Cat shark - mtundu wa dongosolo la karharin-ngati. Mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yophunziridwa bwino yamtunduwu ndi cat shark wamba. Amakhala munyanja zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Europe, komanso kunyanja yaku Africa m'madzi kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi - malo okwera kwambiri ndi mamita 800.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cat Shark
Maonekedwe a makolo akale akale a nsomba amatchedwa nthawi ya Silurian, zakale zawo zidapezeka mzaka zamakedzana zaka 410-420 miliyoni. Mitundu yambiri yazamoyo yapezeka yomwe ikadakhala kholo la nsombazi, ndipo sizinakhazikitsidwe molondola kuti idachokera kuti. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale pali nsomba zambiri zakale monga ma placoderms ndi ma hibodasi, kusinthika koyambirira kwa nsombazi sikunaphunzire bwino, ndipo zambiri sizikudziwika mpaka pano. Pokhapokha nthawi ya Triassic, zonse zimakhala zowonekera bwino: pakadali pano, mitundu yomwe imagwirizana kwenikweni ndi nsombazi imakhala kale padziko lapansi.
Sanakhale ndi moyo mpaka lero ndipo anali osiyana kwambiri ndi nsombazi zamasiku ano, koma ngakhale izi zinali zazikulu. Shark pang'onopang'ono adasinthika: kuwerengera kwa ma vertebrae kunachitika, chifukwa chake adayamba kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri; ubongo unakula chifukwa cha madera omwe amachititsa fungo; mafupa a nsagwada anasinthidwa. Iwo adayamba kukhala olusa kwambiri. Zonsezi zinawathandiza kuti apulumuke pa kutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene, pomwe gawo lalikulu la mitundu yomwe ikukhala padziko lapansi pano linangowonongeka. Shark pambuyo pake, m'malo mwake, adapeza kulemera kwakukulu: kutha kwa nyama zina zam'madzi kunawamasula zachilengedwe zatsopano, zomwe adayamba kukhala nazo.
Kanema: Cat Shark
Ndipo kuti achite izi, amayenera kusintha kwambiri: ndipamene mitundu yambiri yomwe ikukhalabe Padziko Lapansi idapangidwa. Woyamba kubanja la cat shark, komabe, adawoneka koyambirira: zaka 110 miliyoni zapitazo. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizochokera kwa iye kuti zina zonse zonga karharin zimayambira. Chifukwa cha zakale zotere, mitundu yambiri ya banja ili yatayika kale. Mwamwayi, shark wamba sakhala pachiwopsezo chotha. Mtundu uwu udafotokozedwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758, dzina lachi Latin ndi Scyliorhinus canicula. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ngati Chirasha dzinali limalumikizidwa ndi mphaka, ndiye kuti dzina lachilatini limachokera ku liwu loti canis, ndiko kuti, galu.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati nsombazi zili pachiwopsezo, zimadzikweza podzaza m'mimba. Kuti muchite izi, nsombazi zimakhota mu U, ndikumagwira mchira wake ndi pakamwa pake, ndikuyamwa m'madzi kapena mlengalenga. Pakatsika pambuyo pake, imatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi kukuwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi nsombazi zimawoneka bwanji
Ndi yaying'ono m'litali, pafupifupi 60-75 cm, nthawi zina mpaka mita. Kulemera makilogalamu 1-1.5, mwa anthu akuluakulu 2 kg. Zachidziwikire, poyerekeza ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, kukula kwake kumawoneka kocheperako, ndipo nsomba iyi nthawi zina imasungidwa m'madzi. Amafunikirabe chidebe chachikulu, koma mwini wake amatha kudzitamandira ndi shark weniweni, ngakhale ali wocheperako, koma alinso ndi ambiri omwe si shaki. Ngakhale sizabwino kudya, makamaka chifukwa chakamphuno kochepa komanso kozungulira. Palibe zipsepse zotchuka, zomwe zimadziwika ndi nsombazi, ndizoperewera pang'ono.
Mapiko a caudal ndi aatali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi. Maso a mphaka alibe khungu lomwe likuthwanima. Mano ake ndi ochepa ndipo samasiyana mwamphamvu, koma alipo ambiri, omwe amapezeka pamzere wa nsagwada. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuti mano awo ndi akulu. Thupi la nsombali limakutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono, ndilovuta kwambiri, ngati mungakhudze, kumverera kumafanana ndi kukhudza sandpaper. Mtundu wa paka shark ndi mchenga, pali malo ambiri amdima mthupi. Mimba yake ndi yopepuka, pali ocheperako kapena alibe mawanga pamenepo.
