Holothuria yemwenso amadziwika kuti nkhaka zam'madzi, ndipo mitundu yake yamalonda, yomwe imagwidwa makamaka ku Far East, ndi trepang. Ili ndi gulu lonse la echinoderms, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 1,000, nthawi zina imasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe, koma yolumikizana ndi chiyambi chofanana, kapangidwe kofananira kwamkati ndi moyo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Holothuria
Echinoderms zakale zinaphunziridwa bwino chifukwa mafupa awo amchere amatetezedwa bwino ndikuzindikirika. Zakale kwambiri zotenga ma echinoderms adachokera ku Cambrian, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 520 miliyoni. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ambiri mwa iwo amawoneka mwakamodzi, ndipo osiyanasiyana amakhala otakata.
Chifukwa cha ichi, ofufuza ena amati ma echinoderm oyambilira adawonekera ngakhale ku Cambrian, koma pakadali pano matembenuzidwe awa sanatsimikizidwe mokwanira. Posakhalitsa atawonekera, makalasi omwe akukhalabe Padziko Lapansi, kuphatikiza nkhaka zam'nyanja, adapangidwa - amadziwika kuyambira Ordovician, wakale kwambiri wazaka pafupifupi 460 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Holothuria
Makolo a echinoderms anali nyama zamoyo zaulere zogwirizana. Kenako Carpoidea adawonekera, anali atangokhala kale. Matupi awo anali okutidwa ndi mbale, ndipo pakamwa pawo ndi kumatako adayika mbali imodzi. Gawo lotsatira linali Cystoidea kapena ma globules. Ma grooves osonkhanitsira chakudya adawonekera pakamwa pawo. Zinachokera ku ma globules omwe nkhaka zam'madzi zimayambira mwachindunji - mosiyana ndi magulu ena amakono a echinoderms, amenenso adachokera kwa iwo, koma kudutsa magawo ena. Zotsatira zake, ma holothuri akadali ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yakale yomwe imadziwika ndi ma globular.
Ndipo nkhaka za m'nyanja ndizo gulu lakale kwambiri lomwe lasintha pang'ono pazaka mazana mazana apitawa. Iwo anafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wa zinyama waku France A. Blanville mu 1834, dzina lachilatini la kalasiyo ndi Holothuroidea.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali vanadium ambiri m'magazi a nkhaka zam'madzi - mpaka 8-9%. Zotsatira zake, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali ichi chitha kudzachotsedwa mtsogolo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe holothurian imawonekera
Kukula kwa nkhaka zam'madzi ndizosiyanasiyana. Akuluakulu holothurians, amtundu wazing'ono kwambiri, amakula mpaka 5 mm, ndipo omwe akukhudzana ndi zikuluzikulu amatha kufika mita imodzi, ziwiri, kapena ngakhale zisanu, ngati synapt yamawangamawanga. Ndizosangalatsa kuti nthumwi zamtunduwu ndizazikulu kwambiri komanso zothandiza kwambiri pakati pa nkhaka zonse zam'nyanja.
Mtundu wa nyama izi umatha kukhala wosiyanasiyana, pali nkhaka zam'nyanja zamtundu uliwonse wa utawaleza. Amatha kukhala osakanikirana, amathothomathotho, amathothomathotho, amizeremizere: Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza mitundu kumatha kukhala kosayembekezereka kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, pali anthu abuluu-lalanje. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pakuwala ndi machulukitsidwe amawu: holothurians amatha kukhala otumbululuka komanso owala kwambiri. Zitha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhudza: zina ndizosalala, zina ndizovuta, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi zotuluka zambiri. Amakhala ofanana ndi nyongolotsi, owonda kapena odyetsedwa bwino, ofanana ndi nkhaka, ozungulira, ndi zina zambiri.
Mwachidule, ma holothuri ndi zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti ndizosatheka kutulutsa mawonekedwe omwe amapezeka, ngati si onse, ndiye pafupifupi mitundu yonse. Choyamba: kusakhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimafanana ndi mbozi zaulesi; zimagona pansi mbali imodzi ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Amadziwika ndi kufanana kwa matabwa asanu, ngakhale kunja kwake sikuwoneka msanga. Thupi liri ndi khoma lakuda. Pamapeto ena a thupi, pali pakamwa pozunguliridwa ndi mahema. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ochokera kumodzi mpaka khumi ndi atatu mwa iwo, mothandizidwa ndi iwo nkhaka zam'madzi zimatenga chakudya.
