Kutentha Ndi nsomba zam'madzi zaku Europe zaku carp. Imadziwika ndi kamwa, yomwe ili pansi pamutu ndi pamlomo wapansi yolimba kwambiri. Imakhalanso ndi khungu lakuda pakhoma pamimba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Podust
Podust (Chondrostoma nasus) ndi mtundu wokonda kucheza, umakhala m'masukulu magawo onse a moyo wawo ndipo umadya zomwe umafinya miyala. Podust amakonda kuyenda ndimakono: ndi mtundu wa rheophilic. Chifukwa cha luso lake, anapatsidwa udindo woyeretsa madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitunduyi imatha kukhala chisonyezo cha chilengedwe - kupezeka kwake kumawonetsa mtundu wamadzi wabwino, malo okhala osiyanasiyana ndikulemekeza kupitiriza kwachilengedwe koyenera kusamuka.
Thupi la podust limasiyana ndi ma cyprinids ena mwapadera. Mutu wake ndi chimbudzi chojambula ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndipo chimadziwika mosavuta. Mutu ndi waung'ono ndipo uli ndi pakamwa yopanda tinyanga. Milomo imasinthidwa kuti ikande pansi, ndi yolimba komanso yolimba. The doral fin imayikidwa pamlingo wa zipsepse zamchiuno. Mapeto ake amakhala okhumudwa kwambiri. Amuna okhwima amatha kukhala zaka 23, ndipo akazi mpaka zaka 25.
Kanema: Podust
Podust ndi mtundu wosakhazikika womwe umakhala m'madzi othamanga kwambiri okhala ndi miyala yosaya, yamiyala. Anapezeka mumsewu waukulu wa mitsinje ikuluikulu yozungulira nyumba za anthu (mizati ya mlatho) kapena miyala. Pa nthawi yobereka, imasamukira kumtunda kwa mitsinje yomwe imakonda kuyendera ndikupita kumitsinje. Nsombazi zimakhala m'mitsinje ya ku Central Europe. Alibe ku UK, Scandinavia ndi Peninsula ya Iberia.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi podust imawoneka bwanji
Phulusa limakhala ndi thupi la fusiform lokhala ndi gawo lowoloka lopindika ndipo mbali zopanikizika pang'ono, sikelo yachitsulo yaimvi yabuluu, ndi mchira wa lalanje. Ali ndi milomo yakuthwa, yayikulu yakumunsi yokhala ndi zokutira zowoneka bwino komanso m'mphepete mwake, mphutsi yosalala komanso yotchuka. Mtunda wapakati pa mlomo wapamwamba ndi gawo lakunja ndikokulirapo kuposa kukula kwa diso. Podust ali ndi mano amodzi amphako, masikelo a cycloid ochepa kukula. Zipsepse za m'chiuno zimayikidwa kumapeto kwa dorsal fin.
Mimba ndi yakuda, ndipo mtundu wakumbuyo umasiyana kuyambira imvi-buluu mpaka imvi, wobiriwira pang'ono kapena pang'ono. Mbali zake zimatuluka, ndipo mimba yake ndi yoyera kapena yoyera. Mbalame yam'mbali imakhala yowonekera, yofanana ndi mtundu wake. Mapiko a Caudal ofanana ndi dorsal fin, koma okhala ndi utoto wofiyira kumapeto kwa lobe. Zipsepsezo ndizofiira kwambiri. Magawo am'mimba a podusta ndi aatali kwambiri, chifukwa amatalika maulendo 4 m'thupi. Kugonana kwamankhwala kumawonekera pakangobereka kumene. Amuna ndi owala kwambiri kuposa akazi, ndipo amakhala ndi zilonda zazikulu ndi zotchuka pamutu ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi.
Chosangalatsa: Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa podust kumakhala masentimita 25 mpaka 40, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 1 kg. Komabe, anthu mpaka 50 cm m'litali ndi 1.5 kg kulemera kwalembedwa. Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali ya nsomba ndi zaka 15.
Kodi podust amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Volzhsky podust
Pust imapezeka mwachilengedwe m'madontho a Black Sea (Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper), gawo lakumwera kwa Baltic Sea (Niman, Odra, Vistula) ndi kumwera kwa North Sea (mpaka ku Mesa kumadzulo). Kuphatikiza apo, idayambitsidwa mumtsinje wa Rhone, Loire, Herault ndi Soki (Italy, Slovenia). Ndi nsomba zosamukasamuka.
