Congoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus), nthawi zina ma bubal wamba kapena steppe, kapena antelope yamphongo ndi mitundu yochokera kubanja la bovids la banja lophukira. Ma subspecies asanu ndi atatu afotokozedwa ndi ofufuza, omwe awiri nthawi zina amawoneka ngati odziyimira pawokha. Ma subspecies wamba ndi zikho zofunika kusaka chifukwa cha nyama yawo yokoma, chifukwa chake amasakidwa. Tsopano pa intaneti ndikosavuta kupeza ziphaso zosakira, kuphatikiza congoni, popeza mtunduwo sukuyenda kawirikawiri ndipo umabisa, kotero kusaka nyama ndikosavuta.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kongoni
Mtundu wa Bubal udawonekera kwinakwake zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo m'banja limodzi ndi mamembala ena: Damalops, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Connochaetes, Numidocapra, Oreonagor. Kusanthula kogwiritsa ntchito ma molekyulu m'magulu amtundu wa congoni kukuwonetsa komwe kungayambike kum'mawa kwa Africa. Bubal idafalikira mwachangu ku savannah yaku Africa, ndikusintha mawonekedwe angapo am'mbuyomu.
Asayansi alemba za magawidwe oyambilira a congoni m'magawo awiri osiyana zaka 500,000 zapitazo - nthambi imodzi kumpoto kwa equator pomwe ina kumwera. Nthambi yakumpoto imapatukira munthambi yakum'mawa ndi yakumadzulo, pafupifupi zaka 0.4 miliyoni zapitazo. Mwinanso chifukwa chakukula kwa lamba wa nkhalango zamvula ku Central Africa ndikuchepetsa kwa savannah.
Kanema: Kongoni
Zakale zakum'mawa zidabweretsa A. b. cokii, Swain, Torah ndi Lelvel. Ndipo kuchokera ku nthambi yakumadzulo kunabwera Bubal ndi West African Congoni. Chiyambi chakumwera chidadzetsa kaama. Taxa ziwirizi ndizoyandikira kwambiri, zimangopita zaka 0.2 miliyoni zokha zapitazo. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti zochitika zikuluzikuluzi pakusintha kwa congoni ndizogwirizana ndi nyengo. Izi zitha kukhala zofunikira pakumvetsetsa mbiri yakusintha kwa congoni komanso nyama zina zaku Africa.
Zakale zakale kwambiri zolembedwa zakale pafupifupi zaka 70,000 zapitazo. Zakale za Kaama zapezeka ku Elandsfontein, Cornelia ndi Florisbad ku South Africa ndi Kabwe ku Zambia. Ku Israel, zotsalira za Congoni zapezeka kumpoto kwa Negev, Shephel, Sharon Plain ndi Tel Lachis. Chiwerengero cha anthu amtunduwu chimangokhala kumadera akumwera kwenikweni ku Levant. Atha kusakidwa ku Egypt, zomwe zidakhudza anthu ku Levant ndikuzilekanitsa ndi anthu ambiri ku Africa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe congoni imawonekera
Kongoni ndi yayikulu kwambiri, kuyambira kutalika mpaka 1.5 mpaka 2.45 m. Mchira wake ndi wa 300 mpaka 700 mm, ndipo kutalika kwake paphewa ndi 1.1 mpaka 1.5 m. pansi pa maso, tuft ndi rostrum yaying'ono yayitali. Tsitsi lathupi limakhala lalitali pafupifupi 25mm ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Ambiri mwa dera lake lokongola ndi chifuwa, komanso mbali zina za nkhope yake, ali ndi malo owala tsitsi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Amuna ndi akazi amtundu uliwonse ali ndi nyanga ziwiri kutalika kuchokera 450 mpaka 700 mm, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Zimakhala zopindika ngati kachigawo kakang'ono ndipo zimakula kuchokera pansi, ndipo mwa akazi ndizochepa kwambiri.
Pali ma subspecies angapo omwe amasiyana wina ndi mnzake mu utoto wa malaya, womwe umayambira bulauni yotumbululuka mpaka imvi yofiirira, komanso mawonekedwe a nyanga:
- Western Congoni (A. yayikulu) - yofiirira yamchenga wofiirira, koma kutsogolo kwa miyendo kumakhala mdima;
- Kaama (A. caama) - mtundu wofiirira, bulauni wakuda. Zolemba zakuda zimawoneka pachibwano, mapewa, kumbuyo kwa khosi, ntchafu ndi miyendo. Zikusiyana kwambiri ndi zigamba zoyera zazikulu zomwe zidalemba mbali zake ndi mtembo wotsikira;
- Lelvel (A. lelwel) - bulauni bulauni. Mtundu wa torso umakhala wofiyira mpaka wachikasu bulauni kumtunda;
- Congoni Lichtenstein (A. lichtensteinii) - bulauni-bulauni, ngakhale mbali zonse zili ndi mthunzi wowala komanso chifuwa choyera;
- Subspecies of torus (A. tora) - mdima wakuda wofiirira kumtunda, nkhope, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi dera lokongola, koma m'munsi pamimba ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yoyera;
- Swaynei (A. swaynei) ndi bulauni wachokoleti wolemera wokhala ndi zigamba zoyera zobisika zomwe kwenikweni zimakhala nsonga za tsitsi loyera. Nkhope yakuda, kupatula mzere wa chokoleti womwe uli m'maso mwake;
- Nkhumba za Congoni (A. cokii) ndizofala kwambiri, zomwe zidapatsa dzinali mtundu wonsewo.
