Mphemvu yofiira - mdani pachifuwa cha amayi apakhomo, wowononga usiku m'makhitchini ndi mabafa. Ichi ndi kachilombo ka ubwana, malo athu osaloledwa, mnzathu woyenda naye, wokhala naye hotelo komanso wokhala naye muofesi. Iwo akhala akuyesera kuti amuphe iye kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo iye mofananamo akukana mwamakani, akusintha zokonda ndi chiwopsezo cha ziphe. Uyu ndi msirikali wachilengedwe chonse, woteteza malamulo ake oyambira - kupulumuka mulimonse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphemvu yofiira
Mphemvu yofiira, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Prusak (Blattella germanica), ndi ya banja la Ectobiidae. Adafotokozedwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu "System of Nature" mu 1767. Dzinalo la mtunduwo limachokera ku liwu Lachilatini "blatta", lomwe Aroma adalitcha tizirombo tomwe timaopa kuwala.
Ectobiids, kapena mphemvu zamitengo, ndi banja lalikulu kwambiri la mphemvu, momwe pafupifupi theka la mphemvu zonse kuchokera ku dongosolo la Blattodea. Koma kupatula Prusak, pakati pawo sipadzakhalanso tizirombo zoposa 5 ngati iye akukhala m'nyumba za anthu. Odziwika kwambiri ndi akuda ndi aku America. Ena onse amakonda kukhala ndi moyo waulere m'chilengedwe.
Kanema: Nambala wofiira
Mu kapangidwe ka mphemvu, zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe tizilombo tomwe timapezeka kale zimatha kutsatidwa: nsagwada, minofu yosakhazikika bwino. Nthawi ya mawonekedwe awo, kuweruza ndi zolemba zodalirika, idabwerera koyambirira kwa Carboniferous (pafupifupi zaka 320 miliyoni zapitazo). Kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kumawonetsa kuti mphemvu zidayamba kale - nthawi ya Jurassic.
Chosangalatsa: Antipathies amitundu yonse amawonetsedwa m'maina otchuka a tizilombo tosasangalatsa. Ku Russia, mtundu wamtunduwu umatchedwa "Prusak", popeza amakhulupirira kuti amatumizidwa kuchokera ku Prussia. Ndipo ku Germany ndi Czech Republic, yomwe kale inali gawo la Prussia, amatchedwa "Russian" pachifukwa chofananira. Sizikudziwika komwe adawonekera koyambirira. Njira zosunthira m'mbiri za chilombo chofiira sizinaphunzire.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi tambala wofiira amawoneka bwanji
Mphemvu ndi za tizilombo zosasintha mokwanira ndipo zimadutsa magawo atatu akamakula: dzira, mphutsi (nymph) ndi wamkulu (imago), ndipo mphutsi imasiyana pang'ono ndi gawo lomaliza. Mphutsi imaswa kuchokera dzira pakatha masiku 14 - 35 ndipo imadutsa kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 7 molts, nthawi iliyonse ikukula kukula mpaka ikafika pamtundu wa mphemvu wamkulu. Izi zimatenga milungu 6 mpaka 31. Mwamuna wamkulu amakhala masiku 100 mpaka 150. Nthawi yamoyo wamkazi ndi masiku 190-200. Mphemvu ndi yovuta, yotopetsa, yovuta komanso yonyansa, makamaka kumapeto komaliza.
Akuluakulu aku Prussians ndi 12.7 - 15.88 cm kutalika ndipo amalemera kuyambira 0.1 mpaka 0.12 g.Mtundu wonsewo ndi bulauni wonyezimira, mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yakuda imadutsa mbali yakumbuyo kwa prothorax. Varnish yodzikongoletsera ndi yopyapyala ndipo thupi limakhala lofewa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizidana nazo. Thupi limasunthika, limakhala lowulungika, lathyathyathya ndikusinthidwa kuti lizilowererapo.
Zigawo za thoracic zimadutsa bwino pamimba, lomwe limakutidwa ndi mapiko ofewa. Ikachita mantha, tambala amatambasula mapiko ake, koma amangogwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera patebulo mpaka pansi. Miyendo yoluka ndi yayitali komanso yamphamvu - miyendo ya wothamanga weniweni. Mutu wosalala bwino umakongoletsedwa ndi masharubu osinthasintha, omwe Prusak amayang'anira mozungulira, kuyesera kuti agwire ngozi.
