Ambiri amadziwa siliva bream, Wofalikira m'matumba osiyanasiyana amadzi. Nsombazi siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi woweta, pali zosiyana zingapo pakati pawo, zomwe tidzayesa kumvetsetsa. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe, tiwunikiranso momwe mtundu wa siliva umakhalira, mawonekedwe ake, zizolowezi zawo pazakudya, mawonekedwe a nthawi yobereka komanso udindo wa nsomba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gustera
Guster ndi wa banja la carp, dongosolo la carps, mtundu ndi mitundu ya bream yasiliva, momwe nsombayo ndiyomwe imayimira, palibe mitundu ina yomwe yadziwika. Ngakhale bream yasiliva ilibe subspecies, pali mayina ena ambiri a nsomba iyi, zimatengera dera lomwe idakhazikika.
Chifukwa chake, nsomba zimatchedwa:
- galasi lokulitsa;
- wandiweyani;
- kusisita;
- mosabisa pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nsombayi imakhala ndi dzina loyambirira chifukwa nthawi zambiri imakhala masango akuluakulu komanso osalala (masukulu owuma). Asodzi amati ndizosatheka kupalasa ngakhale ndi opalasa nthawi ngati imeneyi.
Fans ya nsomba za bream zasiliva amakonda monga momwe amakondera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso kudzichepetsa pokhudzana ndi zizolowezi za chakudya. Mwamaonekedwe ndi ubale wapamtima, bream yasiliva ndi wofanana ndi bream; nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi woweta, chifukwa ili ndi thupi lolimba mosabisa m'mbali.
Zosiyanasiyana zingapo zadziwika, momwe mungazindikire kuti ndi bream yasiliva patsogolo panu, osati woweta:
- Maso a siliva bream ndi okulirapo komanso amakhala okwera kuposa a mwana wapathengo, amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mwana wamkulu wamafuta;
- mamba a mwana wapathengo ndi ochepa komanso opanikizika, utoto wa mkuwa umawoneka muutoto wawo, ndipo m'nkhalango muli silvery;
- sikukhala ngati zotupa pamiyeso ya bream yasiliva, ndipo wopusayo ali nayo yambiri;
- pali kuwala kambiri kumapeto kwa mwana wapathengo kuposa mu siliva bream;
- siliva bream ali ndi mano asanu ndi awiri a pharyngeal, omwe ali m'mizere iwiri, mwana woperekayo ali ndi mzere umodzi wa mano, momwe muli 5 okha;
- utoto wa zipsepse za bream yasiliva ndi wofiira lalanje, pomwe pansi pake onse ndi otuwa.
Kudziwa zamtunduwu kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kosavuta kudziwa yemwe ali chizolowezi chake. Tiyeni tiwunikire mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe ena akunja a bream yasiliva.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zoyera zoyera
Kutalika kwake, bream yasiliva imatha kutalika mpaka 35 cm ndikulemera pafupifupi 1.2 kg. Ngati tikulankhula za kukula kwa nsombayi, ndiye kutalika kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 25 mpaka 35 cm, ndi kulemera kwake - kuchokera magalamu 500 mpaka 700.
Chosangalatsa: Pali zolembedwa zolemera zama gusters, zomwe ndi 1.562 kg.
Malamulo a nsombazi amawumbidwa pambali, ndipo mokhudzana ndi kutalika kwake amawoneka otambalala. Kumbuyo kwakumbuyo kuli china chake ngati hump, pomwe chimakhala chachitali chotalikirapo. Mapiko a caudal amadziwika ndi mphako yakuya, kotero kuti imafanana ndi mawonekedwe a mphanda wawiri. Mimba yam'madzi imakhalanso ndi zipsepse zazikulu, pansi pake pamakhala mbali za thupi zomwe zilibe mamba. Mutu wa gustera ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi thupi lake, kotero maso a nsomba amawoneka ngati opanda pake komanso akulu. Mphuno ya nsombayo imawoneka yosasunthika, ndipo pomwe pakamwa pamatsamira pang'ono, milomo ya nsomba yochuluka imawonekera nthawi yomweyo.