Mulingo wake umakhudza pafupifupi Europe yonse, kupatula chilumba cha Iberia, kumadzulo kwa France, Italy, Dalmatia, Greece, British Isles, kumpoto kwa Russia ndi Scandinavia. M'malo mwake, amapezeka mgawo lakumadzulo kwa Anatolia. Ku Italy, idalowetsedwa mumtsinje wa Isonzo chifukwa chokhazikika m'madzi aku Slovenia.
Mitundu yotereyi imapezeka m'madzi akuya ndi mafunde othamanga, nthawi zambiri m'madzi am'magombe kapena m'miyala. Imakhala pansi, pomwe imadya ndere ndi zomera zina zam'madzi. Kawirikawiri podust imayenda m'mitsuko. Mitunduyi imapezeka ponseponse m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu, zigwa kapena mapiri, mpaka kutalika kwa pafupifupi mita 500. Imapezekanso m'madamu ndi m'madzi, zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje. M'mitsinje yaying'ono, imatha kukhala ndi kutalika kwakutali kofanana ndi kukula kwake, ndi achikulire omwe amakhala kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu.
Akuluakulu amapezeka m'madzi osaya ndi mafunde othamanga, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi ma eddi omwe amapangidwa ndi milatho kapena miyala. Amakhala mumitsinje yayikulu komanso ikuluikulu ikuluikulu komanso yapakatikati yokhala ndi miyala kapena miyala. Mphutsi zimapezeka pansi, ndipo kudyetsa mphutsi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Achinyamata a podusty amakhala pansi m'malo osaya kwambiri. Akamakula, amachoka pagombe kupita m'madzi othamanga. Kukula kwachinyamata kumadutsa m'madzi am'mbali kapena m'mitsinje m'mphepete mwa magombe.
M'nyengo yozizira, achikulire amapanga magulu ochuluka m'munsi mwa mitsinje. Akuluakulu amasamukira makilomita makumi angapo kumtunda kupita kumalo osungira, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala m'misewu. Kusamba kumachitika m'madzi oyenda mwachangu m'mabedi osaya miyala. Dziwe limawopsezedwa kwanuko ndi kutseka, kuwononga malo oberekera komanso kuipitsa. M'malo opyontha, pomwe amayambitsidwa, amasuntha ndikuchotsa parachondroxemia ku Rhone ndi kumwera kwa Europe podust ku Soka.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene podust imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba yosangalatsayi idya.
Kodi podust amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Podust wamba
Young podust ndi nyama yodya nyama yomwe imadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, pomwe akulu amakhala ndi benthic herbivores. Mphutsi ndi ana amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, pomwe achinyamata akuluakulu ndi akulu amadya ma diatom a benthic ndi detritus.
Monga mitundu ina yamtunduwu, podust imagwiritsa ntchito milomo kuyeretsa pamwamba pamiyayo posaka chakudya, kuchotsa ndere ndi zolowetsa zolemera. Ndi mlomo wake wapamwamba, amagwedeza pansi pamiyala ndi chakudya chake. Amadyetsa ndere zonse ziwiri, zomwe amazipaka pansi pamiyala chifukwa cha milomo yake yonyansa, ndi nyama zopanda mafupa, zomwe zimapezeka mderalo.
Zakudya zam'madzi zimaphatikizapo zakudya zotsatirazi:
- tizilombo ta m'madzi;
- nkhanu;
- nyongolotsi;
- nkhono;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- udzu;
- kutulutsa;
- ozungulira;
- nematode;
- zotsalira zazomera;
- mchere wothira chivundikiro cha algae;
- diatom ya benthic.
Wowonerera amatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa podusta chifukwa cha chakudya chomwe chatsalira pansi. Mwa ana, pakamwa pamakhala pamalo okwera, chifukwa chake amadya tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi plankton. Mukamakula, kamwa imasunthira pansi ndikutsata njira zoyenera kudya, monga akulu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Podust ku Belarus
Podusta amakonda madambo othamanga m'mitsinje ndipo amafunafuna chakudya m'masukulu, m'malo otseguka, komwe amasaka nyama zazing'ono ndikudya ndere pansi. Kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi, amawonekera m'masukulu m'malo athyathyathya komanso odzaza ndi miyala. Nthawi zambiri amayenda maulendo ataliatali ngati omwe amatchedwa "oyendera pakati". Mphutsi zimafuna malo ofunda, opanda phokoso kuti zikule, ndi malo ozama, opanda bata kuti agone.
Mitunduyi imakhala yocheperako, yosangalatsa komanso yosangalala. Chotupacho chimapanga mafinya amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mibadwo yosiyana, nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi bowa winawake wa rheophilic carp. Pakati pa nyengo yobereka, amatha kusuntha makilomita mazana angapo kuti akafike m'malo oyenera kuyikapo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono, pomwe achikulire samayimilira.
