Nkhandwe ya Tundra - wolusa wa banja la canine, wa mtundu wa mimbulu, imodzi mwazinthu zake, omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Russia. Dzinalo Lachilatini ndi Canis lupus albus ndipo adalongosoleredwa mu 1872 ndi Arthur Kerr. Amamufotokozanso ndi Ognev mu 1929 ngati nkhandwe ya turukhan (turuchanesicus); Dobovsky mu 1922, ngati Kamchatka (kamtschaticus) nkhandwe; Dubovsky mu 1922 ngati nkhandwe ya Dubovsky mu 1929
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya Tundra
Nkhandwe ili ndi ma subspecies ambiri (akatswiri ena a zinyama amasiyanitsa mpaka 25), koma kusiyanasiyana kwakunja kumafafanizidwa. Zowononga zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akulu: tundra anthu, nkhalango ndi chipululu. Onse ali ndi makolo ofanana. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama zolusa tundra ndizokulirapo kuposa ma subspecies ena, koma sizili choncho. Ubweya wofewa womwe umateteza mimbulu umapanga voliyumu yayikulu, ndichifukwa chake nyama zimawoneka zazikulu kwambiri.
Nyama iyi imasinthidwa kukhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa anthu okhala m'chigawo cha Europe cha Russia, Western Siberia, Taimyr, Yakutia. Amawoneka mofanana ndi nyama zomwe zimadya ku Alaska ndi ku Canada. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimapezeka m'malo otseguka kum'mwera ndi tundra. M'maderawa, malo omwe ali m'derali amatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya - osatsegula, kuthekera kosaka iwo, pazakuya komanso pachikuto cha chipale chofewa.
Kanema: Tundra Wolf
Mimbulu ya Tundra ndi nyama zokonda kucheza, koma munthu amatha kunena za gulu limodzi ngati pali ubale wamphamvu pakati pa anthu ammudzimo ndipo amachita nthawi yomweyo. Pakatikati ndi banja la amayi. Mwamuna ndiye mtsogoleri pakuwonetsera kwamphamvu, ndipo mnzake ndiye amene amasankha njira yonyamula. Abalalika, achinyamata nthawi zonse amadziwa komwe kuli mmbulu ndi kulira komanso kuyika zigoli. Omwe amadyera nkhalamba akuluakulu amakhala gawo la paketiyo ndi amayi awiriwo ndikuwongolera machitidwe a mamembala ena, kuzimitsa kupsa mtima kwawo ndikukhalitsa momwe amapangidwira.
Anthu okhwima ogonana omwe ali otsika kwambiri, oyang'aniridwa mwamphamvu, amasiya paketi, amakhala okha kapena agwirizane pagulu. Ana azaka chimodzi kapena obwera kumene amakhala ndi mwayi wopezeka. Ndi achangu komanso okonda kudziwa zambiri, ndiwo oyamba kuphunzira ndikudziwitsa gulu lanyama zakusaka kwamtsogolo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe yamtundu wa tundra imawonekera
Nkhandwe yamphongo ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri, magawo ambiri amphongo m'dera la Arkhangelsk ndi awa:
- thupi - 118-137 cm;
- mchira - 42-52 cm;
- chigaza -25-27 cm;
- kulemera - 40-43 makilogalamu.
Mkazi amadziwika ndi izi:
- thupi - 112-136 cm;
- mchira - 41-49 cm;
- chigaza - 23.5-25.6 cm;
- kulemera - 36-37 makilogalamu.
Pa Taimyr pali anthu akuluakulu, omwe thupi lawo ndi 123-146 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 46-48 kg, pali mimbulu mpaka 52 kg. Nyamayo ili ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso lalitali. Ndi yofewa komanso yosavuta kufikira.
Kutalika kwa tsitsi ndi:
- atsogoleri - 15-16 masentimita;
- alonda - 8-15 masentimita;
- underfur - 7 cm.