Mitundu ina, yomwe imakhalanso ya mtundu wa shark shark, imatha kusiyanasiyana mitundu, komanso kutalika kwake. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yaku South Africa imakula mpaka 110-120 cm, mtundu wake ndi wakuda, ndipo pamakhala mikwingwirima yodziwika bwino mthupi. Mitundu ina imasiyananso: ena samakula mpaka masentimita 40, ena amakula mpaka masentimita 160. Momwemonso, moyo wawo, machitidwe awo, zakudya zawo, adani awo ndi osiyana - apa, pokhapokha ngati atafotokozeredwa kwina, katsaka wamba kamafotokozedwa.
Kodi mphaka amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Cat shark munyanja
Makamaka m'madzi ozungulira Europe, kuphatikiza:
- Nyanja ya Baltic ndiyosowa kwambiri;
- Nyanja Kumpoto;
- Nyanja ya Ireland;
- Bay ya Biscay;
- Nyanja ya Mediterranean;
- Nyanja ya Marmara.
Amapezekanso kumadzulo kwa Africa mpaka ku Guinea. Kumpoto, malire omwe amagawidwa ndi gombe la Norway, lomwe lili ndi ochepa, komabe madzi amakhala ozizira kwambiri kuti asagwere. Sakhala ku Black Sea, koma nthawi zina amasambira, ndipo amamuwona pafupi ndi gombe la Turkey. Ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, nsomba zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi Sardinia ndi Corsica: mwina, kufupi ndi zilumbazi kuli madera omwe amaberekako.
Dera lina lokhala ndi nsombazi pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Morocco. Mwambiri, amapezeka m'madzi ogona m'malo otentha, chifukwa sakonda nyengo yofunda kwambiri. Amakhala pansi, chifukwa chake amakhala m'malo alumali momwe kuya kwake kuli kocheperako: amakhala omasuka kwambiri pakuya kwa 70-100 m. Koma amatha kukhala pansi osaya - mpaka 8-10 m, komanso wamkulu - mpaka 800 m. Kawirikawiri nsombazi zazing'ono zimayandikira kunyanja, kuzama kwambiri, ndipo zikamakula, zimayandikira pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Nthawi yobereketsa ikafika, amasambira m'nyanja mpaka kumalire a alumali, kumalo komwe adabadwira.
Amakhala m'malo okhala pansi pamiyala kapena mchenga, amakonda kukhala m'malo amchere momwe algae ambiri ndi miyala yamchere yofewa imakula - izi ndizowona makamaka za achinyamata. Mitundu ina ya nsombazi zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zimakhala m'nyanja zonse. Mwachitsanzo, angapo amakhala ku Nyanja ya Caribbean nthawi imodzi: Caribbean cat shark, Bahamian, Central America. Chijapani chimapezeka pagombe lakummawa kwa Asia, ndi zina zotero.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amphaka amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi cat shark amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Black Cat Shark
Zakudya za nsombazi ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimaphatikizapo pafupifupi nyama zonse zazing'ono zomwe zimangogwira.
Izi ndizinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pansi, monga:
- nkhanu;
- shirimpi;
- nkhono;
- echinoderms;
- malaya amkati;
- polychaete nyongolotsi.
Koma mndandanda wa nsombazi umachokera ku nsomba zazing'ono ndi ma decapods. Akamakula, kapangidwe kazakudya kamasintha: achichepere makamaka amadya tizinyama tating'onoting'ono, pomwe achikulire nthawi zambiri amatola nkhono zazikuluzikulu ndi ma decapods ndi nsomba.
Mano awo amasinthidwa bwino kuti alume kudzera mu zipolopolo. Shark zazikulu zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimasaka nyamayi ndi nyamayi - ngakhale nyama yofanana mofanana imatha kukhala nyama yawo. Nthawi zina amakhala olusa kwambiri ndipo amayesetsa kupulumutsa nyama yayikulu kwambiri, ndipo kuyeseraku kumatha kuwaipira. Kuukira komweko kumachitika nthawi zambiri, kubisalira wovulalayo panthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa iye. Ngati izi sizikugwira ntchito, ndipo adatha kuthawa, nthawi zambiri samapita kukawatsata, ngakhale nthawi zina pamakhala zina ngati sharki ali ndi njala kwambiri. Komanso munthawi imeneyi, imatha kudyetsa mphutsi zamoyo zina zam'madzi, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amazinyalanyaza.