Amuna ndi ocheperako komanso ocheperako kuposa akazi, kumapeto kocheperako kwamimba kumatuluka pansi pa mapiko ndipo kumapatsidwa magawo awiri otsogola - cerci. Mwa akazi, kumapeto kwa mimba kumakhala kozungulira, nthawi zambiri kumanyamula mazira phukusi lapadera - ooteca. Mphutsi - nymphs ndizochepa, koma zofanana. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda kwambiri, mzerewo ndi umodzi ndipo mapikowo sanakule bwino. Mazirawo ndi ozungulira, ofiira owala.
Kodi tambala wofiira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nambala yofiira yakunyumba
South Asia ndiye kwawo kodziwika kwa Prussians. Kugawidwa kwawo kwakukulu kumayambira m'zaka za zana la 18 - nthawi yoyenda kuzungulira dziko lapansi, maulendo asayansi ndi malonda atsamunda. Tsopano mphemvu zofiira zabalalika padziko lonse lapansi ndikukhala m'malo onse abwino, osachita manyazi kupezeka kwa abale amderalo. Ena, mwachitsanzo, nthenda yakuda yaku Europe, adakwanitsa kuwachotsa pazinthu zakale zachilengedwe.
Mwachilengedwe chake, mphemvu imakhala m'madera otentha, amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo imazizira kutentha kukamatsika -5 C °. Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, samakhala kunja kwa zone ndi nyengo yopanda chisanu, m'mapiri opitilira 2000 m, komanso kumadera ouma kwambiri, monga zipululu. Kuzizira ndi chilala kokha kumamulepheretsa kugonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale, pogwiritsa ntchito malo okhala anthu, amatha kupita patsogolo ku Arctic.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa zokonda ndi chakudya chosasowa, a Prussians amakhala m'malo aliwonse ofunda m'mizinda ndi kumidzi, padera komanso pagulu. Makamaka ngati pali chakudya chochuluka ndi chinyezi, monga kukhitchini ndi mabafa. A Prussia ku zipatala ndi malo ogulitsira zakudya akukhala tsoka lenileni. Nyumba zamatauni zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwapakati komanso madzi ndi abwino kwa iwo. M'nyumbamo, amayenda kudzera mu makina olowera mpweya ndi zotayira zinyalala, ndikusamukira kumalo atsopano komwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito masutikesi kapena mipando.
Chosangalatsa: Njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yochotsera abale athu okonda zazing'onozing'ono ndikuwumitsa malo. Chifukwa chake, mphemvu sizikhazikika m'nyumba zazilimwe.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuti mutha kukumana ndi mphemvu yofiira kunyumba kwanu. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe tizilombo timadya.
Kodi tambala wofiira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mphemvu yayikulu yofiira
Tizilombo tofiira timadya chilichonse chopanda moyo chomwe chili ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Amachita nawo kudya anzawo mwa kudya anzawo akufa. Malo otayira zinyalala ndi malo ena omwe amawonongera moyo wamunthu, minda, malo obiriwira, malo ogulitsira zakudya zakale, zipatala, malo owonetsera zakale zachilengedwe ndi malo azitsamba, malo osungira mabuku amalaibulale, malo osungira zakale komanso malo osungira zinthu amakhala ngati tebulo ndi nyumba.
Amakopeka makamaka ndi:
- zinyalala nyama ndi zovunda;
- zakudya zowuma;
- chilichonse chomwe chili ndi shuga;
- chakudya chamafuta;
- pepala, makamaka mabuku akale;
- nsalu zachilengedwe, makamaka zauve;
- chikopa;
- sopo ndi mankhwala otsukira mano;
- zomatira zachilengedwe, monga guluu wamafupa, omwe kale anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabuku.
Kukhoza kwa ntchentche kuti zikwaniritse mapadi, monga achibale awo oyandikana nawo kwambiri, zimachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'matumbo mwawo, ndipo pogaya CHIKWANGWANI, zimapangitsa kuti thupi la wolandirayo likhale loyenera.
Chosangalatsa: Pomwe akupanga poyizoni wa Prussians, asayansi adapeza kuti apanga mpikisano womwe sudya shuga ndi chilichonse chomwe chili ndi shuga. Tizilombo toyesa timayankha shuga ngati chinthu chosasangalatsa komanso chowawa. Mpikisano woterewu ndikusintha kwazokopa za shuga zomwe zavutitsa okonda onse okoma. Ndi mphemvu zokha zomwe zimanyalanyaza zoterezi zomwe zidapulumuka ndikuwonjezeka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofiira, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Prusak
A Prussians ali m'gulu lotchedwa "zamoyo za synanthropic", zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu m'moyo wawo ndipo amakhala mwamtendere kokha, malo okhala anthu. Kusamutsidwa kwawo kumadera atsopano kumachitikanso mothandizidwa ndi anthu - mphemvu zimayenda ndi zinthu zathu ndi chakudya m'malo okhala zombo, sitima, magalimoto ndi ndege.