Mtundu, tundra subspecies ndi yopepuka kwambiri kuposa nkhalango, imvi yoyera yokhala ndi imvi yofiira pamwamba pake ndi yoyera imvi pansi pake. Mitundu imasiyana kuyambira imvi (yaying'ono) mpaka imvi (yakalamba). Okalamba nawonso amawoneka opepuka. Kumayambiriro kwa dzinja, nyama zimakhala zamtundu wakuda, nthawi yachilimwe zimatha kuchepa. Palibe nyama zoyera pafupifupi, monga kumpoto chakumpoto kwa North America. Mtundu, nyama zochokera ku Kola Peninsula komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia ndizofanana ndi anzawo m'nkhalango.
Mapazi ali ndi ubweya wabwino ndi tsitsi lolimba pakati pazala zakumiyendo. Izi zimawonjezera malo othandizira, omwe ndi ofunikira posuntha chipale chofewa. Zotupa zamphamvu zimasonkhanitsidwa mu chotumphukira, pa epads ya epithelium ndi keratinized. Kutsogolo kwake ndi kozungulira, kwakumbuyo kunali chowulungika. Pothamanga, miyendo yakumbuyo imadutsa njira yakutsogolo; unyolo wofananawo umaonekera m'chipale chofewa. Chophimbacho chikakhala chakuya, gululo limayenda ndendende kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zadutsa.
Kodi nkhandwe yamphongo imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mmbulu wa Tundra ku Russia
Pa Kola Peninsula, nkhandwe izi ndizochepa. Ku Karelia, amakonda malo omwe anthu amakhala, nkhalango zowonda komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera. M'malo otentha komanso nkhalango zam'madera aku Europe aku Russia, mimbulu imasamuka nyengo zina. M'chilimwe, amapita kumtunda, ndipo nthawi yozizira amapita kumalire ndi nkhalango.
Pa Peninsula ya Kanin, nyama zolusa zambiri zimapezeka chaka chonse. Anthu ambiri aku Europe ndi mimbulu yochokera ku tundra tundra yozizira m'chigawo cha Czech Bay. M'chilimwe, amachoka kwathunthu m'malo amenewa ndipo maenje awo amatha kupezeka m'mitsinje ya Volonga, Travyanka, Shchuchaya, Indiga, Belaya, Svetlaya, Kamennaya Viska, Velti, Neruta, Sule.
Anthu omwe amakhala ku Timan ndi Malozemel'naya tundra amasamukira kumtunda kwa Timan ndipo samawoneka pagombe. M'nyengo yotentha, mimbulu yambiri imapanga maenje kumadzulo kwa Bolshezemelskaya tundra, m'mbali mwa mapiri a Adzva, Bolshaya Rogovaya, Chernaya, Korotayka, Silovaya, Kara mitsinje, m'mbali mwa Pai-Khoi. M'nyengo yozizira, amapita ku nkhalango-tundra kuchokera ku Pechora bend kupita kumtunda wapamwamba wa Usa. Ena a iwo amapita kumapiri a Ural.
Ku Urals ndi Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, zolusa izi ndizochulukirapo, koma zimakonza mapanga ambiri, mdera lakumwera kwa tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra. Ku Arctic tundra, nkhandwe ndiyosowa, chifukwa imakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu komanso gulu la agwape. Pali mimbulu yambiri kumwera chakumadzulo kwa tchire lakumadzulo kwa Siberia, makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa, komwe kumakhala nyama zamtchire zakutchire ndi zoweta. Zinyama zimapezeka pakamwa pa Yenisei, kumunsi kwa Olenek, Yana, Lena.