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, nsapato zimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndikusuntha mitsinje pansi kukafunafuna chakudya. Munthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri amasonkhana pafupi ndi zopinga zomwe zimachepetsa kuthamanga kwamadzi, monga zithandizira pamilatho, miyala yayikulu, mizu yamitengo yodzaza madzi, kapena mitengo ikuluikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, amayenda m'madzi akuya, kubisala m'ming'alu kapena pansi pa miyala yayikulu yotetezedwa ku mafunde amphamvu, komwe amakhala obisika kapena amachepetsa ntchito.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kuponyera m'madzi
Kukula msinkhu kwa amuna kumakwaniritsidwa ndi amuna pakati pa chaka chachiwiri ndi chachitatu, pomwe akazi nthawi zambiri amafuna chaka chowonjezera. Kukula kwakuchuluka, koma kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa madzi komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Podust imasunthira ma kilomita makumi angapo kupita kumalo opangira ziweto, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mumtsinje. Amphongo amapanga ziweto zazikulu, chilichonse chimateteza malo ochepa. Akazi amagona pamiyala yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, mwazinthu zina, monga pobisalira mwachangu.
Ngakhale kuti ndi nyama yochuluka, siyosakanikirana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Amayi amabereka kamodzi pachaka, komanso mwa anthu ena kwakanthawi kochepa masiku 3-5. Chonde chimakhala chambiri, chachikazi chimakhala pakati pa 50,000 mpaka 100,000 ma oocyte obiriwira 1.5 mm m'mimba mwake. Mazira a ziboliboli amakhala omata, osungidwa m'matumba omwe amakumbidwa ndi mkaziyo mu miyala ya gawolo. Amachotsedwa pakatha masabata 2-3. Pambuyo poyamwa yolk sac, mbozi zimayenda m'mphepete mwa magombe kuti zizidyera pansi.
Mbalame yamphongo imakhala m'gulu la nsomba zomwe zimatuluka kamodzi pachaka. Nsombazi zimayamba kubalalika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Julayi, kutengera kutalika ndi nyengo ya chaka chino, pamadzi otentha osachepera 12 ° C. Mpweya wamvula umapezeka m'madzi othamanga kwambiri, pamabedi osaya amiyala, nthawi zambiri mumitsinje yaying'ono. Amuna amafika koyamba kumadera otuluka, ndipo aliyense wa iwo amakhala ndi gawo laling'ono lomwe limatetezedwa kwa omwe akupikisana nawo.
Pakati pa nthawi yobereka, mawonekedwe amtundu wa amuna ndi akazi amawoneka. Mwa amuna, zotupa zotulutsa zimaphimba thupi lonse, pomwe mwa akazi mumakhala zotupa zomwe zimatuluka pamutu. Mu Okutobala, ma oocyte okhwima (odzazidwa ndi yolk) m'mimba mwake amakhala 68%. Izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwakubala koyambirira koyambirira kwa Epulo ndikupeza mwachangu zokulira masika kapena nthawi yophukira.
Mapangidwe omaliza a umuna m'mayeso mwina amapezeka posachedwa. Mazira ambiri amapangidwa ndi akazi akulu kwambiri komanso akale kwambiri. Phula limatulutsa mazira ndi kukula kwa 2.1 mm m'mimba mwake. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zazikulu zimayikira mazira okulirapo.
Adani achilengedwe a podust
Chithunzi: Kodi podust imawoneka bwanji
Podust ndi nyama ya nsomba ndi ichthyophages, zokwawa zam'madzi ndi zinyama zina monga otter. Kukonda kwa podust kwa mitsinje yamadzi yoyera, yokhala ndi mpweya wabwino imapangitsa kuti ikhale nyama ya salmonids yayikulu monga trout brown, marbled trout ndi Danube salmon. Mitunduyi imatha kutenga matenda a tizilombo komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Phulusa limatha kukhala ndi tiziromboti tonyamula, kuphatikizapo mitundu ingapo yama trematode ndi cestode, ma helminths ena, protozoa, ma crustaceans a parasitic, ndi zina zopanda mafupa. Zitsanzo zovulazidwa komanso zodwala nthawi zambiri zimadwala matenda owopsa a mafangasi.
Podust imawerengedwa ngati nsomba yofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa nsomba. Ikaswa ma podusta ang'onoang'ono, nsomba iyi imadya. Asanabadwe, nyembazo zimasunthira kumtunda, komwe nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi zopinga ngati madamu omangidwa pamitsinje, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwawo. Chotupacho chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi dothi.
