Wryneck, PA Ndi kambalame kakang'ono kosamukira ku Old World, wachibale wapamtima wa nkhalango ndipo ali ndi zizolowezi zofananira: amakhala m'mapanga ndi kudyetsa tizilombo. Mbali yapadera ndi kutengera njoka mu dzenje. Kulikonse, ngakhale sikupezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango za Russia. Zobisika komanso zosasokoneza.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Vertice
Mtundu wa ziphuphu (Jynx) umayimiriridwa ndi mitundu iwiri - pinwheel wamba (Jynx torquilla) ndi red-throated (Jynx ruficollis). Chofala chimafalikira kwambiri, chimadziwika bwino komanso chimaphunziridwa kwambiri. Dzina lachilatini la mtunduwo limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lotanthauza "kupotoza". Imawonetsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri a mbalameyi: ikawopsedwa ndi kusokonezeka, imatenga mawonekedwe ena ndikupotoza khosi lake ndi mkokomo ngati njoka.
Oimira piniwheel wamba ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana, kusiyanasiyana kumawonekera makamaka mu mtundu wa nthenga ndi mawonekedwe ake, mwina kukula kwake.
Kanema: Spinner
Pamaziko a izi, kuyambira 4 mpaka 7 subspecies amasiyanitsidwa, 6 a iwo amadziwika ndi mgwirizano wa akatswiri azachipembedzo:
- mtundu wa subspecies umakhala ku Europe;
- Zigawo Zarudny (J. t. sarudnyi) wochokera ku Western Siberia ndi wopepuka komanso wosiyanasiyana kusiyanasiyana;
- ma subspecies achi China (J. chinensis) amakhala m'mapiri aku Siberia kum'mawa kwa Yenisei, China, Kuriles, Sakhalin;
- Ma Himalayan subspecies (J. himalayana) amakhala m'mapiri a Himalaya, akusunthira kumtunda;
- subspecies Chuzi (J. tschusii) amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kofiyira;
- Subpecies a Moorish (J. mauretanica) atalikirana m'mapiri aku kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, awa ndi anthu okhala.
Nkhandwe ya khosi lofiira imakhala m'masamba a Africa, kumwera kwa Sahara. Ili ndi utoto wakuda kwambiri, pansi pake pamthupi pamakhala pabira. Zizolowezi zimakhala zofanana ndi za wamba, koma amakhala pansi. Mbiri yakusinthika kwa ma twirls ndi nkhalango yonse ili ndi umboni wochepa, koma titha kunena kuti oimira banja pafupifupi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo anali atapezeka kale ku Eurasia ndi America. Mitundu yamakono idawonekera pambuyo pake - pafupifupi ku Middle Miocene (zaka 10-15 miliyoni zapitazo).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi turntable ikuwoneka bwanji
Whirligig wamba ndi wocheperako - kutalika kwa 17 - 20 cm, mapiko ake ndi 25 - 30 cm mulifupi, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 30 - 50 g. Ili ndi mutu wawukulu ndi lilime lalitali, lodziwika ndi opangira nkhuni, pozula tizilombo kuchokera m'ming'alu iliyonse. Miyendo ya mbalame yamphongo yamphongo imakhala ndi zala zinayi, ziwiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa kutsogolo ndipo ziwiri zimayang'ana kumbuyo. Komabe, khosi loyenda silili langwiro monga wopondera nkhuni: mlomo wamfupi suli wolimba ngati chiseli cha woponda nkhuni, ndipo mchira wopapatiza, wozungulira, wokhala ndi nthenga zofewa, salola kuti udalire pamene ufika pachimtengo.
Zoyipa zakugonana ndizosavomerezeka. Amuna ndi akazi onse amavala makungwa oteteza unisex. Mwambiri, ndi bulauni-imvi komanso wosiyanasiyana, "chintz". Mutu ndi wotuwa, mzere wakuda umadutsa diso. Khosi ndi chifuwa ndi zachikasu. Thupi lakumtunda limakhala lakuda, lokhala ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timaphatikizana ndikumayenda mosalekeza pamutu ndi kumbuyo. Mimba yopepuka yokhala ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono, timapanga mikwingwirima pakhosi, ngati nkhaka. Nthenga zamapiko ndi zofiirira, zosiyana kwambiri, zokhala ndi kuwala ndi mdima wakuda ndi zikwapu. Diso ndi lakuda, monganso khungu la miyendo.
