Mbalame ya mbozi (yemwenso amadziwika kuti mbewa kapena akhungubwe) ndi membala wa banja la mbewa. Pakadali pano, asayansi sanasankhebe molongosoka komanso kusanja kwa mbalame, chifukwa chake zomwe zimakhudza akhungubwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe adachokera.
Mbalamezi zimatchulidwa ndi mawu awo, omwe, malinga ndi anthu ambiri, amafanana kwambiri ndi meow wachisoni wa mphalapala. Dzinalo la nyama zolusa ngati zabodza zinachokera ku mawu oti "kubuula".
Mverani mawu a khungubwe
Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi nthawi ina zinali pachiwopsezo chotha chifukwa chakupha mbewa ndi makoswe ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana poyesa kusunga mbewu, pakadali pano pali anthu opitilila miliyoni, omwe amapezeka mosavuta kudera lonse la Asia ndi Europe.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala mbalame yakhungubwe
Khungubwe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 50 mpaka 59, ndipo zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa amuna. Kukula phiko la khungubwe amakhala pakati pa masentimita 114 mpaka 131, ndipo mchira kutalika kwake kuyambira masentimita 24 mpaka 29.
Kulemera kwa mbalame zodyerazi kumatha magalamu 440 mpaka 1350. Omwe akuyimira banja la nkhamba nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wina wa nthenga zawo zomwe ndizosatheka kukumana ndi anthu awiri okhala ndi mitundu yofanana.
Mbalame zina zili ndi nthenga zofiirira zakuda zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa kumchira, pomwe zina zimakhala ndi msana ndi chifuwa choyera, ndipo ziwalo zina za thupi zimakhala ndi utoto wobiriwiri wolowererana ndi mawanga akuda. Mbalame za mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachikasu, ndipo mlomo nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda kumapeto kwake komanso wabuluu pansi pake.
Zinyama zazing'ono, monga lamulo, zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa achikulire ndipo zimakhala ndi khungu lofewa. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha buzzard, mutha kudziwonera nokha mitundu yosaneneka yamitundu yawo.
Malo odziwika bwino khungubwe wamba pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse, zilumba za Canary, Azores, Japan, zipululu zopanda mitengo za Arabia, Iran, Central ndi Central Asia komanso Arctic Circle.
Kudera la Russian Federation, nthumwi iyi ya banja la mphamba ingapezeke kuchokera kuzilumba za Kuril kupita ku Sakhalin komanso m'malo ovuta a Siberia. Ambiri mwa akhungubwe ngati malo owoneka bwino omwe ali ndi malo otseguka osaka mwaulere.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa mbalame ya khungubwe
Buzzards omwe amakhala ku Japan, Caucasus ndi Europe amakhala nthawi zambiri. Ziphungwa za Steppe (kapena zochepa), zomwe zimakhala zochuluka kwambiri ku Russia, zimasamukira m'nyengo yozizira m'maiko otentha aku Asia ndi Africa.
M'nyengo ya masika, mbalame zimauluka m'malo opangira zisa makamaka, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena awiriawiri. Pokhala usiku umodzi pamalo amodzi, anthu angapo nthawi zambiri amasonkhana. Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi sizimauluka mofulumira kwambiri, zimachita mwakachetechete komanso mosavuta.
Khungubwe limatha kuzindikirika mosavuta likakhazikika pamtengo kapena mwala. Monga mwalamulo, amatenga kamtengo kamodzi ndikuchepa pang'ono. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi sikuti imangopuma pang'ono, komanso imawunikanso mozungulira malo omwe angatenge nyama, pofunafuna khungubwe kumatha kuyenda m'malo amodzi kwanthawi yayitali.
Ataona nyama yake, khungubwe limathamanga ndi liwiro la mphezi kulowera pansi, ndikuthamangitsa mapiko ake pafupi ndi thupi. Khungubwe mosamala amayang'anira malo ake owuluka, omwe amapukutidwa kupitirira 200 mita kutalika kwa gawo lomwe mbalameyi yasankha, ndikuwathamangitsa mbalame zomwe zikufuna kulanda dera lake.
Mbalame zija zomwe zimauluka pamwamba penipeni zimasiyidwa popanda khungubwi. Panthawi yolimbana ndi dera kapena nyama yolanda, khungubwe limakonda kuti lisamenyane, koma kuti likhale ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana poyembekeza kuthamangitsa wopusitsayo.
Upland Buzzard ndiye woimira kumpoto kwambiri kwa gululi ndipo amakhala makamaka ku North America ndi ku Eurasia, amakhala m'nkhalango zam'mapiri komanso pagombe lotseguka. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mbalamezi zimakonda kusamukira ku Central ndi Central Asia, zigawo zakumwera kwa United States ndi madera ena otentha. Anthu ena amakhala nthawi yachisanu m'dera la Ukraine wamakono.
Pachithunzicho Upland Buzzard
Kudyetsa mbalame
Mphungu ya Hawk ndi nthumwi ya nyama zodya nyama, chifukwa chake, chakudya chake pafupifupi chimakhala ndi chakudya cha nyama. Voles, makoswe, agologolo agulu, akalulu, mbalame zazing'ono ndi nyama zofananazo ndizokometsera zokoma za mphemvu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa akatswiri a mbalame, nthawi zina ma buzzles samanyoza zakufa.
Amathanso kusaka nyama, mbalame zakuda, ma partges, pheasants, achule, timadontho tating'onoting'ono, nyama zam'madzi ndi ma hares ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri amatha kumenyana ndi njoka, koma alibe chitetezo cha njoka, ndipo khungubwi limatha kufa likasaka njoka. Zowona, zoterezi ndizosowa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri nkhondo imathera m'malo mwa khungubwe.
Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa akhungubwi kumatengera kugawanika kwa mbewa, zomwe mbalame zimakonda kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya chakudya, ndipo ndi mbewa zochuluka, ma buluzi sangasamale nyama zina konse.
Kubalana ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wa mbalame ya khungubwe
Nyengo yokwanira abuluzi imayamba pomwepo kumapeto kwachiwiri, pomwe amuna amayamba kumenya nkhondo molimbika kuti akope akazi. Mabanja omwe adakhazikitsidwa akugwira nawo ntchito yomanga chisa chatsopano kapena kukonza chakale.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimamanga nyumba zawo pamitengo kapena mitengo ikuluikulu pafupi ndi thunthu lalitali mamita asanu kapena khumi ndi asanu. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri akhungubwe amakonda kumanga zisa zawo ndi mafoloko ochokera ku nthambi zolimba. Makomawo amapangidwa ndi ndodo zakuda, pansi pake pamaikidwa ubweya, nthenga ndi moss.
Kujambulidwa ndi chisa cha khungubwe
Pa clutch imodzi, mkazi nthawi zambiri amatenga mazira atatu kapena anayi, omwe amadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira womwe umakhala ndi mawanga abulauni. Mkazi amachita nawo makulitsidwe, ndipo chachimuna chikufunafuna chakudya theka lake. Mazirawo amaswa pafupifupi milungu isanu, pambuyo pake anapiye amabadwa ndiimvi yakuda.
Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, achichepere amakula kwathunthu ndikusiya chisa cha makolo. Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa khwangwala imachokera zaka 24 mpaka 26; pamakhala zochitika pamene mbalame zolusa izi zidakhala zaka 33 ndi kupitilira apo.