Kanema: Gustera
Masikelo a bream wa siliva ndi amphamvu ndipo amawoneka akulu, nsombazo zimapangidwa ndi mthunzi wakuda, womwe umatha kuyimba pang'ono. Zipsepsezo zakuthambo, kumatako ndi kumiyendo ndizotuwa zakuda, pomwe zipsepsezo zili pamimba ndi mbali zamutu zili zotuwa-chikasu komanso zofiira-lalanje, ndipo zimawala kwambiri kufupi ndi tsinde. M'mimba ndi m'mbali, nsombazo zimakutidwa ndi masikelo a silvery. Pamimba pake, imakhala yopepuka kwambiri, pafupifupi yoyera.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu laling'onoting'ono, lomwe kulemera kwake sikupitilira magalamu 100, adatchedwa Lavrushka, chifukwa mawonekedwe a nsomba amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba la bay.
Kodi bream yasiliva amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Guster m'madzi
Anthu ambiri oswa siliva asankha Western Europe. Nsombazi zimapezeka m'madzi a Sweden (kumwera kwa dzikolo), Finland, Norway.
Mumakhala pafupifupi nyanja zonse ndi mitsinje ya m'mabeseni a nyanja zotsatirazi:
- Azovsky;
- Baltic;
- Wakuda;
- Caspian;
- Kumpoto.
Ponena za kufalikira kwa madzi mchigawo chathu, gustera idakonda gawo lake la ku Europe, kukhala:
- mu Urals;
- ku Mordovia;
- kumadzulo kwa Siberia;
- m'madzi am'mitsinje yamapiri a Caucasus.
Guster imabadwa ndi ulesi ndi ulesi, nsomba zimakhala zopanda nzeru, chifukwa chake, madzi amakhalanso odekha, otentha mokwanira (kuyambira madigiri 15 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera). Muzinthu zoterezi, ndizofanana ndi bream. Pansi pake, wokhala ndi ndere, kukhalapo kwa dothi ndi paradaiso weniweni wa siliva bream. Amapeza malo otakasuka pagawo lamadziwe akulu, nyanja, mitsinje ndi mayiwe. Makina amtsinje, okondedwa ndi nkhalango, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mafunde ofooka a maenje akuluakulu am'madzi, madzi am'madzi, pomwe pansi pake pamakutidwa ndi mchenga ndi matope.
Nsomba zokhwima zimathera nthawi yayitali mwakuya, nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pansi pazitsamba ndi zomera zam'madzi. Madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakopa kwambiri nyama zazing'ono; ndikosavuta kuti nsomba zosadziwa kupeza chakudya kumeneko. Mwambiri, bream yasiliva ndi nsomba yokhazikika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala m'munsi mwa mitsinje. Amakhala m'mipanda yamadzi ndi madontho osiyanasiyana, omwe amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zigawo zomwe zatsalako, pomwe nsomba zimapeza chakudya.
Kodi bream yasiliva imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gustera mumtsinje
Zosintha za bream zasiliva zimasintha kutengera kukula kwa nsombazo, ndipo kukula kwake kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono. Izi ndichifukwa choti nsomba zamibadwo yosiyanasiyana zimakhala m'malo amadzi osiyanasiyana. Zakale ndi zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala zasiliva zimakhala, mphutsi zochepa ndi ma crustaceans zimawonedwa pakudya kwake, koma kuchuluka kwa nkhono zam'madzi zimayamba kuchuluka.
Chosangalatsa: Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti olemekezeka a siliva bream, nsomba iyi sichidzadya nyama, sichidzadya zokha (osati mwachangu kapena mazira). Mu menyu ya gusters, mutha kuwona mbale za masamba ndi mapuloteni.
Chifukwa chake, bream yasiliva siyotsutsa kulawa:
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- mphutsi zosiyanasiyana;
- mphutsi zazing'ono;
- ndere ndi detritus;
- caviar ndi mwachangu zamitundu ina ya nsomba (makamaka rudd);
- nkhono zazing'ono;
- zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
- udzudzu ndi mawere ozungulira pamwamba pamadzi.
Ngati tikulankhula za zokopa zomwe anglers amagwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zingagwire siliva bream, ndiye apa titha kutchula:
- mphutsi;
- nyongolotsi;
- mphutsi zamagazi;
- mtanda kapena mkate;
- ntchentche za caddis;
- zamzitini chimanga.