M'chaka, amuna osungulumwa a whirligig amayimba, ndiye kuti, amatulutsa mafoni angapo, mpaka 4 pamphindikati. Akazi amawayankha ndi mzimu womwewo, ndipo atakwatirana amasiya kuimba. Pokhapokha ngati pali ma alarm pomwe munthu amatha kumvanso kulira kwachidule komanso kwamphamvu kwa iwo.
Kodi turtleneck amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame
Malo okhala ndi pinwheel wamba amapezeka pagombe la Mediterranean ku Africa ndipo amayenda modutsa ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi Spain kupita ku Japan. Amakhala m'nkhalango yonse, gawo lotsetsereka komanso dera lamapululu. Mbalame zaku Europe makamaka zimakhala m'maiko aku Mediterranean ndi Scandinavia, anthu osowa amapezeka ku Central Europe.
Ku Russia, malire a dera kumpoto amayenda mofanana ndi 65 ° N. sh. ku gawo la Europe, pa 66 ° ku Western Siberia ndikupitilira kumpoto, ndikufika 69 ° ku Kolyma. Malire akum'mwera amayenda Volgograd, pa 50 ° N. (Ural) ndikupitilira Kazakhstan, Mongolia, North China. Anthu osiyana amapezeka m'mapiri a Central Asia ndi China.
Pofika nthawi yophukira, pafupifupi malo onse okhala ndi zisa, khosi la mbozi limasunthira kumwera, komwe kumawasiyanitsanso ndi nkhwangwa:
- kuchokera ku Mediterranean amasamukira kumadera akumwera ambiri;
- kuchokera kumapiri a ku Central Asia amatsikira kuzigwa;
- omwe amamanga chisa chapakatikati ndi kumpoto kwa Europe komanso ku Western Siberia amawoloka Sahara kupita kudera lamapiri ndi nkhalango za Africa, mpaka ku Congo ndi Cameroon;
- ozungulira ochokera ku Central Siberia ndi Far East amapita ku India, kumwera kwa Japan ndi Southeast Asia;
- anthu ena ochokera ku Far East amapita ku Alaska, ndikusinthanitsa awl ndi sopo.
Pofuna kubzala, pinwheel wamba amasankha nkhalango zakale zosakanikirana komanso zopanda mitengo komanso mitengo yazipanda (linden, birch, aspen). M'madera, mwachitsanzo, ku Scandinavia, amakhazikika m'nkhalango za coniferous. Zisa za Vietnam zimakhala zowala, nthawi zambiri zimasokonekera: m'mphepete, m'mphepete mwa malo oyeretsa, m'mikanda ya nkhalango, m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi. Malo oyandikana ndi anthu sawopa ndipo amatha kukhala m'minda ndi m'mapaki.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalameyi imapezeka m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango, chifukwa sakonda nkhalango zowirira, komanso malo otseguka. Kusunthira pokhapokha pakusuntha kwakanthawi komwe kumatha kuwonekera m'minda, madambo ndi milu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Makosi a nyongolotsi amabisala nthawi zambiri m'malo otseguka okhala ndi nkhalango zosawerengeka, mwachitsanzo, masamba. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chakudya.