Chosangalatsa: Podust sichisangalatsa chidwi kwa msodzi: mawonekedwe ake ngati nsomba yamoyo ndiosavuta, kuwonjezera, nsomba zake zovomerezeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa.
Ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yomwe imaphulika ndi zophulika mozama. Podust amakayikira kwambiri ndipo zomwe amachita pomugwirayo ndi amoyo. Ziphuphu za ndere, mphutsi, mphutsi za tizilombo ndi mphutsi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo. Nyama yamphongo imayamikiridwa, koma pokhapokha ngati pali zitsanzo zazikulu, apo ayi nsomba zambiri zimapezeka. Usodzi woyipa wamalonda umachitika m'maboma omwe ali m'malire ndi Nyanja Yakuda. Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nsomba za forage m'minda yama trout ndi salimoni.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Podust wa nsomba
Kutentha kumakhala kofala pamitundu yake yonse. Dera lomwe amagawa likukula. Woyambitsa kusodza m'mabeseni ambiri momwe allochonthonous, umawopseza kupezeka kwa mitundu yachilengedwe yazachilengedwe kapena genera logwirizana lomwe limapikisana nawo pa mpikisano wa chakudya ndi uchembere.
M'derali, anthu ena atsika chifukwa chakumanga madamu ndi zopinga zina zomwe sizingatheke zomwe zimasokoneza kupitilira kwa mtsinjewu, kuletsa ntchito zoberekera za kasupe za obereketsa. Malo ake kumadzulo kwa Europe adathandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera. Kukhazikika kwachangu komanso kuzoloŵera kwake kukuwonetsa kukula kwa mitunduyi.
M'munsi mwa Danube ku Austria, podust inali mitundu yambiri m'zaka zoyambirira za zana lomaliza. Komabe, kutayika kwa malo obzala chifukwa chaukadaulo wa mitsinje (nyumba zopingasa, kumanga kolimba kwa gombe, kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zam'madzi) kwadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu m'mbali zambiri za mitsinje.
Podust ili mu Red Book m'maiko ena, monga:
- Belarus;
- Lithuania;
- Ukraine;
- Russia.
Pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe mitundu iyi ili ponseponse, kuletsa usodzi panthawi yopereka ndi njira zochepa zogwirira ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Podust adatchulidwa mu Annex III wa Berne Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats ngati mtundu wowopsa. Pa IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources), mtundu uwu umadziwika kuti ndiwomwe ungawopsezedwe pang'ono.
Chitetezo cha phula
Chithunzi: Podust kuchokera ku Red Book
Tithokoze chifukwa chopewa kumanga kwa magetsi ku Hainburg mu 1984, gawo limodzi mwamagawo omaliza omenyera ufulu wa Austrian Danube lidasungidwa. Nsomba zokonda mafunde, monga podust, zimapeza malo ofunikira kumeneko, omwe posachedwapa akhala ochepa. Komabe, iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri yachitetezo kwa iwo.
Ngakhale kuti ntchito zambiri zobwezeretsa zakwaniritsidwa mdera la National Park, kuchedwa kwazoyenda zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zili mdera loyenda mozungulira kumunsi kwa Vienna kumabweretsa kukulira kwa bedi la mtsinjewo motero kupatukana pang'onopang'ono kwa nkhalango zam'madzi osefukira. Pogwiritsa ntchito malo okhala azaka zonse za podust pakupititsa patsogolo ntchito zina ndi njira zokhazikika pamtsinje, tikukhulupirira kuti masheya adzachira. Izi zimapindulitsa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nsomba zam'mitsinje.
Mukadongosolo ka projekiti ya Donau Auen National Park, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi chopinga chomwe sichingadutse m'malo otsikira a Nsomba, omwe ndi ofunikira pakusuntha kwa podust. Kuphatikiza ndi zocheperako (monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo obzala) ndi kukonzanso dera, kusintha kwakukulu kuyenera kupezedwa ndi podust ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zosamuka.
Kutentha Ndi nthumwi ya cyprinids, yomwe imakhala mwamphamvu kuti ifulumire mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso yapakatikati yokhala ndi miyala kapena miyala. Mtundu uwu umabala kumayambiriro kwa masika m'magawo amitsinje. Ma podustas achichepere ndi nyama zodya nyama zomwe sizidyedwa ndi nyama tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, pomwe achikulire ndi odyetsa zinyama. Ziwopsezo zakomweko ku podustam zidapangidwa chifukwa cha madamu, kuwonongeka kwa malo obzala ndi kuipitsa.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: Januware 26, 2020
Idasinthidwa: 07.10.2019 pa 19:34