Mahemawa amasiyana mosiyanasiyana kutengera zomwe mitundu ya holothuri imadyetsa. Zitha kukhala zazifupi komanso zosavuta, zofananira, kapena zazitali komanso nthambi zazikulu. Yoyamba ndiyabwino kukumba nthaka, yachiwiri kusefa plankton m'madzi. Holothuria ndiyodziwika chifukwa chakuti kutsegulira kwachiwiri, kumatako, sikuti kumangotulutsa zinyalala komanso kupuma. Nyamayo imakokera madzi mmenemo, kenako imalowa m'chiwalo monga mapapu amadzi, pomwe mpweya umasefedweramo.
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi miyendo yambiri - zimakula m'thupi lonse. Ndi chithandizo chawo, ziweto zimamva kuti zili mozungulira, ndipo zina zimasuntha: miyendo yoyenda imatha kukhala yachilendo kapena yopingasa. Koma mitundu yambiri yosunthira mwendo sagwiritsa ntchito kapena kugwiritsira ntchito pang'ono, ndipo imayenda makamaka chifukwa chakuchepa kwa minofu ya khoma la thupi.
Kodi nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhaka zam'nyanja
Mawonekedwe ake ndi otakata kwambiri ndipo amaphatikizapo nyanja zonse komanso nyanja zambiri zapadziko lapansi. Nyanja momwe nkhaka zam'madzi sizinapezeke ndizosowa, pakati pawo, monga Baltic ndi Caspian. Ambiri mwa ma holothuri amakhala m'madzi ofunda otentha, amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi miyala yamchere yamchere yamchere, komanso amakhala munyanja zozizira.
Mutha kukumana ndi ma holothuri m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo mwakuya, mpaka kumadera akuya kwambiri: Zachidziwikire, izi ndi mitundu yosiyana, yosiyana kwambiri ndi inzake. Malo ozama kwambiri padziko lapansi, Mariana Trench, pansi pake, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhalanso. Amakhala gawo lalikulu la anthu okhala pansi, nthawi zina amangokhala nawo. Pakuya kwambiri - kuposa 8000 m, macrofauna (ndiye kuti, yemwe amatha kuwoneka ndi diso la munthu) amaimiridwa ndi iwo, pafupifupi 85-90% ya zolengedwa zonse zazikulu zomwe zili m'gulu la holothurians.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti, kutsogola konse kwa zolengedwa izi, zimasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo mozama ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Mitundu yawo imachepa pokhapokha pakatha chizindikiro cha 5,000 m, ndipo kenako pang'onopang'ono. Nyama zochepa kwambiri zimatha kupikisana nawo mosadzichepetsa.
Pali mitundu ya nkhaka zam'nyanja, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zimatha kuyandama m'madzi: amangotseka kuchokera pansi ndikusunthira pang'onopang'ono kumalo atsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zosambira poyendetsera. Koma amakhalabe pansi, kupatula mtundu umodzi womwe umakhala m'madzi: ndi Pelagothuria natatrix, ndipo imasambira momwe amafotokozera.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhaka zam'nyanja zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhaka zam'madzi zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Holothuria m'nyanja
Zakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi zimaphatikizapo:
- plankton;
- zotsalira zomwe zakhazikika pansi;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- mabakiteriya.
Ndi mtundu wa chakudya, mitundu itha kukhala yosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimasefa madzi, kutolera tizilombo tating'ono, kapena kusonkhanitsa chakudya kuchokera pansi. Omwe amagwiritsira ntchito ma tebulo okutidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta kusefera, pomwe mitengo yonse yodyedwa imamatira, kenako amatumiza nyama kukamwa.
Omalizawa amagwiritsa ntchito mahema momwemonso, koma amatola nyama kuchokera pansi. Zotsatira zake, chisakanizo cha chilichonse chomwe chingapezeke pansi chimatumizidwa kumalo am'mimba, ndipo chakudya chopatsa thanzi chimakonzedwa kale, ndipo zina zonse zimaponyedwa kumbuyo: ndikofunikira kutulutsa matumbo a nkhaka zam'nyanja nthawi zambiri, chifukwa zimatenga zinyalala zambiri zopanda ntchito.