M'dera la Verkhoyansk, Kolyma ndi Chukotka, nyama zolusa zomwe zili ndi imvi ndizofala. Amapezekanso kuzilumba za Lyakhovsky, koma chilimwe chokha, komanso m'nyengo yozizira, kutsatira gulu la nswala, amasamukira kumtunda. Nthawi yoswana, khola limatetezedwa bwino. Malo osakira ndi osiyanasiyana. M'malo otentha, malo opumulirako masana makamaka ali m'zigwa za mitsinje, m'nkhalango zowirira za msondodzi. Pa Yamal ndi Bolshezemelskaya tundra, nyama zolusa nthawi zambiri zimapanga mapanga awo tchire m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena malo otsetsereka owuma, m'malo opyola pamwamba pa zigwa za madzi osefukira, komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamitsinje youma. Amakhazikika kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhandwe yamtundu wa tundra imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhandwe yamphongo imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Eurasian tundra wolf
Ndi chilombo ndi maziko a chakudya - nyama ndi sing'anga zazikulu, zambiri ungulates. Chiwerengero chawo chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mimbulu. M'chaka, zakudya zosiyanasiyana zimapezeka - nyama zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chachikulu cha nkhandwe yamphongo ndi nyama zakutchire komanso zoweta, makamaka ana amphongo ndi anangumi. Kuchokera kuzinyama zazing'ono - nkhandwe, ma hares, nkhandwe, ndi nyama zazing'ono - makoswe osiyanasiyana, nsomba, mbalame - ptarmigan. Mimbulu imatha kudya nyama yakufa, kulanda nyama ndikutchera nyama.
M'chilimwe, mbalame zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazakudya: gulu la atsekwe osungunuka, anapiye, mazira a mbalame zina zosamuka. Popeza, kuwonjezera pa Taimyr, mphalapala zakutchire ndizosowa kwambiri kumadera ena a Far North, nyama zoweta zoweta ndizofunikira kwambiri mchilimwe, makamaka ziweto zimavutika panthawi yobereka. Pafupifupi 36% ya mbawala zimaphedwa ndi mimbulu yambiri masika ndi chilimwe.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu la mimbulu ya 5-7 tundra imatha kuyendetsa ndikudya mbawala yolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 120 nthawi imodzi. Nyanga zokha, mafupa, chilonda ndi chomwe chimatsalira pamalo a phwandolo. Koma mukatsegula mimbulu, zomwe zili m'mimba sizoposa 2-3 kg, mpaka 6 kg.
Chakudya chimakumbidwa mwachangu kwambiri. Mimba ya mimbulu yomwe idagwidwa patadutsa maola ochepa mutangodya chakudya chopatsa thanzi mulibe kanthu. Chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku chimadalira nyengo ndipo ndi makilogalamu 4-6. Nyama zodya zilombo zimatha kudyerera kuti zidzagwiritse ntchito m'tsogolo ndi kubisalira nyama zomwe zasungidwa. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa nkhandwe yamphongo.
M'nyengo yozizira, m'malo momwe ziweto zili modyera, mimbulu imadya chilichonse chomwe ingafikire, mpaka kukafika kumanda a ng'ombe ngakhale anzawo. Alenje nthawi zambiri amawona momwe mimbulu imadya nyama zolusa zomwe zimawomberedwa mundege kapena kukumana ndi mitembo ya nyama zophwanyidwa ndi anthu amtundu wina kapena gulu lankhosa latsalira ndi nkhandwe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mmbulu wa Tundra m'chilengedwe
Mimbulu ya Tundra, yomwe imadya nyama yosaka nyama ndi misampha, zovunda, zinyalala zam'nyanja, imakhala awiriawiri kapena paokha, makamaka amuna achikulire omwe sangathe kuswana.
Maphukusi a mimbulu amalekanitsidwa ndipo amadana ndi abale ochokera m'magulu ena, koma kulimbana pakati pawo sikubuka. Kuteteza magawowa kumachitika popanda kulumikizana ndi alendo chifukwa cholemba mkodzo, ndowe, kutulutsa ziwalo zoberekera ndi kumatako, "manda" ndikulira. Olanda nyama, kuthamangitsa nyama yolowa ndikulowa kudera lina, siyani, zikwangwani zamisonkhano. Chifukwa cha khalidweli, malire a gawo la paketi amasungidwa kwazaka zambiri. Ngati kukula kwa gululo kutsika kwambiri, ngakhale awiriwo amatha kusunga malowo moyenera.
Pali madera osalowerera 2-4 km mulifupi, omwe amakhala ngati cholumikizira pomwe nyama zowuluka zimatha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira. Masana, mimbulu imapita kumalo obisika, makamaka kukazizira, mphepo ndi chinyezi. Pouma komanso mwakachetechete, amatha kukhala poyera. M'ngululu, m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi yophukira, munthawi ya moyo wosamukasamuka, nyama zolusa zimagona kulikonse komwe ziyenera. Ntchito zolimba sizimangiriridwa mwamphamvu pakusintha kwa usana ndi usiku, popeza pamtambo palibe kusiyana pakati pa nthawi yamasana. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimakhala pafupi ndi phanga.
