikofunika kuti belugas ipume mpweya, choncho, nthawi ndi nthawi amadutsa ayezi ndi nsana wawo wolimba m'mabowo a ayezi m'nyengo yozizira. Ngati gawo lakuda lakula, nyama zimatha kufa.
Walrus
Chachikulu kuposa chisindikizo cholemera ndi kukula kwake, chimafikira mamitala 5 ndi 1.5 matani polemera. Chofunika kwambiri ndi ziphuphu zamphamvu. Walrus amafunikira iwo pokumba pansi ndikugwira mollusks, chakudya chake chachikulu.
Amafunikanso chida chotere chodzitetezera. Chimphona ndi chilombo; kuti alemere zakudya, amatha kugwira ndikudya chisindikizo. Nthawi yayitali, zikuluzikulu za walrus m'gulu lazachikhalidwe.
Pamtunda, ma walrus amakhala olimba mtima kuposa ma pinnip. Amayenda, osayenda mbali ndi mbali. Amathandizira abale awo komanso onse amasamalira ma walrus.
Mbalame za Tundra
Madambo otsika, nyanja zambiri, mitsinje, nsomba zambiri, zimakopa mbalame zomwe zimabwera kudzadyetsa masika. Tundra imakhala yamoyo ndipo yadzazidwa ndi phokoso ndikufuula. Phokoso la magulu a mbalame komanso kubangula kwa mafunde amphamvu ndikumveka kwa tundra.
Kutentha kwakanthawi kumathandizira kukulitsa tizilombo tambiri tomwe timayamwa magazi, kumapatsa mbalame mwayi wokuza anapiye awo ndi kuwalera pamapiko asanawuluke kupita kumalo ozizira. Sikuti zonse zimauluka, omwe amatha kupirira kwambiri aphunzira kuzolowera dziko lapansi la chisanu ndi chipale chofewa.
Kadzidzi Woyera
Mbalameyi imadziwika kuti imakhala mumtunda wokhazikika. Ndi wokongola kwambiri: nthenga zoyera ndizosalala komanso zosakhwima mpaka kukhudza. Maso achikaso owoneka bwino okhala ndi maso akuthwa nthawi zonse amayang'ana nyama. Mbalameyi sakonda mitengo, imakhala pamiyala yayitali, zingwe, ziphuphu pakuwona madambo achisanu.
Chodziwika bwino cha kadzidzi wachisanu ndikudya nyama zochepa zokha. Ena onse amapita kwa alenje omwe alibe mwayi. Pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya, chimatha kufa ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali. Kukhazikika kwa kadzidzi kumadalira kupezeka kwa chakudya. Kuchuluka kumakhudza ana ambiri. Kusowa kwa chakudya kumasiya mbalame zopanda ana.
Partridge yoyera
Amadzibisa bwino chipale chofewa, ndipo nthawi yotentha imasintha mtundu ndikukhala wodziwika bwino, monga ena nyama zazikulu. Mtundu wanji mapangidwe oyenda, ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa. Samauluka kawirikawiri, koma amathamanga bwino. Amakumba maenje a chisanu momwe amapezako chakudya ndikubisala kwa adani. Mbalame zokongola zodekha ndizomwe zimasaka anthu ena ambiri okhala mgululi.
Tundra swan
Kukula kocheperako pakati pa abale am'madzi am'madzi. Amadyetsa ndere, nsomba ndi zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chisomo ndi chisomo cha mbalame zakhala zizindikilo za kukongola.
Mapanga opangidwa ndi swans sangalekanitsidwe pamoyo wawo wonse. Zisa zikuluzikulu zimamangidwa paphiri ndipo zili ndi nthenga zawo komanso za mbalame za anthu ena. Anapiye samasiyidwa okha ndipo amatetezedwa ndi mapiko olimba ndi milomo.
Kukula kwachinyamata kumakula mwamphamvu m'masiku 40. Chilimwe chachifupi chimathamangira mbalame. Mbalame zochepa zazing'ono zili pamndandanda nyama za Red Book of the tundra... Kuwombera mbalame ndikoletsedwa.
