Madzi oyera madzi Ndi polyp ya madzi oyera yomwe nthawi zina imathera m'madzi mwangozi. Madzi amchere ndi achibale osadziwika bwino a miyala yamtengo wapatali, anemones am'nyanja ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Onsewo ndi amtundu wa zokwawa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi matupi osakanikirana kwambiri, kupezeka kwa zopindika komanso matumbo osavuta omwe ali ndi mwayi umodzi (m'mimba).
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Hydra yamadzi
Madzi amchere a hydra ndi polyp yaying'ono yamtundu womwewo (ikudontha) monga anemones am'nyanja ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Ngakhale ma coelenterates ambiri amakhala m'madzi, madzi amchere a hydra si achilendo chifukwa amakhala m'madzi oyera okha. Idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) m'kalata yomwe adatumiza ku Royal Society pa Tsiku la Khrisimasi 1702. Kwa nthawi yaitali nyama zimenezi zimalemekezedwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo chifukwa chokhoza kudzipanganso tokha titizidutswa tating'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ngakhale maselo am'madzi am'madzi amchere omwe amalekanitsidwa ndimadzimadzi amatha kupulumuka ndikuphatikizanso kukhala nyama yogwira ntchito pasanathe sabata limodzi. Momwe izi zimachitikira, asayansi sanamvetsetsebe.
Kanema: Madzi a Hydra
Mitundu ingapo yama hydra amchere yalembedwa, koma zambiri ndizovuta kuzizindikira popanda microscopy mwatsatanetsatane. Mitundu iwiriyi, ndiyosiyana.
Amapezeka kwambiri m'madzi athu am'madzi:
- Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima (green hydra) ndi mtundu wobiriwira wowala chifukwa chakupezeka kwa algae ambiri otchedwa zoochlorella, omwe amakhala ngati ziwonetsero m'maselo endodermal. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera. Algae wobiriwira amapanga photosynthesis ndipo amapanga shuga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi hydra. Momwemonso, chakudya chamadzimadzi cha hydra chimapatsa mphamvu algae. Ma hydra obiriwira ndi ochepa, okhala ndi mahema pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa mzati;
- Hydra oligactis (bulauni hydra) - Imasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi hydra ina ndimatumba ake atali kwambiri, omwe, akamamasuka, amatha kufikira 5 cm kapena kupitilira apo. Mzatiwo ndiwofiirira wowoneka bwino, 15 mpaka 25 mm kutalika, m'munsi mwake ndi wopapatiza, ndikupanga "tsinde".
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe madzi amchere a hydra amawonekera
Ma hydra amchere amchere amakhala ndi ma cell osanjikiza owoneka bwino, thupi lamachubu losiyanitsidwa ndi gawo lochepa, losakhala lama cell lotchedwa mesoglea. Kapangidwe ka kamwa kameneka kameneka (m'mimba mwa m'mimba) kamazunguliridwa ndi zotumphukira zomwe zimakhala ndi maselo obaya (nematocysts). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi bowo limodzi mthupi lawo, ndiye mkamwa, koma zimathandizanso kutaya zinyalala. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa madzi amadzi a hydra kumakhala mpaka 7 mm, koma mahema amatha kulumikizidwa kwambiri ndikufika kutalika kwa masentimita angapo.
Zosangalatsa: Madzi amchere a hydra ali ndi minofu koma alibe ziwalo. Amakhala ndi chubu cha 5mm kutalika, chopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zaminyewa (endoderm ndi ectoderm).
Mzere wamkati (endoderm) wolumikizira m'mimba-zotupa umatulutsa michere yopukusa chakudya. Maselo akunja (ectoderm) amapanga ma organelles ang'onoang'ono, obaya otchedwa nematocysts. Zoyeserera ndizokulitsa matupi amthupi ndikuzungulira pakamwa.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta, gawo la thupi ndi zomata ndizotheka kwambiri. Pakusaka, ma hydra amafalitsa mahema ake, amawasuntha pang'onopang'ono ndikudikirira kuti alumikizane ndi nyama yabwino. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakumana ndi zovuta zimafa ndi ma neurotoxin omwe amamasulidwa ku ma nematocyst oluma. Zoyeserera zimazungulira nyama yomwe ikulimbana nayo ndikuyikoka pakamwa pakamwa. Wovutikayo akalowa m'thupi, chimbudzi chimatha kuyamba. Zidutswa ndi zinyalala zina zosagayidwa pambuyo pake zimachotsedwa pakamwa.