Zakudya za paka shark zimaphatikizaponso zakudya zamasamba: algae ndi mitundu ingapo yamiyala yofewa, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imakhazikika m'malo olemera ndi zomera. Komabe, mbewu sizimathandiza kwambiri pakudya. M'chilimwe, nsombayi imadya mwachangu kwambiri kuposa nthawi yozizira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Monga momwe ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Cranfield apeza, nsombazi zimayankha mphotho za chakudya ndipo zimafuna kuzilandira pochita zomwezo zomwe zidachita asadapatsidwe chakudya. Amakumbukira izi kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka masiku 15-20.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Asian Cat Shark
Nsombazi sizikonda dzuwa, ndipo zikalenjekeka pamwamba pake, zimakonda kupumula pansi m'misasa ndi kupeza nyonga. Malo oterewa ndi mapanga am'madzi, milu yazinyalala kapena zitsamba. Kokha kugwa kwa dzuwa pomwe amayamba kusaka, ndipo pachimake pazomwe amachita zimachitika usiku. Nthawi yomweyo, samakhala ndi masomphenya ausiku, ndipo samakula bwino, koma amadalira chiwalo china champhamvu. Awa ndi ma receptors (ampullae a Lorenzini) omwe ali pankhope. Chamoyo chilichonse chodutsa chimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi, ndipo nsombazi mothandizidwa ndi izi zimazigwira ndikuzindikira komwe kuli nyama.
Ndiosaka bwino kwambiri: amatha kupanga ma dishi mwachangu, kusintha mwadzidzidzi njira, kukhala ndi chidwi chabwino. Nthawi zambiri usiku amasambira pang'onopang'ono pafupi ndi malo awo okhala pansi ndi kufunafuna nyama. Amawukira kakang'ono pomwepo, asanagwire chachikulu, amatha kubisalira ndikudikirira mpaka nthawi yabwino ifike. Amasaka nthawi zambiri paokha, koma osati nthawi zonse: zimawachitikira kuti asonkhane pagulu, makamaka kuti asaka nyama zazikulu limodzi. Koma ziweto zotere nthawi zambiri sizikhala motalika: nthawi zambiri, nsombazi amakhala okha.
Nthawi zina anthu angapo amakhala moyandikana ndipo amakhala bwino. Mikangano imatha kuchitika pakati pa nsombazi, ndipo zikatero, imodzi imathamangitsa inayo. Ngakhale zili ndiukali, sizowopsa kwa anthu: mano awo ndi ochepa kwambiri kuti asawonongeke kwambiri, ndipo sawukira koyamba. Ngakhale munthuyo atasunthira pafupi kwambiri ndikusokoneza mphaka, mwina, amangosambira ndikubisala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Coral Cat Shark
Sharki wa Feline amakhala payekha, samakonda kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, motero, alibe chikhalidwe. Amatha kubala nthawi iliyonse pachaka, nthawi zambiri zimadalira malo okhalamo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kubereka kumachitika mchaka, komanso kwa anthu ena kumapeto kwa chaka. Kumpoto kwa malo awo, kubala kumayambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndipo kumatha mpaka pakati pa chilimwe; kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa, asaki oyamba amabala mu February, ndipo omaliza mu Ogasiti - ndi zina zotero, nthawi iyi imatha kugwera miyezi ingapo.
Mulimonsemo, mkazi amaikira mazira osaposa kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma 10-20, amakhala makapisozi olimba, mawonekedwe olimba kwambiri: amafika masentimita 5 m'litali ndi masentimita awiri okha m'lifupi. Kumapeto kwa makapisozi awa, ulusi mpaka 100 cm, mothandizidwa nawo, mazira amamatira pachinthu china monga mwala kapena ndere. Kukula kwa mluza mkati mwa kapisozi kumatenga miyezi 5-10, ndipo nthawi yonseyi imakhala yopanda chitetezo. Poyamba, zimathandiza kuti ziwoneke, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira m'madzi. Ndiye, pang'ono ndi pang'ono, imakhala yamkaka, ndipo posachedwa nyengo yakukula imasanduka yachikasu, kapena imapeza utoto wofiirira.
Pakadali pano, mluza uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Atangomenyedwa, mwachangu kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 8 kapena kupitirirapo - chochititsa chidwi, ndi kokulirapo m'madzi ozizira kuposa otentha. Kuyambira masiku oyambilira amafanana ndi akulu, mawanga okha ndi akulu kwambiri kutengera kukula kwa thupi. Poyamba, amadya zotsalira za yolk, koma posakhalitsa amafunikira okha chakudya. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi amakhala nyama zolusa. Amatha kubala azaka ziwiri, panthawiyi nsombazi zazing'ono zimakula mpaka masentimita 40. Amakhala zaka 10-12.