Kodi khosi la nyongolotsi limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Verticea ku Russia
Maziko azakudya zamtunduwu amapangidwa ndi tizilombo, pamlingo wochepa - zopangira mbewu:
- nyerere zamtundu uliwonse (nkhalango yayikulu, dothi lachikasu, kuwawa ndi ena) - nyama yolusa yayikulu nthawi yopatsa chakudya, yomwe imapanga theka la chakudya; makamaka mphutsi ndi zilonda zimadyedwa;
- Tizilombo tina tonse magawo onse amakulidwe: kafadala (khungwa la makungwa, kafadala, kafadala ndi zikumbu zapansi), nsabwe za m'masamba, agulugufe ang'onoang'ono, orthoptera, nsikidzi, cicadas, ziwala, ntchentche, udzudzu ndi ma dipteran ena,
- nyongolotsi ziphuphu (nthaka);
- matabwa ndi akangaude amagwera pakamwa pawo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amabisala pansi pa khungwa;
- mazira a mbalame zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, tit tit amapita kukadyetsa anapiye;
- slugs, ma gastropods ang'onoang'ono ndi tadpoles nthawi zina amakhala ozunzidwa;
- kuchokera ku zakudya zamasamba amagwiritsa ntchito zipatso zowutsa mudyo ndi zipatso (peyala, mabulosi, mabulosi abulu, mabulosi akutchire);
- zidutswa za zojambulazo, zitsulo ndi pulasitiki zimapezeka m'mimba, koma ndizokayikitsa kuti zinamezedwa kuti athetse njala.
Mlomo wa milomo ndi wofooka kwambiri kuti ungaphulike makungwawo ngati otemela nkhuni kapena kukumba pansi. Amangothamangira pansi pa mamba a khungwa, ming'alu, udzu ndi dothi lotayirira, pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali losinthira ngati kafukufuku. Kukhoza kuyenda pamalo owongoka kumawathandiza kupeza chakudya osati pansi komanso mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo.
Podyetsa anapiye, makolo amatha kuwuluka maulendo 5 mpaka 10 pa ola limodzi masana, kutengera zaka za omwe amadalira. Zing'onozing'ono zimabweretsedwa makamaka ndi ziphuphu ndi mphutsi za nyerere, kwa achikulire - chakudya chosiyana kwambiri. Mtunda womwe amauluka nthawi iliyonse pofunafuna chakudya amakhala pakati pa 20 mpaka 350 m.
Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri achilengedwe aku India, powona kamvuluvulu wa nyengo yozizira, adapeza kuti ikudya kambalame kakang'ono. Atagwira mbalame ija m'manja mwake, mwadzidzidzi mwadzidzidzi anakudzula nyama ija. Sizinadziwikebe ngati iyeyo anapha mbalame kapena anatenga wovulalayo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Spinner m'chilengedwe
Pakati pa kusamuka ndi kutentha, zikwapu zimatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 10 - 12, koma nthawi yotentha nthawi zonse zimagawika awiriawiri. Gulu lirilonse "limatseka" gawo lake, kukhala mtunda pakati pa zisa zosachepera 150 - 250 m. Zikangokhala zovuta kwambiri amakhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Amakhala achinsinsi, osalengeza zakupezeka kwawo.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimadyetsa pokwera nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo ndikupitilizabe kusonkhanitsa nyerere ndi zina zazingwe pansi ndi pansi pa khungwa. Nthawi zambiri zimatsikira pansi, pomwe zimadumphadumpha ndikulumikiza ndi mchira. Popitiriza kulanda tizilombo kuchokera ku udzu ndi zinyalala, sataya maso awo, kumayang'anitsitsa malo aliwonsewo. Kuuluka kwa mphepo yamkuntho kumakhala pang'onopang'ono komanso kosafanana, koma mwanjira inayake amatha kugwira tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka.
Mbalame yomwe ikukhala pamtengo imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe atakweza mutu wake ndikukweza mlomo wake. Mwina ndi momwe amatsanzira chidole. Anthu awiri akakumana, koma osati okwatirana, amachita mwamwambo: amaponyera mitu yawo mmwamba, amatsegula milomo yawo ndikupukusa mitu yawo, nthawi zina amawaponyera mbali imodzi. Palibe amene amadziwa tanthauzo lake.