Atakhazikika mnyumbamo, akulu ndi ana awo omwe akukula amapita usiku kukaba. Ngakhale amakopeka ndi malo owala mumdima, kuyatsa kumapangitsa a Prussian kuthawa nthawi yomweyo. Mtundu wokhawo sukumveka, koma kugundana kwamapiko ndi miyendo, komwe kumatuluka ndi gulu lothawa, ndikodziwika kwa onse omwe adakumana ndi zovuta zokhala nawo mnyumba yomweyo.
Mphemvu zimagwirizana kwambiri, chifukwa maubwenzi ena amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa mamembala a tambala omwe amakhala mchipinda chimodzi. Amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonunkhira zotchedwa ma pheromones posonyeza kukhalapo kwa pogona, chakudya kapena ngozi, kuti afalitse zogonana. Ma pheromones amenewa amatuluka mu ndowe, ndipo tizilombo tomwe timathamanga timachoka apa ndi apo njira zidziwitso zomwe anzawo amasonkhana kuti adye, kuthirira madzi, kapena kupeza mnzake woti akwatirane naye.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi adachita kafukufuku kuti adziwe komwe ma pheromones amapangidwira ndikupezeka, omwe amasonkhanitsa mphemvu palimodzi. Gulu la Prusaks lidapatsidwa poizoni ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo zidapezeka kuti zitosi zawo zidasiya kukopa anthu ena. Pambuyo podyetsa mabakiteriya omwe amakhala kutali ndi ndowe za mphemvu zosagwidwa, zotulutsa zawo zidapezanso kukongola. Zidapezeka kuti mabakiteriyawa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mafuta aziphatikizana 12, omwe amasanduka nthunzi mlengalenga ndikukhala ngati chizindikiro chazonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tambala tambala tating'ono
A Prussians ndi ochezeka ndipo, akakhala limodzi, amapanga gulu lenileni la demokalase lofanana, omwe ali ogwirizana osati nyumba zofananira komanso nymphs zomwe zimakula, komanso zomwe amakonda. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakudya, ndipo ntchentche zimadziwa kuti zimadyedwa mwamtendere, mwanzeru zouza anzawo za komwe amapezeka komanso kuchuluka kwake mothandizidwa ndi ma pheromones. Njira zambiri za tambala zimabweretsa chakudya, zimakopa ena. Alinso ndi ufulu wosankha bwenzi logonana nalo.
Akapolo zimaswana kwambiri. Munthawi yamoyo wake, wamkazi amayambira mapaketi 4 mpaka 9 (ooteca) mpaka 8 mm kutalika, lililonse limakhala ndi mazira 30 - 48. Kupangidwa kwa kapisozi ndi kusasitsa kwa mazira kumatenga masiku pafupifupi 28, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yonseyi azimayi amanyamula kumapeto kwa mimba. Ngakhale, pamapeto pake, imatha kusiya katunduyo mumdima.
Pambuyo pa masabata angapo, amayamba kupanga edema yatsopano. Okwana, mkazi aliyense amabala olowa m'malo 500. Kubalana mu gulu la nkhosa kumachitika mosalekeza ndipo mibadwo yonse ndi magawo amakulidwe atha kukhalamo munthawi yomweyo. Pamalo abwino, mphemvu zimakula ngati chipale chofewa kapena, mchilankhulo cha masamu, zimawoneka bwino. Kukula kumangochepetsedwa kokha ndi kuzizira m'nyumba kapena kutsuka.
Chosangalatsa: Cockroach Nadezhda adakhala nyama yoyamba kutenga pakati mlengalenga. Izi zidachitika pa Seputembara 14 - 26, 2007 pa biosatellite yopanda makina a Foton-M 3. Akapena amayenda mchidebe, ndipo zakumimba zidalembedwa pavidiyo. Nditabwerera kuthawa, Nadezhda anabereka ana 33. Chokhacho chachilendo pa iwo ndikuti adakula mwachangu kuposa anzawo apadziko lapansi ndipo m'mbuyomu adapeza mtundu wakuda. Adzukulu Nadezhda sanasonyeze wapadera aliyense.
Adani achilengedwe a mphemvu yofiira
Chithunzi: Kodi tambala wofiira amawoneka bwanji
Mphemvu si ya poizoni ndipo, makamaka, imatha kudyedwa ndi nyama iliyonse yomwe siyinyoza tizilombo. Koma malo okhala anthu amamupatsa malo okhala odalirika kuchokera ku mbalame ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadya mwaufulu. Apa atha kungowopsezedwa ndi mbatata zina zamatumba ndi akapolo.