Pofunafuna chakudya, mwachangu amayikidwa kufupi ndi gombe, komwe chakudya chimatsukidwa nthawi zambiri ndi madzi, ndipo bream yayikulu komanso yokhwima kwambiri imapeza zakudya zakuya kwambiri komwe nkhono zimakhala, zomwe nsomba zimakonda kudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gustera
Siliva bream alibe kuyenda kwakukulu komanso kutakasuka, mawonekedwe ake ndiwosachedwa, sakonda kuthamanga, nthawi zambiri nsomba imadziwika ngati yaulesi. Gustera amatsogolera kukhala mwamtendere pafupi ndi bream ndi ena okhala m'madzi ofanana. Kuti moyo wa nsomba ukhale wosangalala komanso wabwino, umafunika malo obisika, opanda phokoso pomwe pali chakudya chokwanira. Siliva bream atakumana ndi zovuta zonse ndi zoopsa zomwe zimamuyembekezera ali wamng'ono kwambiri komanso wachichepere, iye, atakhwima, amasamuka m'mbali mwa nyanja kupita kuzama, kufunafuna malo obisika okhala ndi mabowo, zipilala komanso masamba obiriwira am'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: Akuluakulu amuna ndi akazi amakula ndikukula mofanana asanakule msinkhu. Pambuyo pa nthawiyi, amuna amayamba kutsalira kumbuyo kwa akazi poyerekeza ndi kukula, choncho amawoneka ochepa kwambiri.
Miyezi yogwira ntchito kwambiri yopanga siliva ndi nthawi kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni, pomwe nsomba imabala. Mutabereka, mutha kuyigwira, chifukwa nsomba zambiri zimayamba kufalikira kuchokera komwe zimasakira panjira. Asodzi amadziwa kuti nsombazi zimatha kutchera zidebe popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo. Gustera amakonda kusambira m'madzi apamwamba kuti azisangalala ndi dzuwa. Nsombazo zimakonda nyengo yozizira m'mayenje amadzi akuya, ndikupanga masango akulu pansi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zoyera zoyera
Mbalame yoyera imayamba kukhwima pafupifupi zaka zitatu, mpaka pano nsomba imangokhala, osasunthira kulikonse. Nyengo yosamukira imayamba mu Epulo, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumasiyana madigiri 16 mpaka 18 ndi chikwangwani chowonjezerapo, nthawi yobala imatha mpaka Julayi. Monga tanena kale, bream yasiliva imapanga ziweto zazikulu komanso zowirira, zomwe zimachulukana.
Pofuna kuthira manyowa, nsomba zimafunikira madzi amtendere komanso odekha, chifukwa chake bream yasiliva imakongola kumadera:
- mitsinje yopanda madzi ndi zovuta;
- mitsinje yam'mbuyo;
- malo;
- madzi osefukira.
Kuzama kwa maderawa ndi kocheperako, ndipo nsomba zochuluka zimasonkhana pamenepo, motero phokoso lamadzi limamveka kutali, lomwe limapatsa malo okhala nsomba zazikulu. Gustera ndiwosamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake malo omwe amakonda amakonda amakhalabe ofanana chaka ndi chaka, nsomba sizisintha gawo lomwe lasankhidwa kamodzi. Ntchito yoberekera imachitika madzulo ndipo imadziwika ndi zachiwawa komanso phokoso.
Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yokwanira, ma Gustera okwera pamahatchi amavala "masuti achikwati". Pamutu ndi m'mbali, amapangidwa timabowo toyera, ndipo zipsepse zam'mbali ndi m'chiuno zimawoneka bwino.
Guster amatha kutchedwa nsomba yochuluka kwambiri. Pakubala, mkaziyo, mothandizidwa ndi mbali zake zomata, amamatira ma rhizomes am'madzi ndi algae omwe amakhala pakatikati pa masentimita 30 mpaka 60. Kuponya mazira kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, m'magawo, zimadalira nyengo ndi zina zakunja. Izi zimachedwa mochedwa kwa milungu ingapo. Mkazi wokhwima komanso wamkulu amatha kupanga mazira 100 zikwi, nsomba zazing'ono - kuchokera mazira 10 zikwi.
Caviar yakucha imatenga masiku khumi, kenako mwachangu imayamba kuwonekera, zoopsa zambiri ndi zopinga zikuyembekezera, chifukwa si aliyense amene amatha kupulumuka. Ana nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kudera lam'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kuti apeze chakudya, chopangidwa ndi zooplankton ndi algae tinthu. Akakula, amasinthana ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono ndi molluscs. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe amakhala ndi moyo wa siliva kumasiyana zaka 13 mpaka 15.
