Kuyang'ana chipembere, mukamapita ku malo osungira nyama kapena mukawonerera zolemba za chilengedwe, munthu amangodabwa kuti mphamvu zopanda malire zomwe zili pansi pa ziboda za "onyamula zida zankhondo" zotere kuchokera kuzinyama.
Mverani chisoni Chipembere chaubweya, chimphona champhamvu, chofalikira ku Eurasia kumapeto kwa glaciation yomaliza, chitha kungoganiza. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mammoths, zojambula pamiyala ndi mafupa okhaokha omangidwa ndi permafrost ndiwo amakumbutsa kuti adakhalapo Padziko Lapansi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a chipembere chaubweya
Zipembere zaubweya - nthumwi yotayika gulu la ma equids. Ndiye nyamayi womaliza kubanja la chipembere kupezeka ku kontinenti ya Eurasia.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wazaka zambiri zogwiridwa ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale padziko lapansi, chipembere chaubweya sichinali chochepa poyerekeza ndi mnzake wamakono. Mitundu yayikulu idafika pa 2 mita ndikufota komanso mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 4. Chifuwa ichi chimayenda ndi miyendo yolimba yolimba ndi zala zitatu, kulemera kwa chipembere kudafika matani 3.5.
Poyerekeza ndi chipembere wamba, thunthu lachibale chake chomwe sichinapezekeko chinali chotalikirapo ndipo chinali ndi mnofu wolimba kumbuyo kwake ndi mafuta ambiri. Mafuta awa adadyedwa ndi thupi la nyamayo pakafa njala ndipo sanalole kuti chipembere chife.
Nthiti ya pa nape inathandiziranso kuthandizira nyanga zake zazikulu zomwe zidafafaniza kuchokera mbali, nthawi zina zimakhala kutalika kwa 130 cm. Nyanga yaying'ono, yomwe inali pamwamba pa yayikuluyo, sinali yosangalatsa kwambiri - mpaka masentimita 50. Amuna ndi akazi a chipembere choyambirira anali ndi nyanga.
Kwa zaka, zapezeka nyanga za chipembere chaubweya sakanatha kugawa molondola. Anthu achibadwidwe a ku Siberia, makamaka a Yukaghirs, amawona ngati zikhadabo za mbalame zazikuluzikulu, zomwe pali nthano zambiri. Alenje akumpoto adagwiritsa ntchito magawo amanyanga popanga mauta awo, izi zidawonjezera kulimba kwawo komanso kutha msanga.
Chipembere chaubweya m'nyumbayi
Panali malingaliro ambiri olakwika okhudza Chibade cha chipembere chaubweya... Kumapeto kwa Middle Ages, mdera lanyumba ya Klagenfurt (gawo la Austria wamakono), anthu am'deralo adapeza chigaza, chomwe adatenga ngati chinjoka. Kwa nthawi yayitali, idasungidwa mosamala mu holo ya mzindawo.
Zotsalazo, zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi tawuni ya Quedlinburg ku Germany, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati zidutswa za mafupa a chipembere. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha chipembere chaubweya, kapena m'malo mwake, pamutu pake, amatha kulakwitsa ngati cholengedwa chodabwitsa kuchokera ku nthano ndi nthano. Palibe zodabwitsa Chipembere choyera choyera - mawonekedwe amasewera otchuka apakompyuta, pomwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi maluso omwe sanachitikepo.
Kapangidwe ka nsagwada za chipembere cha Ice Age ndichopatsa chidwi: idalibe mayini kapena zotsekemera. Zazikulu Mano a chipembere chaubweya anali mkati mwake, anali okutidwa ndi enamel, yomwe inali yolimba kwambiri kuposa mano a abale ake apano. Chifukwa chakutafuna kwakukulu, mano amenewa amakoka mosavuta udzu wouma wolimba komanso nthambi zakuda.
Pachithunzicho, mano a chipembere chaubweya
Matupi okumbidwa a chipembere chaubweya, osungidwa bwino m'malo oundana, amatheketsa kubwezeretsa mawonekedwe ake mwatsatanetsatane.
Popeza nthawi yomwe idakhalapo Padziko Lapansi imagwera nthawi yachisanu, sizosadabwitsa kuti khungu lakuda la chipembere chakale lidakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lakuda. Mtundu ndi kapangidwe kake, malaya ake anali ofanana kwambiri ndi njati zaku Europe, mitundu yake yayikulu inali yofiirira komanso yamphongo.