Chinthu choyambirira kwambiri chamtundu wa turntable ndimakhalidwe awo pangozi. Mbalame, yosokonezeka pachisa kapena kugwidwa, imatsitsa mapiko ake, kutambasula mchira wake, kutambasula khosi lake ndikuizunguliza ngati njoka, kenako ndikuponyanso mutu wake, kenako ndikuyiyendetsa mbali inayo. Nthenga zomwe zili kumutu zimaima kumapeto. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, imalira ngati njoka ndipo zonsezi, kuphatikizapo kudabwitsidwa, zimapanga chithunzi chathunthu chokwawa. Zinthu zikafika poipa, mbalameyo imanamizira kuti yafa ndipo ili m'maso mwa mlenjeyo ili ndi maso otseka.
Ofika kumapeto samadziwika, nthawi zambiri usiku. M'madera akumwera kwa Russia amafika kumapeto kwa Epulo, kumpoto - koyambirira kapena kumapeto kwa Meyi (Yakutia). Amathamangiranso mosazindikira kugwa, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, nthawi zina ngakhale Novembala (Kaliningrad).
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Spinner ya mbalame
Ma Vertices samadandaula ndikusankha bwenzi loyenera ndipo chaka chilichonse, kubwerera kumwera, amapeza wina watsopano. Pakatikati mwa Russia, zida zoyambirira zimachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni.
Malo oyenera chisa akhoza kukhala kutalika kulikonse mpaka mamitala atatu, osapitilira nthawi yayitali: dzenje munthaka yovunda, mu hemp, mumtsuko wa akameza pamphepete mwa mtsinje, dzenje pakhoma. Mbalame zimakonda nyumba zopangira: nyumba za mbalame ndi mabokosi achisa. Nthawi zambiri zimapanga chisa muboola, koma iwowo, monga odula mitengo, sangathe kubowola ndipo amafunafuna yokhazikitsidwa kale. Zilibe kanthu kuti chilichonse chatanganidwa. Chombocho chimathetsa vuto la nyumba mosavuta: chimathamangitsa eni ake. Pokhapokha, atakhala ochepa, mtundu wina wa opha ntchentche.
Mwamuna amapeza malo abwino ndikuyamba kuyimba, akuyitana mayiyo. Ngati sayankha pasanathe masiku awiri, amasintha malo. Ngati ayankha, amadikirira mpaka mkaziyo akuyandikira pang'onopang'ono, nthawi ndi nthawi kumamuyitana.
Samatola chilichonse chomangira ndipo amakhutira ndi zotsalira za fumbi ndi zisa zakale, ngati zili mdzenje. Pazinyalala izi, zazikazi zimaikira (5) 7 - 10 (14) mazira oyera 16 - 23 × 13 - 17 mm kukula. Okwatirana amawaza mazira mmodzi ndi mmodzi, ngakhale mkazi amachita izi nthawi zambiri, kwa milungu iwiri. Amakhala mwakachetechete pafupi ndi chisa, pakagwa ngozi amaundana, ndikudzibisa ngati khungwa. Koma ngati mdaniyo alowa m dzenje, ndiye kuti mbalame iwonetsa nambala yake yachifumu ndi njoka.
Anapiye sanabadwe nthawi imodzi ndipo magulu osiyanasiyana azaka amakhala moyandikana, zomwe zimapangitsa mpikisano wopanda thanzi. Makolowo amawadyetsa masiku 23 mpaka 27 mpaka anawo atayamba kuwuluka kumapeto kwa Juni. Ndiye makolo amatha kuyala ana atsopano.
Adani achilengedwe a whirligig
Chithunzi: Kodi turntable ikuwoneka bwanji
Spinner ilibe mdani weniweni, itha kuwopsezedwa ndi onse omwe amakonda mazira, anapiye ndi nyama ya nkhuku.
Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, yopanda chitetezo ndipo ambiri amatha kuyikwiyitsa, kuyambira ndi abale:
- zodulirako nkhuni zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, mitundu ingapo, zimathamangitsa mbalame m'mapanga awo omwe amawakonda;
- mbalame zodya nyama - khungubwe, mphamba wakuda, mphamba ndi mphamba (sparrowhawk ndi goshawk) zimaukira mbalame zazikulu;
- kukwera martens, kwenikweni marten, ermine, sable amatha kuwononga zisa;
- Agologolo amakonda kudya mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame ndipo amatha kulowa m'mabowo;
- aliyense ali ndi tiziromboti, kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakumwetsa magazi (utitiri, nsabwe, nkhupakupa), nyongolotsi ndi akatswiri. Popeza kuti khosi la nyongolotsi limasamukira, amatha kutenga kachilomboka panthawi yopumula ndikuwatengera kumalo osungira nyama. Mphindi iyi yolumikizana m'chilengedwe imamvetsetsedwabe.
Mvula ndi nyengo yozizira imalepheretsa kukula kwa anapiye ndikuchepetsa msinkhu wawo, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chodyedwa. Udindo woyipa wa munthu m'moyo wamasiku amtunduwu ukuwonetsedwa pakuwononga malo, makamaka, kuchepa kwa nkhalango ndi mitengo payokha, kuyeretsa nkhalango ku mitengo yakale yovunda ndi ziphuphu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumachepetsa kwambiri malo akudya chakudya, makamaka m'malo omwe ali ndi minda yambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Amayi akuluakulu amatha kuwononga zisa za akalulu ndikupha anapiye pomenyera malo okhala. Izi ndizosangalatsa, popeza ma swirls amachita chimodzimodzi ndi titmice yayikulu. Amayi ndi achiwawa komanso othamanga, ma turtlenecks ndi akulu, chifukwa chake nkhondo yapakati pa mbalamezi ndiyofanana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Vertice
Mtundu wamtundu malinga ndi IUCN: Wosasamala. Chiwerengero cha mbalame padziko lonse lapansi ndi 15 miliyoni, kuchuluka kwake ndikokulirapo. M'madera ena, anthu a whiplash adatsika kwambiri kapena adasowa (England, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark), koma ambiri adakalipo ambiri. Ku Spain awiriawiri 45,000, ku France mpaka 100 zikwi ziwiri, ku Denmark pafupifupi 150 - 300 awiriawiri; ku Finland - pafupifupi awiriawiri 19, ku Sweden mpaka 20 zikwi ziwiri, kuchuluka kwa mbalame ku Italy kukukulira.
Ku Russia kuyambira mbalame 300,000 mpaka 800,000. Kuchuluka kwa mbalame m'dera lomwelo kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 20 mpaka 0.2 awiriawiri pa km2 kutengera mtundu wa zomera. Makamaka, mdera la Tambov, kuchuluka kwa nkhalango m'mitengo ya paini ndi ma 8 pawiri / km2, m'nkhalango zowuma - 8, zosakanikirana - 7.5, m'nkhalango za alder - 7.5. Mbalamezi ndizofala kwambiri ndipo ndizambiri mdera la Rostov ndi Voronezh, ku Western Siberia zimapezeka kulikonse, koma nthawi zina; ndizofala m'chigawo cha Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk Territory ndi Tuva.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ku England, ma wrench anakhazikika mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazo. Zonsezi, mu 1954 panali zisa 100-200 zokhalamo anthu, mu 1964 - 26 - 54 zisa; mu 1973 - zosaposa zisanu zisa. Mu 1981, ngakhale mbalame zina zidakumana, sizinadzaze.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunachepa ku Scandinavia komanso m'maiko aku Central Europe. Zifukwa zomwe zingachitike ndikusintha kwanyengo komanso malo obisalira akutha. Udindo wofunikira unaseweredwa ndikuwonongeka kwa maheji ozungulira minda, kudula kup ndi mitengo imodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Wryneck, PA nyama yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo. Mwina mudzatha kukumana paki yamzinda kapena m'munda mwanu mbalame yodzichepetsayi m'mitengo yochenjera, yomwe chisinthiko chapereka mphatso yodabwitsa - kuthekera koonetsa njoka. Chitsimikizo china kuti palibe nyama zosasangalatsa. Aliyense, ayenera kungodziwa zambiri za iye, amasunga maluso odabwitsa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.11.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 21:39