Mu chithunzi tundra swans
Maulendo
Mbalame zakale kwambiri zomwe zatsalabe mpaka pano. Malo omwe adalonjeza akucheperachepera, ndipo mbalame sizingasinthe kusintha. Amakumbukira madera awo kwa zaka zambiri.
Moyo wawo umalumikizidwa ndi matupi amadzi; pamtunda amayenda movutikira. Mlomo wosongoka, thupi lokhathamira ndi mapiko afupikitsa amasiyanitsa anyani ndi abakha. Osiyanasiyana bwino nsomba komanso pakawopsa.
Mbalame ya Loon
Zakudya za oatmeal
Othawa kwawo. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamtchire, zazitali birch, zokhala pansi. Chodziwika ndi mzere wofiira wokhala ndi wakuda m'mbali mwa korona. Kuimba kwa oatmeal ndikokwera komanso kofatsa. Malo opangira mahatchi amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Amawulukira ku China m'nyengo yozizira.
Kujambula ndikumangirira mbalame
Siberia Crane (White Crane)
Mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi mlomo wofiira wautali komanso miyendo yayitali. Zisa za Siberia Crane zitha kuwoneka m'madambo otsika. Kusunga mbalame ndi ntchito yovuta chifukwa chazovuta: chilengedwe cham'madzi chokhala ndi nthaka yolimba. Liwu la crane loyera silimachedwa komanso lonyamula.
Nkhono yotulutsa peregine
Falcon yayikulu imakonda malo otseguka, chifukwa chake, m'kukula kwa tundra, ili ndi malo ambiri okhalira mazira, mpaka 10 km kupita koyandikana nawo. Amphamba a Peregrine samasaka m'malo awo, motero mbalame zina zimakhazikika pafupi nawo, kuti zitha kutetezedwa ku mbalame zodya anzawo, zomwe amphamba amachokapo. Matenda a mbalame zamphongo amapitilira moyo wawo wonse.
Mbalame zili ndi kalembedwe kake kosaka. Amayenda pansi pamadzi ndi nyama zawo. Malizitsani ndi mulomo pokhapokha pakufunika kutero. Amadya nyama, miyala, ziphuphu, koma osati pansi.
Mbalame yotchedwa peregine falcon
Phalarope
Amakhala m'malo otsika kwambiri a tundra, pomwe nyanja ndi mathithi ambiri amasonkhana. Amadyetsa tizilombo, molluscs, mphutsi, nyama zazing'ono. Monga zoseweretsa zotchingira wotchi, kukula kwake kwa mpheta, zimamangiriridwa m'manja ndi zikopa zawo. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, sizamanyazi, zimaloledwa kukhala pafupi kwambiri.
Kusamalira ana kudzera makulitsidwe amapatsidwa kwa yamphongo. Ikayika mazira, yaikazi imauluka. Wamwamuna, atakwaniritsa udindo wake monga kholo, amachoka pamiyalayo ndi gulu la anzawo. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zakula zimauluka zokha kumalo okhala nthawi yachisanu.
Phalarope
Mwala
Imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimatha kubisala m'chipululu chopanda moyo. Abakha owala amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madzi osaya, mu polynyas. M'chilimwe, amapita kukaikira mazenera amtsinje wamapiri.
Mbalame za njenjete
Makungwa amtundu wa Tundra
Mwa oyamba kuwuluka kupita kumtunda. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe koyambirira ndi nyanga ziwiri zakuda, khungwa limadziwika mosavuta pakati pa mbalamezo. Kukula kwake kwa mpheta yayikulu yamadzi. Amakonda kusambira. Amawuluka awiriawiri kapena ang'onoang'ono. Zisa pamapiri pamapiri. Kuimbako ndi kwadzidzidzi komanso kosangalatsa.
Makungwa amtundu wa Tundra
Nyama zomwe zimakhala mumtunda, ambiri, koma mulibe zokwawa zilizonse pakati pawo. Koma kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyamwa magazi. Pali mitundu 12 ya udzudzu wokha.
Kupatula iwo, nyama zimavutika ndi ntchentche, mapiko, ntchentche zakuda. Miyoyo ya zamoyo zonse imadalirana wina ndi mzake, kukhalabe ndi gawo lodabwitsa m'malo achilengedwe achilengedwe.
