Iwo omwe adaphunzira bwino pasukulu mwina amakumbukira gawo lovuta kuloweza lochokera mu Nyimbo ya Petrel ya Maxim Gorky. Koma chifukwa cha ntchito yosawonongeka iyi ambiri adapanga lingaliro la mbalame yonyadayi. Ngakhale pakati pa ma petrel, omwe pali mitundu 66, pali imodzi yomwe siyikugwirizana ndi izi, ndipo zonsezi chifukwa cha dzina loyipitsa - wopusa iwe.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Dzina lanu losasangalatsa mbalame ya fulmar adalandira zikomo pamakhalidwe ake: saopa konse anthu. Nthawi zambiri panyanja, ma fulmar amayenda ndi zombo, nthawi zina zimadutsa, kenako nkutsalira, kuti zikapumule pamadzi. M'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi mbalame zotere zimatchedwa otsatira zombo (kutsatira sitimayo). Mosiyana nyanja, ma fulmars osapuma pa bwato chifukwa kumakhala kovuta kuti anyamuke pamalo olimba.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma fulmars, osiyana kokha m'malo awo. Ma fulmar wamba (Fulmarus glacialis) amapezeka m'madzi akumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans, pomwe ma silvery kapena Antarctic fulmars (Fulmarus glacialoides) amakhala pagombe la Antarctica ndi zilumba zoyandikira kwambiri.
Fulmars ali amitundu iwiri: kuwala ndi mdima. Mumtundu wowoneka bwino, nthenga za mutu, khosi ndi pamimba ndizoyera, ndipo mapiko, kumbuyo ndi mchira ndi phulusa. Mdima wamdima wamtundu wakuda-bulauni, pang'onopang'ono mdima kumapeto kwa mapiko. Mwakuwoneka, ma fulmar pafupifupi samasiyana ndi ma herring gulls; nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka pakuwuluka.
Monga ma tubenose onse, mphuno za fulmar ndi machubu opangidwa ndi keratinized omwe mbalameyo imachotsa mchere wambiri m'thupi, kukhalapo kwake komwe kumadziwika ndi mbalame zonse zam'nyanja. Mlomo ndi wandiweyani komanso wamfupi kuposa wamphongo, nthawi zambiri wachikaso. Miyendo ndi yaifupi, yokhala ndi zibangili pamapazi, ndipo imatha kukhala yachikaso ya azitona kapena yoyera buluu.
Mutuwu ndiwokulirapo komanso wosakhazikika. Poyerekeza, chilichonse chokhala ndi mbalame zomwezo, thupi la fulmin ndilolimba kwambiri. Mapiko amatha kufika 1.2 m, ndi mbalame kutalika kwa 43-50 cm ndi kulemera kwa 600-800 g.
Kuuluka kwa fulmar kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mayendedwe osalala, kuwuluka kwakanthawi komanso mapiko osowa pafupipafupi. Ma Fulmars nthawi zambiri amanyamuka m'madzi, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amakumbutsa za ndege yomwe ikuyenda mothamanga kenako ndikukwera.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Munthu Wopusa ndiye mbalame yam'madzi yodziwika kwambiri yosuntha, amasiyana ndi ena amtundu wake posachedwa kunyalanyaza komanso kusasamala poyerekeza ndi munthu. Mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse masana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala kunyanja, mwina pouluka kapena m'madzi kufunafuna chakudya.
Mwa bata, ma fulmars amakonda kuuluka otsika pamwamba pake, pafupifupi kukhudza madziwo ndi mapiko awo. Nthawi ya kukaikira mazira fulmars amakhala pamphepete mwa nyanja, khalani m'matanthwe m'malo osawerengeka, nthawi zambiri moyandikana ndi ma gull ndi ma guillemot.
Kudya mbalame
Kodi mbalame zanyanja zosamuka zitha kudya chiyani? Zachidziwikire, nsomba, squid, krill ndi nkhono zazing'ono. Nthawi zina, opusa samazengereza kutenga zovunda. Gulu lambiri la mbalamezi zimatsatira zombo, zomwe zimadya zinyalala za asodzi awo. Chitsiru chimayandama mokwanira m'madzi, ngati mbalame. Ataona nyama, satuluka m'madzi, koma amalowetsa mutu wake m'madzi, atagwira nsomba kapena nkhanu ndi liwiro la mphezi.
Kuswana ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa fulmar
Opusa amasiyanitsidwa ndiukwati wawo wamwamuna m'modzi, akangopanga banja satha kwa zaka zambiri. Kuti akope wosankhidwayo, yamphongo yodzaza pamwamba pamadzi, nthawi zambiri imawomba mapiko ake ndikumangirira mokweza, mulomo wake utatseguka.
Chizindikiro cha mgwirizano ndikumangirira mwakachetechete poyankha ndikumenyera kwamilomo mthupi. Kuti apange chisa, ma fulmars amasankha obisika, osawombedwa ndi mphepo kapena maenje osaya pamiyala, yodzala ndi tchire laling'ono. Udzu wouma umakhala ngati kama.
Opusa amapanga maanja okwatirana okhaokha
Kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, mkazi wa fulmar amatenga dzira limodzi lokha, koma lalikulu, loyera, nthawi zina amakhala ndi timiyala tofiirira. Onse makolo amafungatira chuma chawo motsatana, amakhala pachisa kwa masiku asanu ndi anayi, pomwe achiwiri kudya mopusa munyanja mkati mwa utali wozungulira mpaka 40 km kuchokera kwawo.
Ngati zasokonezeka kumpoto fulmar Pakukhalira mazira, amatulutsa mafuta am'mimba onunkhira kwa mdani, potero amafooketsa kudziwana kwina. Chidutswa cha fetid, chomwe chimadzaza malovu kwa anthu osafuna, kukwera nthenga za mbalame ina, chimauma ndipo chimatha kupha. Ma fulmara okha amatha kutsuka nthenga mwachangu ndipo samavutika ndi izi.
Pachithunzicho, chisa cha fulmar
Amadzimadzi am'matumbo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi petrels osati zodzitchinjiriza, zokhala ndi mafuta osakwanira, ndizofunikira kwa mbalame nthawi yayitali komanso popatsa chakudya achinyamata. Mwana wankhuku amene wakhala akumudikira kwa nthawi yayitali amabadwa pakadutsa masiku 50-55. Thupi lake limakutidwa ndi loyera kwambiri loyera.
Kwa masiku 12-15 otsatira, kholo limodzi limakhala ndi mwana wankhuku, kutenthetsa ndi kuteteza. Kenako mwana wopanda pake uja amakhala yekha, ndipo makolo ake amauluka mwakhama kunyanja kufunafuna chakudya cha mwana wawo yemwe akukula mwachangu.
Ma Fulmars nthawi zambiri amaukiridwa ndi ma frigates, omwe amadyetsanso ana panthawiyi. Amalimbana ndi ma fulmars ndipo amatenga nyama zomwe amayikira mwana wawo yekhayo.
Pachithunzicho, mwana wankhuku mopusa
Fulmar wachichepere amayesera kuwuluka ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zamasabata, koma safika msinkhu wogonana mwachangu - atatha zaka 9-12. Mbalame zam'nyanjazi zimakhala kwa nthawi yayitali - mpaka zaka 50. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha ma fulmarsukuuluka molimba mtima pamadzi akuda a ku Arctic, mukumvetsetsa kuti mbalame wamba zomwe zimakhala ndi dzina loseketsa ndizofunikira kwambiri kumadera ovuta a kumpoto.
