Guillemot adakhala wamkulu kwambiri m'banja la auks, mitundu yonse ya mphalapala zopanda mapiko zitatha. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, pafupifupi 3 miliyoni awiriawiri kokha m'mphepete mwa Russia, za mbalame ya guillemot zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa zimadziwika.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Mbalame ya Guillemot nyanja, ndipo moyo wake wonse umadutsa m'mphepete mwa madzi oundana komanso matanthwe. Pakati pa nthawi yogona, magulu a mbalame amatha kufikira anthu masauzande angapo. Mtundu uwu wochokera mu dongosolo la Charadriiformes uli ndi kukula kocheperako (37-48 cm) ndi kulemera (pafupifupi pafupifupi 1 kg).
Mapiko ang'onoang'ono samapereka mwayi woti anyamuke pamalo, ndichifukwa chake amakonda kudumpha kuchokera kuphompho (nthawi zina amasweka pamafunde ochepa) kapena amathamanga pamadzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma guillemots, omwe amafanana m'njira zambiri: mawonekedwe, zakudya, malo okhala (amatha kukhala pafupi ndikukumana m'dera limodzi la mbalame).
Mbalame yolira mbalame zamtchire
Popeza mbalame za mitundu yonseyi zikuwoneka chimodzimodzi (kusiyana kumakhalapo munthawi zina), zimaganiziridwa kuti zimatha kusakanikirana, koma izi sizinali zolondola - ma guillemot amasankha anzawo okha amtundu wawo. Slender-billed, kapena ma long-billed (Uria aalqe), amakhala makamaka pagombe la North Pacific Ocean ndi Atlantic.
Kum'mwera, anthu akufalikira ku Portugal. M'chilimwe, mtundu wakuda-wakuda umapezeka pamalangizo ndi pamwamba pamapiko, mchira, kumbuyo ndi kumutu. Ambiri am'munsi mwamimba ndi m'mimba ndi oyera; m'nyengo yozizira, malo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa maso ndi chibwano amawonjezeredwa.
Pachithunzicho, guillemot ndiyotsika mtengo
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mtundu wa murre, womwe uli ndi mabwalo oyera kuzungulira maso, mzere wopepuka womwe umayambira mpaka pakati pamutu. Mbalame zotere zimatchedwa ma guillemot owoneka bwino, ngakhale sizili tokha (ndi ma North guillemot aku North Atlantic ndi Pacific okha omwe alipo).
Zolimba, kapena zazifupi (Uria lomvia), mbalame ya guillemot arcticChifukwa chake, imakonda kukhazikika kumpoto chakumpoto. Masamba odziwika bwino akumwera sanayandikire kuposa Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril, Iceland, Greenland.
Amasiyana ndi anzawo kulemera kwake kwakukulu (mpaka 1.5 kg). Palinso kusiyana pang'ono pamtundu wa nthenga: pamwamba pake ndikuda (pafupifupi chakuda), malire amtundu amamveka bwino, pali mikwingwirima yoyera pamlomo. Pali mitundu ing'onoing'ono, yomwe imagawanika malinga ndi malo awo - Siberia, Chukotka, Beringov, Atlantic.
Mu chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha guillemot
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Guillemot ndi mbalame ya ku Arctic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, monga ambiri a iwo, amakhala ndi moyo wachikoloni, chifukwa ndi zomwe zimathandiza kuti zizitentha nyengo yoipa (pamatha kukhala 20 awiriawiri pa mita imodzi). Ngakhale kuti mitundu yonse iwiri imatha kukhazikika limodzi, ambiri, murres ndi mbalame zokangana komanso zamanyazi, zomwe zimagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse masana.
Zimakhala bwino pokhapokha ndi oimira zikuluzikulu za nyama za ku Arctic, mwachitsanzo, ndi zikuluzikulu zaku Atlantic, zomwe zimathandiza pakuukira adani. Monga mbalame iliyonse yakunyanja, guillemot amatha kusambira ndi mapiko anu. Kukula kwake kocheperako kumathandizira kukhalabe wothamanga kwambiri komanso koyenda bwino mukamayendetsa pansi pamadzi.
Kaira amaikira dzira limodzi kumbali yakuthwa
Mwina chifukwa cha chilimwe guillemot amakhala Pamphepete mwa miyala pamalo opanikizika kwambiri, amakonda nyengo yozizira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kapena ngakhale ali okhaokha. Mbalame zimakhazikika panthawiyi pama polynyas osiyana kapena pafupi kwenikweni ndi ayezi. Kukonzekera miyezi yachisanu kumayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti: mwanayo ali wokonzeka kutsatira kholo lake.
Chakudya
Monga ma ichthyophages ambiri, mbalame za guillemot zimadyetsa osati nsomba zokha. Kutengera mtunduwo, zomwe amadya nthawi yachilimwe zimadzazidwanso ndi ma crustaceans, nyongolotsi zam'madzi (guillemots), kapena krill, molluscs ndi ma gill awiri (thick-billed guillemots).
Anthu ena amatha kudya mpaka magalamu 320 patsiku. Mbalame ya Guillemot, chithunzi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi nsomba mkamwa mwake, imatha kumeza nyama pansi pamadzi. Zakudya zake zachisanu zimadalira cod, hering'i ya Atlantic, capelin ndi nsomba zina kukula kwake masentimita 5-15.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Guillemots amayamba kupanga chisa pasanathe zaka zisanu. Nthawi yoswana imayamba mu Meyi. Ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe zazikazi zimaikira dzira limodzi pazitsulo zopanda miyala. Amasankha posankha malo, chifukwa malamulo ambiri amayenera kutsatiridwa omwe amalola kuti mwana wankhuku azisungika ndi kukhala pansi pamavuto otere. Chisa sayenera kukhala kunja kwa malire a mbalame, kukhala pamtunda wa mamita 5 pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo, momwe zingathere, pafupi ndi pakati pa malo odyetsera ziweto.
Pachithunzicho, mazira a guillemot
Zowonjezera zowonjezerapo, zothandizira kuteteza zowalamulira, ndiye malo osunthira mphamvu yokoka ndi dzira lopangidwa ndi peyala. Chifukwa cha izi, sizimayambira pamphepete, koma zimabwerera, ndikuzungulira bwalo. Komabe, kusefa kumayambira kale panthawiyi: kuyambira mkangano ndi oyandikana nawo, makolo ena amasiya dzira limodzi.
Amadziwika kuti mtundu wa mazira ndiwokha, womwe umalola ma guillemot kuti asalakwitse ndikupeza zawo pagulu lomwe amakhala miyezi yachilimwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala otuwa, abuluu kapena obiriwira, ngakhale amakhalanso oyera, okhala ndi madontho osiyanasiyana kapena zolemba zapepo ndi zakuda.
Nthawi yoyamwitsa imatenga masiku 28-36, pambuyo pake makolo onse awiri amadyetsa mwana wankhuku milungu itatu. Kenako mphindi imabwera pamene kung'ung'udza kumakhala kovuta kuti anyamule chakudya chomwe chikuchulukirachulukira ndipo mwana ayenera kudumpha. Popeza anapiye sanathere mokwanira, timalumpha tina timafa.
Pachithunzicho, mwana wankhuku
Komabe, ana ambiri amakhalabe ndi moyo, chifukwa cha mafuta omwe adasonkhanitsidwa komanso kutsika, ndipo amalowa nawo abambo awo kupita kumalo ozizira (akazi amaphatikizana nawo pambuyo pake). Kutalika kwa moyo wa guillemot ndi zaka 30. Koma pali zambiri zokhudza anthu azaka 43 zomwe asayansi adakumana nazo.