Tsitsi kumbuyo kwa khosi linali lalitali kwambiri komanso lalitali, ndipo nsonga ya mchira wa chipembere wa theka mita inali yokongoletsedwa ndi burashi la tsitsi lolira. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti chipembere chaubweya sichimadya pagulu la ziweto, koma chimakonda kukhala moyo wakutali.
Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa zotsalira za chipembere chaubweya
Kamodzi pazaka 3-4 zilizonse, chipembere chachikazi ndi chachimuna chimaswana kwakanthawi kochepa kuti chibereke. Mimba ya mkazi imatha pafupifupi miyezi 18; monga lamulo, mwana m'modzi adabadwa, yemwe sanasiye mayi mpaka zaka ziwiri.
Tikawerenga mano a nyama kuti awonongeke ndikuwayerekezera ndi mano a zipembere zathu, zidapezeka kuti nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa herbivore wamphamvuyi inali pafupifupi zaka 40-45.
Malo okhala zipembere zaubweya
Mafupa a chipembere chaubweya amapezeka kwambiri ku Russia, Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China komanso mayiko angapo aku Europe. Kumpoto kwa Russia kumatha kutchedwa kwawo kwa zipembere, chifukwa zotsalira zambiri zidapezeka kumeneko. Kuchokera apa, titha kuweruza za malo ake.
The tundra steppe anali kunyumba kwa nthumwi za "mammoth" nyama, kuphatikizapo chipembere chaubweya. Nyama izi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, pomwe masamba anali ochulukirapo kuposa m'malo obisalapo nkhalango.
Kudyetsa chipembere chaubweya
Ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso osangalatsa kukula kwa chipembere chaubweya anali wamasamba wamba. M'chilimwe, chakudya cha equine chimakhala ndi udzu ndi mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba, nthawi yozizira yozizira - kuchokera ku makungwa a mitengo, msondodzi, birch ndi nthambi za alder.
Pomwe kudayamba kuzizira kosapeweka, chipale chofewa chikaphimba masamba omwe anali atasowa kale, chipemberecho chimayenera kukumba chakudya mothandizidwa ndi lipenga. Chilengedwe chimasamalira ngwazi yovutayi - popita nthawi, masinthidwe adachitika motere: chifukwa cholumikizana pafupipafupi komanso kukangana motsutsana ndi kutumphuka, gawo lammphuno la nyamayo lidachita dzanzi nthawi yonse ya moyo wake.
Chifukwa chiyani zipembere zaubweya zatha?
Kutha kwa zipembere za Pleistocene, zabwino zonse pamoyo wawo, zidaphetsa oimira ambiri a Animal Kingdom. Kutentha kosalephereka kunapangitsa kuti madzi oundana abwerere kumpoto chakumtunda, ndikusiya zigwa pansi pa chipale chofewa.
Zinayamba kukhala zovuta kupeza chakudya pansi pa bulangeti lakuya kwambiri, ndipo pakati pa zipembere zaubweya panali mikangano chifukwa chodyetserako ziweto zopindulitsa kwambiri. Pankhondo zoterezi, nyama zinavulazana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zinali ndi zilonda zakupha.
Ndikusintha kwanyengo, malo ozungulira asinthanso: m'malo mwa madambo osefukira ndi madera osatha, nkhalango zosadutsika zakula, zosayenera kwenikweni moyo wa chipembere. Kuchepetsedwa kwa chakudya kunadzetsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo, alenje akalewo anachita ntchitoyi.
Pali chidziwitso chodalirika chakuti kusaka zipembere zaubweya kunkachitika osati nyama ndi zikopa zokha, komanso chifukwa cha miyambo. Ngakhale apo, anthu sanadziwonetse okha kuchokera kumbali yabwino, akupha nyama chifukwa cha nyanga zokha, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopembedza pakati pa anthu ambiri akumapanga ndipo amati anali ndi zozizwitsa.
Moyo wa nyama yokhayokha, kubadwa kotsika (ana 1-2 pa zaka zingapo), madera ocheperako oyenera kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino komanso chinthu chodetsa nkhawa chachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zipembere zaubweya.
Pomaliza Chipembere chaubweya chatha pafupifupi zaka 9-14 zikwi zapitazo, atataya nkhondo yowonekeratu yosalingana ndi Amayi Achilengedwe, monga ena ambiri m'mbuyomu komanso pambuyo pake.