Kukula msanga kumatha kuchitika miyezi 12, koma mamembala amtunduwu samakwanitsa kufikira zaka 4.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuti kumwa ndikofanana ndi congoni. Tiyeni tiwone komwe gwape wamphongoyu amapezeka.
Kodi congoni amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Congoni ku Africa
Kongoni poyamba idakhala m'malo odyetserako msipu ku Africa konse komanso ku Middle East. Grasslands ndi zokutira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, komanso nkhalango za miombo kumwera ndi pakati pa Africa, mpaka kukafika kummwera kwa Africa. Mtunduwo unkayambira ku Morocco mpaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Tanzania, komanso kumwera kwa Congo - kuyambira kumwera kwa Angola mpaka South Africa. Sanapezeke m'zipululu komanso m'nkhalango, makamaka m'nkhalango zotentha za Sahara komanso mabeseni a Guinea ndi Congo.
Kumpoto kwa Africa, Congoni amapezeka ku Morocco, Algeria, kum'mwera kwa Tunisia, Libya, ndi madera ena a Western Desert ku Egypt (malire akummwera ogawa sakudziwika). Zotsalira zambiri za nyama zapezeka pakufukula zakale ku Egypt ndi Middle East, makamaka ku Israel ndi Jordan.
Komabe, magawano aku congoni achepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusaka kwa anthu, kuwononga malo, komanso kupikisana ndi ziweto. Masiku ano a Congoni atha m'malo ambiri, ndipo nyama zomaliza zidawomberedwa kumpoto kwa Africa pakati pa 1945 ndi 1954 ku Algeria. Lipoti lomaliza lochokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Morocco linali mu 1945.
Pakadali pano, congoni amapezeka mu:
- Botswana;
- Namibia;
- Ethiopia;
- Tanzania;
- Kenya;
- Angola;
- Nigeria;
- Benin;
- Sudan;
- Zambia;
- Burkina Faso;
- Uganda;
- Cameroon;
- Chad;
- Congo;
- Ivory Coast;
- Ghana;
- Guinea;
- Mali;
- Niger;
- Senegal;
- South Africa;
- Zimbabwe.
Congoni amakhala m'mapiri ndi madambo aku Africa. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalango ndipo amapewa nkhalango zowazungulira. Anthu amtunduwu adalembedwa mpaka 4000 m pa Phiri la Kenya.
Kodi congoni amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kongoni, kapena steppe bubal
Dyetsani ku Congoni udzu wokha, posankha msipu wapakatikati. Nyamazi sizidalira madzi kuposa ma Bubal ena, koma, zimadalira kupezeka kwa madzi akumwa padziko. M'madera momwe madzi amasowa, amatha kukhala ndi mavwende, mizu ndi ma tubers. Zakudya zoposa 95% m'nyengo yamvula (Okutobala mpaka Meyi) ndi udzu. Pafupifupi, udzu sumapanga zosakwana 80% yazakudya zawo. Congoni ku Burkina Faso yapezeka ikudya makamaka udzu wandevu nthawi yamvula.
Zakudya zazikulu za congoni zimakhala ndi:
- masamba;
- zitsamba;
- mbewu;
- mbewu;
- mtedza.
Mu nyengo yopuma, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi udzu bango. Congoni amadya pang'ono peresenti ya Hyparrenia (therere) ndi nyemba chaka chonse. Jasmine kerstingii nawonso ndi gawo lazakudya zake kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula. Kongoni amaleza mtima kwambiri ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi. Pakamwa pakatikati pa nyama kumawonjezera kuthekera ndikulola kuti idule udzu bwino kuposa ma bovids ena. Chifukwa chake, pomwe kupezeka kwaudzu wokoma kumachepa nthawi yachilimwe, nyama imatha kudyetsa udzu wolimba wokalamba.
