Dzombe - mliri waung'ono koma wowopsa wa umunthu. Anthu omwe amachita nawo zaulimi komanso kuswana ng'ombe adadwala kwambiri kuyambira kale. Gulu la tizilombo limatha kuwononga madera onse, ndikudzudzula anthu okhala kumeneko ndi njala. M'nthawi za m'Baibulo, iye adatchulidwa mu nthano ya Mose, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo adakhala mtsogoleri wamavuto.
Ananenanso kuti mawonekedwe a dzombe ndi chizindikiro cha milungu yomwe ikufuna kulapa. Anthu achi China akale ankawona kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ndi chizindikiro chabwino, koma ziweto zazikulu zinali zoyipa kwambiri. Pafupi ndi nthano zakum'mawa zimagwirizanitsa dzombe ndi mulungu wamkazi wa mwezi.
Maonekedwe
Dzina lina la tizilombo timeneti ndi acrida. Banja la dzombe limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwawo, dzombe lili m'malo oyamba a tizilombo ta Orthoptera. Maonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana, ndipo zimadalira msinkhu komanso malo okhala tizilombo. Wakale dzombe, mtundu wake umakhala wakuda.
Dzombelo ndi losangalatsa chifukwa limatha kukhala pagawo la tizilombo tokha komanso timakonda kucheza. Zimatengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe awo komanso mikhalidwe ina yomwe isanatchulidweko ndi mitundu ina.
Pakati paokha, pakakhala chakudya chokwanira ndikukula kwa anthu, dzombe tizilombo amakhala ndi moyo wopanda ntchito, ali ndi mitundu yoteteza ndipo awonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana. Chakudya chikasowa, tizilombo timayala ana omwe amatchedwa "akuyenda", omwe amasonkhana m'magulu akulu.
Ziyenera kuwonjezedwa pofotokozera dzombe la gawoli kuti ndi lokulirapo, ali ndi mapiko ataliatali osunthika, mtundu wawo ndi wowala komanso wosiyana kwambiri, moyo wawo umakhala wotanganidwa kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe azakugonana sapezeka. Kunja dzombe zimawoneka ngati ndi tizilombo tina, mwachitsanzo, wachibale wapafupi - ziwala.
Koma ali ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, kutalika kwa thupi 6-20 cm, ziwalo zina zakumva (zimapezeka m'mbali mwa pamimba, gawo lake loyamba) komanso chotchinga chofupikitsa. Dzombelo lili ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu. Mapiko apansi amaonekera, nthawi zambiri amakhala obiriwira, okutidwa ndi elytra yolimba kumtunda.
Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Monga ziwala, dzombe amathanso kuwerengedwa ngati tizilombo tomwe timakonda "nyimbo". Mitundu ina ya tizilomboto ndi yowala kwambiri komanso yokongola, izi zitha kuweruzidwa dzombe chithunzi... Koma musatenge kachilomboka ngati kokongola komanso kotetezeka - dzombe limatha kuluma.
Chikhalidwe
Dzombeli lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, ndipo pafupifupi 600 mwa izo amakhala ku Russia, makamaka zigawo zakumwera. Dzombelo lachilengedwe limakhala ku Asia, North Africa, Europe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Malire a Sahara, zilumba za Indo-Malay, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Madagascar ndi malo okhala dzombe.
Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi zisa ali m'mphepete mwa Amu Darya, pafupi ndi North Caspian ndi Dagestan. Madera akumpoto alinso malo okhala dzombe, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu kumeneko kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kumwera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a dzombe, imakonda kuuma ndi kutentha, motero imakhazikika m'chipululu komanso malo owuma.
Gulu laling'ono limauluka makilomita 20 mpaka 40 tsiku, ndipo gulu lalikulu limatha kuyenda 200 km. Tsiku lililonse. Madera akumwera a Russia akhala akuvutika ndi ziwombankhanga mobwerezabwereza. Chifukwa chake mu 2010, dera la Astrakhan lidatsala pang'ono kutaya mbewu mahekitala 50, ndipo dzombe la Volgograd lidawononga madera 12. Anthu kumenyana ndi dzombe, koma ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Moyo
Dzombe lokhalokha (filly), limakhala ndi kudyetsa zopanda vuto ku zomera. Chakudya chikasowa m'malo mwake, dzombeli limayikira mazira, komwe munthu wochezeka amatuluka.
Mitunduyi imasinthidwa kuti izitha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo imasonkhana m'magulu akulu akulu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Ali m'njira, amadya zakudya zonse zamasamba. Minda yaying'ono kapena munda udyedwa mu mphindi zochepa. Nthawi yogwira ntchito ya dzombe ndi nthawi yamasana.
Ngati moyo wa tizilombo tokha umakhala wosagwira ntchito, ndiye kuti ziwombankhanga ndizoyenda kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ngati thupi limodzi. Milandu ya dzombe lambiri lomwe limawoloka nyanja idasungidwa, yomwe ili pafupifupi makilomita 6,000. Gulu lalikulu lakutali limawoneka ngati mtambo wokhala ndi dera lalikulu ma mita zikwi zingapo. Tizilombo tina tokha timagulu 6. Pali wamwamuna mmodzi mwa iwo.
Chakudya
Dzombe limadya mitundu yambiri yazomera, mwatsoka kwa anthu - komanso mbewu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timakonda kwambiri ndipo dzombe limatha kupangitsa anthu kuvutika ndi njala, yomwe idabzala chifukwa cha kubzala.
Amadya chakudya chochuluka patsiku, pafupifupi chofanana ndi kulemera kwake. Ndipo mbeu ya munthu m'modzi ndi yokwanira kudya udzu wambiri munthawi yake yomwe ikwanira kudyetsa nkhosa ziwiri. Minda, minda yamasamba, nkhalango, malo odyetserako ziweto - zonsezi zimadya dzombe pamizu.
Pachithunzicho, gulu la dzombe
Nthawi zina dzombe limalowanso minda ya zipatso - mwachitsanzo, imadya mphesa, kuyambira masamba, kutha ndi khungwa ndi zipatso. Masamba a bango, mabango, hemp, fulakesi, buckwheat, tirigu - zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha dzombe. Kuphatikiza apo, ikasowa chakudya, imatha kuwononga madenga a nyumba, ndipo paulendo wautali wopanda chakudya, imatha kudya anzawo ofooka.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Amuna amayamba kukwatira - amatulutsa timadzi tomwe timazungulira, motero amakopa akazi. Mkazi atayandikira, yaimuna imamudumphira ndikumamatira. Cholinga chake ndikuyika spermatophore m'munsi mwa ovipositor wamkazi. Njirayi ndiyotalika, mating amatha kutenga maola 14.
Dzombe losanjikiza
Akakwatirana, mkazi amayika ovipositor pansi. Pofuna kuteteza mazirawo, yaikazi imatulutsa madzi othimbirira amene amauma ndi kupanga chikuku cholimba. Nkhumba ya dzira ili ndi mazira pafupifupi 50-70, omwe amakula masiku opitilira 12. Kwa moyo wake wonse, dzombe lazimayi lidzagwiritsa 6-12.
Mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka m'mazira zimasungunuka kangapo, pali magawo asanu osintha. Dzombe silingatchedwe mayi wosamalira, mwina chinthu chokha chomwe amachitira ana ake ndikuloleza mbozi kudya mapiko omwe safuna. Nthawi ya dzombe ndiyosiyana kwambiri. Tizilombo titha kukhala miyezi isanu ndi itatu, mwinanso zaka ziwiri.