Samadyetsa zamoyo zokhazokha, komanso pamatumba osazengereza a zamoyo - detritus, pazosankha zake zimakhala gawo lalikulu. Imatenganso mabakiteriya ambiri, chifukwa, ngakhale ali ochepa kwambiri, alipo ambiri m'madzi komanso pansi, komanso amamatira kuzitsulo zomata.
Chosangalatsa: Mukachichotsa m'madzi, perekani ndi mchere kuti muumitse. Mukapanda kuchita izi nthawi yomweyo, ziphuphu zake zidzayamba kufooka kuchokera mlengalenga, ndipo ziwoneka ngati zotsekemera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Holothuria, kapena dzira lam'nyanja
Popeza nkhaka zam'madzi ndizoyambirira, palibe chifukwa cholankhulira zamakhalidwe aliwonse, ndipo moyo wake ndi wosavuta komanso wosasangalatsa. Zambiri za nkhaka zam'nyanja zimangotsalira pansi ndikumapeto pang'ono, komwe kamwa kali. Amachedwa kwambiri, ndipo chakudya, kwakukulu, ndi ntchito yake yokhayo.
Amangoyenda pang'onopang'ono panyanjapo, kapenanso amauluka m'madzi osachita chilichonse. Atafika pomwe amafunidwa, ali ndi chakudya chambiri, amayamba kudya, kenako amangogona pansi mpaka atamva njala.
Nthawi zonse imakhala mbali yomweyo, yotchedwa trivium. Ngakhale mutayitembenuzira ku mbali inayo, ndiye kuti ibwerera. Nthawi zina nkhaka zam'madzi zimayamba kugwetsera pansi, koma sizichita izi mwachangu. Monga imodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zopangira ma detritus, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Carapus affinis, nsomba yaying'ono kwambiri, imakhala mkati mwa nkhaka zam'nyanja, mu anus yawo. Chifukwa chake, ndiotetezedwa, ndipo popeza nkhaka za m'nyanja zimapuma kudzera mu bowo, nthawi zonse mumakhala madzi abwino mkati. Kuphatikiza pa iye, nkhaka zam'madzi zitha kukhalanso nyumba ya nyama zina zazing'ono monga nkhanu kapena nyongolotsi.
Pali mitundu ya nkhaka zam'madzi zomwe zatetezedwa kwa anthu osayitanidwa: pali mano m'kamwa mwawo omwe amavulaza kapena kupha omwe akuyesera kuti alowemo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Holothuria pansi pamadzi
Nthawi zonse, sipamakhala mgwirizano pakati pa nkhaka za m'nyanja ngakhale amakhala moyandikana, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri samayankha anzawo amtundu wina mwanjira iliyonse, samalowa mkangano m'deralo ndikungokhala malo aulere, ndipo ngati kulibe, amapitiliza mpaka adzawone.
Nthawi yokha yomwe amasangalatsidwa ndi abale ndi nthawi yoswana. Zikafika, holothurians amayamba kufalitsa zikwangwani, mothandizidwa ndi omwe amapeza wokwatirana naye. Feteleza nawo ndi akunja: mkazi amatulutsa mazira m'madzi, wamwamuna amatulutsa umuna - ndi momwe zimachitikira.
Kuphatikiza apo, mazira amtundu amatha kukula mosiyanasiyana: nthumwi za mitundu ina zimawagwira ndikuwaphatika pamatupi awo, poteteza. Ena amataya chidwi chawo nthawi yomweyo, kotero kuti amira pansi kapena amatengeka ndi mphepo. Kutalika kwa chitukuko kungakhalenso kosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Koma pali china chake chofanana ndi nkhaka zam'nyanja zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: mphutsi zawo zimakhala ndimadanga angapo. Yoyamba ndiyofanana ndi ma echinoderm ena onse ndipo amatchedwa dipleurula. Pafupifupi, pambuyo pa masiku 3-4, imakula kukhala auricularia, ndipo patapita kanthawi mu fomu yachitatu - dololaria.
Fomu yoyamba ndi yofanana ndi mitundu yonse, koma yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ikhoza kukhala yosiyana, yotchedwa vitellaria ndi pentacula. Nthawi zambiri, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala m'mitundu itatu iyi kwa milungu iwiri kapena iwiri, kumadya ulgae wofanana.