Mitundu yambiri yaudzu imadyedwa nthawi yotentha kuposa nthawi yamvula. Congoni imatha kupeza chakudya chopatsa thanzi ngakhale kuchokera ku udzu wouma wamtali. Zipangizo zawo zotafuna zimaloleza kuti nyamayo idye bwino ngakhale nthawi yadzuwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala nthawi yovuta kudyetsa artiodactyls. Nyama imatha kugwira ndi kutafuna pa udzu wochepa wa udzu wosatha munthawi yomwe chakudya sichipezeka. Maluso apaderawa adalola kuti mitunduyi ipambane nyama zina zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Africa ifalikire bwino.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Congoni mwachilengedwe
Congoni ndi nyama zikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala m'magulu opangidwa ndi anthu 300. Komabe, ziweto zosuntha sizili pafupi komanso zimafalikira pafupipafupi. Pali mitundu inayi ya nyama zomwe zimapangidwazo: zazimuna zazikulu pamalire, amuna akulu osakhala m'deralo, magulu aamuna achichepere ndi magulu azimayi ndi nyama zazing'ono. Akazi amapanga magulu a nyama 5-12, iliyonse yomwe imatha kukhala ndi mibadwo inayi ya ana.
Amakhulupirira kuti magulu azimayi ali ndiulamuliro wamphamvu komanso kuti maguluwa amadziwika ndi gulu lonselo. Akazi amawawona akumenyana wina ndi mzake nthawi ndi nthawi. Ana aamuna amatha kukhala ndi amayi awo kwa zaka zitatu, koma nthawi zambiri amasiya amayi awo patatha miyezi pafupifupi 20 kuti akalowe nawo magulu a anyamata ena. Pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 3 ndi 4, amuna amatha kuyamba kuyesa kulanda madera. Amuna ndiamakani ndipo amamenya nkhondo mwamphamvu akadzatsutsidwa.
Zosangalatsa: Congoni samasamukira, ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri monga chilala, anthu amatha kusintha komwe amakhala. Ndi mitundu yochepa kwambiri yosuntha ya fuko la Bubal, komanso imagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi kagayidwe kochepa kwambiri m'fuko.
Kusunthika kwa mayendedwe amutu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawonekedwe ena kumatsogolera kulumikizana kulikonse. Ngati izi sizikwanira, amuna amadalira patsogolo ndikudumpha ndi nyanga zawo pansi. Kuvulala ndi imfa zimachitika koma sizichitika kawirikawiri. Zazimayi ndi nyama zazing'ono zili ndi ufulu kulowa ndikutuluka mgawolo. Amuna amataya gawo lawo patatha zaka 7-8. Amagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri masana, amadyetsa m'mawa kwambiri komanso madzulo ndipo amapuma mumthunzi pafupi ndi masana. A kongoni amapanga phokoso lofewa komanso phokoso. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala zolimba.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Congoni Cub
Amakwatirana ku congoni chaka chonse, ndi nsonga zingapo kutengera kupezeka kwa chakudya. Njira yoberekera imachitika m'malo omwe amatetezedwa ndi amuna osungulumwa ndipo makamaka amakhala m'malo otseguka pamapiri kapena zitunda. Amuna amamenyera kuti azilamulira, pambuyo pake alpha wamwamuna amatsata wamkazi amene wagwa ngati ali ku estrus.
Nthawi zina chachikazi chimatambasula mchira wake pang'ono kuti chiwonetse kutengeka kwake, ndipo champhongo chimayesa kutseka njira yake. Pamapeto pake, yaikazi imaima m'malo ndikulola yamphongo kukwera pa iye. Kuwerengera sikutalika, kumangobwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza, nthawi zina kawiri kapena kupitilira mphindi. M'magulu akulu, kukwerana kumatha kuchitika ndi amuna angapo. Kulimbana kumasokonezedwa ngati wamwamuna wina alowererapo ndipo wobisalayo adzathamangitsidwa.
Kuswana kumasiyana nyengo ndi nyengo kutengera kuchuluka kwa congoni kapena subspecies. Ziwerengero zakubadwa zimawonedwa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala ku South Africa, Disembala mpaka February ku Ethiopia ndi February mpaka Marichi ku Nairobi National Park. Nthawi yobereka imatenga masiku 214-242 ndipo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa kubadwa kwa mwana m'modzi. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito, akazi amadzipatula m'malo okhala ndi zitsamba kuti abereke ana.
Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi za achibale awo apamtima, zomwe zimaberekana m'magulu atchire. Amayi a ku Congoni kenako amasiya ana awo atabisala m'tchire kwa milungu ingapo, ndikungobwerera kudzangodya. Achinyamata amaletsa kuyamwa miyezi 4-5. Kutalika kwazaka za moyo ndi zaka 20.