Mwanjira:
- akangaude;
- zokonda;
- mbalame zamkati;
- amphaka ndi agalu amatha kuwagwira kuti asangalale.
Mdani wamkulu wa Prusak yofiira ndi aliyense amene cholengedwa choipa ichi chimagwera pansi pake. "Wobiriwira" aliyense angavomereze kuti tizilombo timayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Ndikokwanira kuti athe kuwona tebulo lake lakhitchini atamuyendera.
Chifukwa chiyani Prusak ndiyowopsa:
- amanyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opitirira 40 a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kuphatikizapo kamwazi), omwe ndi ofunikira makamaka muzipatala;
- wapakatikati khamu la mitundu itatu ya helminths ndi protozoa;
- amayambitsa ndi amakwiya chifuwa, worsens mphumu;
- imapanga kununkha mchipinda chifukwa cha ma pheromones;
- zimawononga chakudya;
- zonyansa;
- zimakhudza psyche ndipo zimatha kuluma.
Njira zowononga tizilombo zasinthidwa kwazaka zambiri. Kutenga zinyalala za chakudya ndi madzi, kutchera misampha yomwe sangatulukemo, zipinda zozizira, ndipo pomaliza, nkhondo zamankhwala - njira zonse zayesedwa. Njira zamankhwala sizothandiza kwenikweni, ndipo njira zamankhwala zimangotsogolera kukulitsa tizilombo. A Prussians amakono samvera chisoni ma pyrethroids - mankhwala ophera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndipo sangatengeke ndi magulu ena akale a mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mankhwala amakono (hydroprene, methoprene) amakhala ngati owongolera kukula ndipo ndi othandiza kwambiri. Amachedwetsa kusungunuka ndikupewa kukula kwa tizilombo.
Chosangalatsa: M'mbuyomu, m'nyumba, makamaka zakumidzi, timitengo tating'onoting'ono ndi tit yabuluu zidapangidwa, makamaka polimbana ndi mphemvu. Mbalamezo zinkabisala chifukwa cha kutentha, kuyeretsa nyumbayo kuchokera ku tizirombo, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo, malinga ndi mwambo wa Isitala, adamasulidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofiira m'nyumba
Palibe amene adawerengera kuchuluka kwa Prussia padziko lapansi. Aliyense amangokhalira kungocheperako. Koma pakadali pano ndikumaloto. Pomwe Prusak ikuyenda bwino mofananamo ndikusintha kwa njira zolimbanirana ndipo udindo wake ungafotokozeredwe molimba mtima kuti "ukuwonjezera chiwerengero".
Chiwerengero cha dera linalake chimatha kusinthasintha kwambiri. Mwina mphemvu zimasowa pambuyo poyeretsa, ndiye kuti pali zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti zimayamba kuyendayenda pakati pa masana. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumatha kuwoneka ngati kwadzidzidzi ngati simukudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa aku Prussians kukukula modabwitsa malinga ndi malamulo a Malthus, ndiye kuti, pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndipo chiwerengerocho chikukula mofulumira komanso mwachangu. Kuchepetsa izi, molingana ndi Malthus, njala, miliri ndi nkhondo zokha. Katswiri wazachuma ku England adapereka lamulo lake kwaumunthu, koma mphemvu ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chowonetsera momwe zimagwirira ntchito.
Prusak saopsezedwa ndi njala ndi miliri. Anthu akuchita nkhondo zanthawi zonse ndi iwo. Zolemba zasayansi zikukumbutsa malipoti onena za nkhanza, pomwe amakambirana za kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira, kutayika kwa mdani, zifukwa zolephera. Kumbali inayi, kafukufuku akutsimikizira kuti ndi anthu omwe amagawa a Prussian powanyamula mgalimoto ndikupanga malo atsopano oti azikhalamo: malo obiriwira, minda yotentha, malo osungira ofunda. Chifukwa cha zaka 20 zapitazi, a Prussians akhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mafamu a nkhumba zaku US. Kafukufuku wa chibadwa awonetsa kuti sagawidwa pakatikati - kuchokera ku kampani yoyang'anira, koma amatengedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ochokera kumafamu oyandikana nawo. Prusak idzakula malinga ngati bwalo loipali lilipo.
Pali nyama zochepa zomwe zimakonda oyandikana nawo anthu ndipo mphemvu yofiira kuchokera pakati pawo. Vuto ndiloti anthu safuna anzawo otere konse. Kodi athe kuzichotsa, kapena aphunzira kuzigwiritsa ntchito pabanja kuti azisangalala? Mafunso awa sanayankhidwebe mpaka pano.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: 01/22/2020
Tsiku losintha: 05.10.2019 pa 0:54