Ili ndi mutu, womwe uli ndi pakamwa pozunguliridwa ndi mphete kumapeto kwake, ndi chimbale chomata, phazi, kumapeto ena. Maselo amitundu yambiri amagawidwa pakati pa maselo am'magazi am'magazi, omwe amapereka mitundu inayi yama cell: ma gametes, misempha, maselo obisika ndi ma cell a nematocyte - oluma omwe amadziwitsa mtundu wamaselo ovomerezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, amatha kuwongolera madzi amkati mwa matupi awo. Chifukwa chake, amatha kutalika kapena kugulitsa matupi awo nthawi iliyonse. Ngakhale ilibe ziwalo zobisika, madzi amchere hydra amayankha kuwala. Kapangidwe ka madzi oyera a hydra ndikuti amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa kutentha, kapangidwe ka madzi, komanso kukhudza ndi zina zoyambitsa. Maselo anyama a nyama amatha kukhala osangalala. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mungakhudze ndi nsonga ya singano, ndiye kuti chizindikiritso chochokera m'maselo amitsempha omwe akumva kukhudzako chidzafalikira kwa enawo, komanso kuchokera m'mitsempha yamitsempha kupita kuminyewa yaminyewa.
Kodi madzi amchere a hydra amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Hydra m'madzi
Mwachilengedwe, ma hydra amadzi amadzi amakhala m'madzi abwino. Amatha kupezeka m'mayiwe amadzi oyera komanso mitsinje yocheperako, pomwe nthawi zambiri amadziphatika kuzomera kapena miyala. Algae omwe amakhala mumadzi amchere amathandizidwa ndi malo otetezeka komanso amapeza chakudya kuchokera ku hydra. Madzi amchere amapindulanso ndi zakudya zamchere.
Ma Hydra omwe amasungidwa ndikuwala koma osowa njala awonetsedwa kuti apulumuka bwino kuposa ma hydra opanda algae wobiriwira mkati mwake. Amathanso kupulumuka m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri wosungunuka chifukwa algae amawapatsa mpweya. Mpweya umenewu umapangidwa ndi algae. Ma hydra obiriwira amasamutsa algae kuchokera m'mibadwo ina kupita m'mizake.
Hydras amayendetsa matupi awo m'madzi pomwe amamangirizidwa, kukulitsa ndikumagwira mwa kusakaniza kwa kusuntha kwa minofu ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi (hayidiroliki). Mphamvu yamagetsi iyi imapangidwa mkati mwa matumbo awo am'mimba.
Ma Hydras samangokhalira kuphatikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndipo amatha kuchoka pamalo ena kupita kwina ndikutsetsereka pa basal disc kapena kugwera kutsogolo. Nthawi zina, amagawaniza chimbale choyambira, kenako nkuwerama ndikuyika zikho pa gawo lapansi. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndikubwezeretsanso kwa disk woyambira musanabwererenso ntchito yonseyo. Amathanso kusambira mozondoka m'madzi. Akasambira, izi zimachitika chifukwa chimbale choyambira chimatulutsa mpweya wamafuta womwe umanyamula nyama kupita pamwamba pamadzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene madzi amchere a hydra amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi madzi amchere a hydra amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Polyp madzi oyera hydra
Madzi amchere amadzimadzi ndi odyetsa komanso owopsa.
Zogulitsa zawo ndi izi:
- nyongolotsi;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- nsomba zazikulu;
- zina zopanda mafupa monga daphnia ndi cyclops.
Hydra si mlenje wokangalika. Ndi mbalame zomwe zimawabisalira zomwe zimakhala ndikudikirira nyama yawo kuti iyandikire kwambiri. Mphindi wovulalayo ali pafupi mokwanira, hydra ndi wokonzeka kuyambitsa zomwe maselo obaya. Ili ndi yankho lachibadwa. Kenako mahemawo amayamba kupindika ndikumayandikira wovutikayo, ndikukoka pakamwa pamunsi pa tsinde. Ngati ndi yaying'ono mokwanira, hydra azidya. Ngati ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuti ingathe kudyedwa, itayidwa, ndipo mwina ipezeka ndi wamadzi wodabwitsa, wopanda chifukwa chomveka chofa.
Ngati nyamayo siyokwanira, amatha kupeza chakudya poyamwa ma molekyulu kudzera m'thupi lawo. Ngati kulibe chakudya, madzi amchere amasiya kuchulukana ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zake kuti apange mphamvu. Zotsatira zake, imafooka mpaka kukula pang'ono isanafe.