Adani achilengedwe a bream yasiliva
Chithunzi: Gustera m'nyengo yozizira
Chifukwa chakuti si nyama yolusa ya siliva bream, imakhala mwamtendere komanso mopanda vuto, imakhala yaying'ono, nsomba iyi ili ndi adani ambiri. Nsomba iyenera kupirira zovuta zambiri ndi zovuta kuti ifike zaka zolemekezeka komanso kukula kwakukulu, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa siliva kosakwanira sikupitilira masiku ano. Nsomba zina zambiri, zolusa, zosasangalatsa sizidana nazo pokhala ndi chotupitsa ndi nkhalango yaying'ono, mwachangu ndi mazira, pakati pawo mungatchule nsomba, ruff, carp. Crayfish, achule ndi anthu ena okhala m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakonda kulawa caviar.
Omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi gombe m'madzi osaya, komwe zimangodya nsomba zina zokha, komanso mbalame ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, majeremusi osiyanasiyana am'matumbo (tapeworms) nthawi zambiri amapatsira siliva bream, monga ma cyprinids ena. Nsomba zodwala zimafa msanga, chifukwa Sangatsogolere moyo wake wanthawi zonse. Kuwala kwachilendo, kolimbikira, ma ultraviolet kumakhalanso koopsa kwa mazira a nsomba, omwe amathiridwa m'madzi osaya, amangouma ndi kufa ndi dzuwa lotentha. Pakati pa adani a bream yasiliva amathanso kuwerengedwa kuti ndi munthu amene amatsogolera kuwedza, ngakhale sichinthu chambiri chazamalonda.
Anthu amakopa nsomba osati mwachindunji pamene akusodza, komanso mwa njira ina pamene aipitsa madzi ndi chilengedwe chonse, kuwumitsa madzi ambiri, ndikusokoneza moyo wa chilengedwe. Kusintha kwakanthawi kwamadzi pamadzi kumathanso kukhala tsoka lenileni kwa mazira ambirimbiri a siliva, chifukwa chake pali zinthu zambiri zosafunikira komanso zoyipa pamoyo wa nsomba yodekha iyi, yomveka komanso yosawonekera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gustera mumtsinje
Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zina zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa siliva, anthu ambiri amakhalabe okwera kwambiri. Malinga ndi mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi am'mitundu ya nsomba zomwe sizikuwopsezedwa kwambiri, i.e. pomwe kuchuluka kwa anthu ake sikuyambitsa mantha, omwe sangasangalale.
Akatswiri ambiri akutsimikizira kuti tsopano kugawidwa kwa nsombayi sikokwanira kuposa m'mbuyomu, vuto la onse ndikunyalanyaza kwamunthu pazachilengedwe. Nsombayi imakhalabe yambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana chifukwa ili ndi chonde komanso kudzichepetsa pokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Mfundo ina yofunika yomwe imakhudza kusamalira anthu okhazikika a siliva ndikuti siili ndi nsomba zamalonda zamtengo wapatali, ndiye asodzi okha omwe amachita izi, chifukwa kukoma kwa nsomba ndizabwino kwambiri. Mavitamini ndi mchere mu nyama ya gusher akuwonetsa kufunikira kwake kwa thupi la munthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Guster amatha kutchedwa kuti kupeza kwenikweni kwa onse omwe achepetsa thupi, nyama yake ndi zakudya, magalamu 100 a nsomba amakhala ndi 96 kcal yokha.
Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa siliva sikusungabe kuchuluka kwake, nsomba iyi, monga kale, imakhala m'madzi ambiri. Sizochokera ku mtundu wa Red Book wa siliva bream; sizikusowa njira zapadera zodzitetezera. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zipitilira mtsogolo. Pomaliza, zikuyenerabe kusirira kukhazikika ndi mzimu wamphamvu wa bream wa siliva, yemwe, kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri komanso nthawi zowopsa, amasunga kuchuluka kwa nsomba zake pamlingo wokwera.
Poyamba, siliva bream Zikuwoneka ngati zachilendo komanso zosadabwitsa, koma, mutamvetsetsa bwino za moyo wake, muphunzira nthawi zambiri zosangalatsa komanso mawonekedwe, omwe amapanga chithunzi chonse cha nsomba zake zodabwitsa komanso zovuta.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/22/2020
Tsiku losintha: 30.01.2020 ku 23:37