Pambuyo pake, amasandulika munthu wamkulu, yemwe angakhale ndi moyo zaka 5-10, pokhapokha atamwalira asanakalambe chifukwa cha chilombo china. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale kuberekana kumachitika kawirikawiri munkhaka zam'madzi, imathanso kusewererana, imagawika magawo angapo, iliyonse yomwe imakula mpaka kukhala wamkulu.
Adani achilengedwe a holothurians
Chithunzi: Momwe holothurian imawonekera
Pali nkhaka zambiri zam'madzi pansi, pomwe ndizochedwa komanso sizitetezedwa bwino, motero adani ambiri amawasaka nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mwa iwo:
- ma tetraodones;
- choyambitsa nsomba;
- nkhanu;
- lobusitara;
- nkhanu zokhazokha;
- nyenyezi zam'nyanja.
Koma ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imadyetsa nthawi zonse. Izi ndichifukwa choti poizoni amadziphatika m'matumba awo (chachikulu chimatchulidwanso moyenera - holothurin), ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nkhaka zam'madzi pafupipafupi pachakudya kumavulaza moyo wam'madzi.
Mwa mitundu yomwe nkhaka za m'nyanja ndizomwe zimapezera chakudya, ndiyofunika kuwunikira, choyambirira, migolo. Mollusks amenewa amalimbana ndi nkhaka za m'nyanja pobayira poizoni, ndikumayamwa ziwalo zofewa kuchokera kwa wodwalayo. Poizoni siowopsa kwa iwo.
Nsomba zimathanso kudyetsa anthu okhala pansi, koma samazichita kawirikawiri, makamaka ngati sangapeze nyama ina. Pakati pa adani a holothurians, anthu ayeneranso kusiyanitsidwa, chifukwa mitundu ina imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino ndipo imagwidwa pamalonda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Holothuria imatha kudzitchinjiriza kwa adani m'njira imodzi yokha: imatulutsa ziwalo zake zamkati, ndipo limodzi ndi izo, poizoni yemwe amaopseza osaka kulowa m'madzi. Kwa nkhaka zam'nyanja zokha, izi sizowopsa, chifukwa zimatha kumera ziwalo zatsopano m'malo mwa zotayika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Holothuria
Chiwerengero chonse cha mitundu yamtundu wa nkhaka zam'nyanja sichingawerengedwe chifukwa amakhala munyanja. Ndipo ngati kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya zamoyo kungadziwike pafupifupi pafupifupi, chifukwa amakhala m'malo osaya kwambiri, m'malo ophunziridwa bwino a nyanja, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina sikunakhazikitsidwe. Tikudziwa kuti pali zambiri, pafupifupi zimakwirira pansi pa nyanja: kachulukidwe kake pamtunda wokwana mita kumatha kukhala anthu makumi angapo. Chifukwa chake, ndi iwo omwe amapereka gawo lalikulu pakukonza nthaka ndi zomwe zidutswa zake zimagwera.
Holothurian ndipo anthu amaigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amadyedwa - makamaka ku China ndi mayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, komwe amaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira masaladi mpaka supu. The poizoni omwe amapanga amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pharmacology ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe m'maiko aku Asia. Mafuta ndi mafuta amapangidwa kuchokera ku nsalu zawo.
Chifukwa cha kusodza mwadongosolo, mitundu ina yakunyanja idakhudzidwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake maboma akumayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ayamba ngakhale kulimbana ndi kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa ma trepangs, kukhazikitsa malire pamitengo yogulitsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zisamapindule kwambiri kugulitsa mitundu yotsika mtengo. Masiku ano, nkhaka zam'nyanja zomwe zimagulitsidwa nthawi zambiri zimakula mwanzeru, chifukwa izi zimachepetsa kwambiri mtengo. Koma iwo omwe anakulira m'chilengedwe amayesedwa apamwamba.
Holothuria ndikofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe zadziko lathu lapansi, ndiye zamoyo zazikulu kwambiri zam'nyanja. Amakonzedwa mwachikale kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha izi amatha kukhalapo m'malo momwe nyama zovuta kwambiri sizingakhale ndi moyo. Chothandiza kwa anthu: amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuphika, komanso popangira mankhwala ndi mankhwala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12/30/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 12.09.2019 pa 10:25