Madzi amchere amaumitsa nyama ndi ma neurotoxin, omwe amabisa kuchokera kuzinthu zazing'ono, zoluma zotchedwa nematocysts. Otsatirawa ndi gawo la ma ectodermal cell a mzati, makamaka mahema, momwe amadzaza kwambiri. Matocyst iliyonse ndi kapisozi wokhala ndi filament yayitali komanso yopanda pake. Hydra ikalimbikitsidwa ndi zizindikiritso zamankhwala kapena zamankhwala, kupezeka kwa maatocyst kumawonjezeka. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa izi (cholowera) chimakhala ndi ma neurotoxin omwe madzi amchere a hydra amalowetsa nyama yake kudzera mu ulusi wopanda pake. Zikhadabo zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimakhala zomata, zimakhotamana zokha zikagwirizana ndi nyama. Zimatenga masekondi osachepera 0.3 kuti mumulume.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Hydras yamadzi
Kufanana pakati pamadzi amchere ndi algae kwawonetsedwa kuti ndi kofala kwambiri. Kudzera mumgwirizano wamtunduwu, chamoyo chilichonse chimapindula ndi chimzake. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cholumikizana ndi chlorella algae, hydra wobiriwira amatha kupanga chakudya chake.
Izi zikuyimira phindu lalikulu pamadzi amchere amadzi chifukwa amatha kupanga chakudya chawo pomwe zachilengedwe zisintha (chakudya chimasowa). Zotsatira zake, hydra wobiriwira amakhala ndi mwayi wopitilira hydra bulauni, yomwe ilibe chlorophyll yofunika ku photosynthesis.
Izi ndizotheka ngati hydra wobiriwira awala ndi dzuwa. Ngakhale kukhala odyetsa nyama, ma hydra obiriwira amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa miyezi itatu pogwiritsa ntchito shuga kuchokera ku photosynthesis. Izi zimapangitsa thupi kulekerera kusala (pakalibe nyama).
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri amayika mapazi awo ndikukhala malo amodzi, ma hydra amadzi amadzi amatha kutuluka. Zomwe akuyenera kuchita ndikutulutsa mwendo wawo ndikuyandama kupita kumalo atsopanowo, kapena kupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, kulumikiza ndi kumasula mahema awo ndi phazi mosinthana. Popeza kuthekera kwawo kwakubereka, kutha kuyendayenda pomwe angafune, ndikudya nyama mobwerezabwereza kukula kwake, zimawonekeratu chifukwa chake madzi amadzi oyera samalandiridwa munyanja yamchere.
Kapangidwe ka ma cell amadzi amchere amathandizira kuti kanyama kameneka kabwererenso. Maselo apakatikati omwe ali pamwamba pa thupi amatha kusandulika kukhala mtundu wina uliwonse. Ngati pangawonongeke thupi, maselo apakatikati amayamba kugawanika mwachangu, kukula ndikulowetsa ziwalo zomwe zikusowapo, ndipo bala limachira. Maluso obwezeretsanso a madzi oyera a hydra ndi okwera kwambiri kotero kuti akamadulidwa pakati, gawo limodzi limakula ndi zikopa zatsopano, pomwe linalo limamera tsinde lokhalo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Hydra m'madzi
Madzi amchere amadzera njira ziwiri zokha zosakanikirana: kutentha kotentha (18-22 ° C), amaberekanso asexually ndi budding. Kuberekanso m'madzi a hydras nthawi zambiri kumachitika asexually, wotchedwa budding. Kukula kokhala ngati mphukira mthupi la "kholo" lamadzi amadzi amadzi pamapeto pake kumakula ndikumakhala munthu watsopano yemwe amachoka kwa kholo.
Mikhalidwe ikakhala yovuta kapena chakudya chikasowa, ma hydra amadzi amatha kuberekana. Munthu m'modzi amatha kupanga ma virus aamuna ndi aakazi, omwe amalowa m'madzi momwe umuna umachitikira. Dziralo limakula n'kukhala katsitsi, kamene kamakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tsitsi tomwe amadziwika kuti cilia. Mphutsi imatha kukhazikika nthawi yomweyo ndikusandulika hydra, kapena kukathera munthawi yolimba yomwe imalola kuti izikhala m'malo ovuta.
Chosangalatsa: M'mikhalidwe yabwino (ndiyodzichepetsa kwambiri), madzi amadzi amchere amatha "kupanga" ma hydra ang'onoang'ono okwana 15 pamwezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti masiku awiri aliwonse amadzipangira. Hydra imodzi yamadzi oyera m'miyezi itatu yokha imatha kupanga ma hydra 4000 atsopano (poganizira kuti "ana" amabweretsanso ma hydra 15 pamwezi).