Adani achilengedwe a kongoni
Chithunzi: Kongoni, kapena antelope ya ng'ombe
Congoni ndi nyama zamanyazi komanso zoopa kwambiri zomwe zili ndi luntha lotsogola. Chikhalidwe chabwinobwino cha nyamayo munthawi zonse chimatha kukhala chowopsa ngati chikwiyitsidwa. Pakudyetsa, m'modzi amakhalabe woyang'anira chilengedwe kuti achenjeze gulu lonselo langozi. Nthawi zambiri, alonda amakwera milu ya chiswe kuti aone momwe angathere. Nthawi zoopsa, gulu lonselo limasowa mbali imodzi.
A kongoni amasakidwa ndi:
- mikango;
- akambuku;
- afisi;
- agalu amtchire;
- nyamazi;
- mimbulu;
- ng'ona.
Congoni amawoneka bwino msipu. Ngakhale zimawoneka zovuta, zimatha kuthamanga 70 mpaka 80 km / h. Nyama zimakhala tcheru komanso osamala poyerekeza ndi ena omasulidwa. Amangodalira maso awo kuti awone nyama zowononga. Kukoka ndi kubinya ziboda ndi chenjezo la ngozi yomwe ikubwera. Congoni imasunthira mbali imodzi, koma itawona imodzi mwa ziwetozo ikuukiridwa ndi chilombo, pangani 90 ° kutembenuka pakangopita masitepe 1-2 mbali yomwe yapatsidwa.
Miyendo yayitali yocheperako ya congoni imapereka kuthawa msanga m'malo otseguka. Pakachitika chiwembucho, nyanga zoopsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza nyama. Malo okwera a maso amalola kavalo kuti aziyang'anitsitsa chilengedwe, ngakhale ikudya msipu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe congoni imawonekera
Chiwerengero chonse cha congoni chikuyerekeza nyama 362,000 (kuphatikiza Liechtenstein). Chiwerengerochi chikukhudzidwa bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe adapulumuka ku A. caama kumwera kwa Africa, omwe akuti akuwerengedwa pafupifupi 130,000 (40% pamtunda waboma ndi 25% m'malo otetezedwa). Mosiyana ndi izi, Ethiopia ili ndi anthu ochepera 800 amtundu wa Swain omwe apulumuka, pomwe anthu ambiri amakhala m'malo otetezedwa angapo.
Chosangalatsa: Ma subspecies ambiri, akukula, ngakhale m'ma subspecies ena pakhala chizolowezi chocheperako. Kutengera izi, mitundu yonseyo siyakwaniritsa zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kapena pangozi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu m'masamba otsala anali: 36,000 West Africa Congoni (95% mkati ndi madera ozungulira otetezedwa); 70,000 Lelwel (pafupifupi 40% m'malo otetezedwa); 3,500 Kenyan kolgoni (6% m'malo otetezedwa ndipo makamaka m'mapulusa); 82,000 Liechtenstein ndi 42,000 Congoni (A. cokii) (pafupifupi 70% m'malo otetezedwa).
Nambala ya Torah yomwe idatsala (ngati ilipo) sikudziwika. Lelwel mwina adakumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kuyambira zaka za 1980, pomwe chiwerengerocho chikuyerekeza kuti> 285,000, makamaka ku CAR ndi kumwera kwa Sudan. Kafukufuku waposachedwa yemwe wachita nyengo yadzuwa akuti pafupifupi nyama 1,070 ndi 115. Uku ndikuchepa kwakukulu kuchokera ku nyama zopitilira 50,000 mu 1980 nyengo yadzuwa.
Mlonda wa Congoni
Chithunzi: Kongoni
Congoni Swayne (A. buselaphus swaynei) ndi Congoni tora (A. buselaphus tora) ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa cha anthu ochepa komanso ocheperako. Ma subspecies ena anayi amadziwika ndi IUCN kuti ali pachiwopsezo chochepa, koma adzawunikidwa ngati ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ngati zoyeserera zosakwanira sizikwanira.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu sizikudziwika, koma amafotokozedwa ndikukula kwa ng'ombe kumalo akudya a kolgoni ndipo, pang'ono, kuwononga malo ndi kusaka. Kindon anena kuti "mwina chidutswa champhamvu kwambiri chazinyama chidachitika m'mitundu yonse yakuwala waku Africa."
Zosangalatsa: Kudera la Nzi-Komoe, ziwerengero zatsika ndi 60% kuchoka pa 18,300 mu 1984 mpaka pafupifupi 4,200. ndi midzi.
Congoni Amapikisana ndi ziweto kuti azidya msipu. Kuchuluka kwake kwatsika kwambiri pamitundu yonse, ndipo kufalikira kwake kumagawika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusaka kwambiri komanso kukulitsa midzi ndi ziweto.Izi zachitika kale pazambiri zam'mbuyomu, anthu ena ofunikira pakadali pano akuchepa chifukwa cha umbanda ndi zina monga chilala ndi matenda.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.01.
Tsiku losinthidwa: 12.09.2019 pa 14:48