Adani achilengedwe a feline shark
Chithunzi: Kodi nsombazi zimawoneka bwanji
Mazira ndi mwachangu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, koma mosiyana ndi anzawo akulu akulu, ngakhale shaki wamkulu wamkulu sangakwanitse kuopa aliyense munyanja. Amasakidwa ndi nsomba zokulirapo, makamaka cod ya Atlantic - uyu ndi mdani wake woyipitsitsa.
Ili ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera, ndipo koposa zonse: kuli ambiri am'madzi omwewo omwe amphaka amphaka amakhala. Kuphatikiza pa cod, adani awo pafupipafupi ndi nsombazi, zokulirapo. Monga lamulo, amafulumira, chifukwa chake nsombazi zimatha kubisalira.
Pali ambiri omwe amafuna kudya nawo, motero moyo wa adaniwa ndiwowopsa, ndipo panthawi yakusaka amafunika kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili nthawi zonse kuti asadzichitire mwangozi. Kuphatikiza pa izi, pali tiziromboti tambiri pakati pa adani awo. Chofala kwambiri pakati pawo: kinetoplastids zamitundu ingapo, cestode, monogeneans, nematode ndi trematode, copepods.
Anthu amakhalanso owopsa kwa iwo, koma osati ochulukirapo: nthawi zambiri sagwidwa dala. Amatha kugwidwa ndi maukonde kapena nyambo, koma nthawi zambiri amatulutsidwa chifukwa nyama ya nsombazi imawonedwa ngati yopanda tanthauzo. Shark cat amakhala wolimba ndipo, ngakhale atawonongeka ndi mbedza, pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakhalabe ndi moyo ngati izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Cat Shark
Iwo ali ponseponse ndipo alibe nkhawa. Alibe phindu pamalonda, ngakhale, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo ndi malo okhala kuzama kwakuya, nthawi zambiri amapezeka ngati osagwidwa. Izi sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa pamanambala, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amaponyedwera munyanja. Ngakhale sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse: anthu ena amakonda nyama yawo, pali malo omwe amawawona kuti ndi okoma, ngakhale akununkhira. Amakhalanso ndi nsomba ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwanyambo zabwino kwambiri za nkhanu. Komabe, kufunikira kwa cat shark kumakhala kochepa, komwe kumadzipindulitsa: kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakhalabe kolimba.
Koma mitundu ina yambiri yamtunduwu ili pafupi kukhala pachiwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, starkate cat shark imagwira mwachangu, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwake kumadera ena a Nyanja ya Mediterranean kwatsika pang'ono. Zilinso chimodzimodzi ku South Africa. Udindo wa zamoyo zambiri sizikudziwika, chifukwa ndiophunzira pang'ono ndipo ofufuza sanapezebe kutalika kwake komanso kuchuluka kwake - mwina mitundu ina ndiyosowa ndipo imafunika kutetezedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Pofuna kusunga mphaka m'nyanja yamchere, iyenera kukhala yayikulu kwambiri: nsomba yayikulu, malita 1,500, ndipo makamaka pafupifupi malita 3,000. Ngati alipo angapo, ndiye kuti aliyense wotsatira ayenera kuwonjezera malita 500.
Madzi akuyenera kukhala ozizira, osiyanasiyana 10-16 ° C, ndipo ndibwino ngati nthawi zonse amakhala otentha komweko. Madzi akatentha kwambiri, chitetezo cha nsomba chimavutika, mafangasi ndi matenda opha majeremusi nthawi zambiri amayamba kuukira, amadya pang'ono. Kuti achotse tizilomboto, nsombazi zimayenera kuyeretsa khungu, kubaya maantibayotiki ndikuwonjezera mchere m'madzi.
Cat shark shaki yaying'ono komanso yopanda vuto kwa anthu, yomwe nthawi zina imasungidwa m'madzi. Ngakhale kuti ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, ichi ndi chilombo chenicheni, chimakumbutsa aliyense za abale ake akuluakulu - shaki yotereyi. Ndi pachitsanzo chake pomwe ofufuza amaphunzira kukula kwa nsombazi m'mimba.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.12.2019
Tsiku losintha: 01/13/2020 ku 21:15