M'dzinja, ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, ma hydra onse amafa. Thupi la amayi limavunda, koma dzira limakhalabe ndi moyo ndipo limabisala. M'chaka, chimayamba kugawanika, maselo amakonzedwa m'magawo awiri. Pakayamba nyengo yotentha, hydra yaying'ono imalowa mgobowo ndikuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe amadzi amchere amchere
Chithunzi: Momwe madzi amchere a hydra amawonekera
M'malo awo achilengedwe, ma hydra amchere alibe adani. Mmodzi mwa adani awo ndi trichodina ciliate, yomwe imatha kuukira. Mitundu ina ya utitiri wanyanja imatha kukhala pathupi lake. Mbalame yamoyo yopanda mapulani imadyetsa madzi oyera madzi. Komabe, simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nyamazi kulimbana ndi hydra mumtsinje wa aquarium: mwachitsanzo, trichodines ndi planaria ndizomwe zimatsutsana ndi nsomba monga momwe zimakhalira ndi madzi amchere.
Mdani wina wa madzi amchere ndi nkhono yayikulu yamadziwe. Komanso sayenera kusungidwa mumtsinje wa aquarium, chifukwa umakhala ndi matenda ena a nsomba ndipo umatha kudyetsa zomerazo.
Akatswiri ena am'madzi amaika gourami wachinyamata wanjala mumtsinje wamadzi amchere. Ena amamenyana naye pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha khalidwe lake: amadziwa kuti hydra imakonda malo owala bwino. Amaphimba mbali zonse koma mbali imodzi ya aquarium ndikuyika magalasi kuchokera mkati mwa khoma. Pakadutsa masiku 2-3, pafupifupi madzi amchere amadzi amasonkhana pamenepo. Galasi imachotsedwa ndikuyeretsedwa.
Nyama zazing'onozi zimakonda kwambiri ma ayoni amkuwa m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, njira ina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana nawo ndikutenga waya wamkuwa, kuchotsa chivundikirocho ndikukonzekera mtolo pampopu wamlengalenga. Ma hydra onse akamwalira, waya umachotsedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Hydra yamadzi
Ma hydra amadzi amadziwika chifukwa chobwezeretsanso. Maselo awo ambiri ndi timaselo timene timayambira. Maselowa amatha magawano mosiyanasiyana ndikusiyanitsa kwama cell amtundu uliwonse mthupi. Mwa anthu, maselowa "totipotent" amapezeka m'masiku ochepa okha oyamba kukula kwa mluza. Hydra, kumbali inayo, imasintha matupi awo ndi maselo atsopano.
Zosangalatsa: Hydra yamadzi samasonyeza zizindikiro zakukalamba ndipo imawoneka yosafa. Ma jini ena omwe amayang'anira chitukuko amapitilira nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake amalimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse. Mitundu imeneyi imapangitsa kuti hydra akhale wachinyamata kwamuyaya ndipo amatha kuyala maziko a kafukufuku wamankhwala mtsogolo.
Mu 1998, kafukufuku adafotokozedwa kuti ma hydra okhwima sanawonetse kukalamba pazaka zinayi. Kuti azindikire ukalamba, ofufuza amayang'ana ukalamba, womwe umatanthauzidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu akufa komanso kuchepa kwa chonde ndikukula. Kafukufuku wa 1998 sanathe kudziwa ngati chonde cha hydra chatsika ndi msinkhu. Kafukufuku watsopanoyu adaphatikizapo kupanga zilumba zazing'ono za paradaiso za ma hydra amadzi amadzi 2,256. Ofufuzawo amafuna kuti nyama zizikhala zoyenera, ndiye kuti, zimapatsa aliyense madzi kamodzi pa sabata, komanso mbale zatsopano za shrimp.
Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ofufuza sanapeze zizindikiro zakukalamba mu hydra yawo yowonda. Kufa kunasungidwa pamlingo wofanana ndi ma hydra 167 pachaka, mosasamala zaka zawo (nyama "zakale kwambiri" zomwe amaphunzira zinali ma clones a ma hydra, omwe anali azaka pafupifupi 41 - ngakhale anthu amaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha, ena anali okalamba mwachilengedwe chifukwa anali majini miyala).Momwemonso, kubereka kwakhalabe kosalekeza kwa ma hydra 80% pakapita nthawi. Otsala 20% adasinthasintha ndikukwera, mwina chifukwa cha labotale. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere amchere sikuwopsezedwa.
Madzi oyera madziNthawi zina amatchedwa polyp madzi, ndiye kanyama kakang'ono, kofanana ndi nsomba. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kupha ndikudya nsomba mwachangu ndi nsomba zazing'ono zazikulu. Amachulukanso mofulumira, ndikupanga masamba omwe amakula kukhala ma hydra atsopano omwe amachoka ndikutha okha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.12.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/10/2019 pa 20:19