Mimbulu yambiri yam'mlengalenga imayendayenda chaka chonse popanda malo osakira osatha. Kawiri pachaka amasuntha meridiani, kutsatira gulu la mphalapala zoyenda. Amatsatira mphalapala kumwera mpaka kumalire a nkhalango, koma osalowerera kwambiri m'chigawochi, ngakhale kuti ndipamene ng'ombe zambiri zimakhala nthawi yachisanu.
Zowononga zimakhalabe m'nkhalango yamitengo, m'matumba a moss, momwe chipale chofewa sichikhala chochepa kwambiri. Apa amadya ptarmigan, kalulu, nkhono nyengo yozizira m'madambo. Amatsatiranso zigwa za mitsinje pafupi ndi midzi. Mu Nenets nat. Mu Okrug, kuwonjezera pa kusamuka kwa nyengo, pali kusamuka kwa ziweto kuchokera ku Bolshezemelskaya kupita ku Malozemelskaya tundra, ndipo palibe kusintha komwe kwazindikira. Kumpoto kwa Europe, kusuntha kwakanthawi kwa mimbulu yamtunda ndi 200-300 km.
M'nyengo yozizira, ochepa odyetsa amakhalabe kumtunda; amasamukira kunyanja, komwe amakhala pafupi ndi gulu laling'ono la mphalapala la osaka nkhandwe kapena misasa ya asodzi, komwe amadya zinyalala za nyama ndi nsomba. Kumpoto kwa Yakutia, mimbulu yambiri imatsatira nswala nthawi zonse kuzilumba za Novosibirsk ndikubwerera.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya Tundra
Nyama zimakhala ndi amuna okhaokha ndipo zimakhala zokhulupirika mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo. Kukhwima kwa mimbulu kumachitika mu 2-3 g. Techka mu tizilomboti timayamba kumapeto kwa February-Marichi. Asanayambike, ziweto zimasweka, choyamba zolimba, kenako pereyarka, kenako anthu obwerawo amapatukana. Amuna okhwima amakhala tcheru ndi nkhandwe, amathamangitsa achinyamata, ndikuyenda chisanu poyamba. Nyumbayi imakonzedwa m'malo otsetsereka akumwera, pomwe matalala amasungunuka mwachangu, amatenthedwa ndi dzuwa.
Zowononga Tundra zimakonza malo okhala:
- m'mabowo adothi omwe amakumba mosadalira kapena amagwiritsa ntchito maenje a nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Bowolo limayamba ndi ngalande yolowera mita ndi theka, kenako limadutsa mobisa 0.5-0.6 cm cm, 2-10 m kutalika. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathera ndi chipinda chodyeramo masentimita 150x100x70. Ili pakatikati pa 1.5-3 m Palibe chipinda chogona m'chipindacho;
- m'malo athyathyathya malowa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma ndi achidule;
- m'misasa yachilengedwe: ming'alu ndi mapanga amiyala, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi ma awnings;
- ku Kaninskaya tundra, nyama zolusa zimakhala pamapiri nthawi yotentha. Kudera lomwe lili pakati pa mitsinje ya Lena ndi Khatanga, maenje osaposa mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kuya kwake sikutsika mita. Kudera la Anadyr, mimbulu imabereka ana m'mabowo adothi.
Mimba imatenga masiku 62-75. Ku Nenets Okrug, pafupifupi, mkazi amakhala ndi mazira 6.5, mwa ana kuyambira 1 mpaka 9 makanda. Mu Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, pafupifupi - 3-4, kawirikawiri zinyalala sizimafika ana agalu asanu. Amayi achikazi amabwera kudzenje lakale, achimwene akuyang'ana malo atsopano pafupi ndi komwe adabadwira.
Ana amatuluka m'nyengo yotentha chakudya chikachuluka. Amawoneka akhungu, kutseguka kwamakutu kutsekedwa. Kulemera kwa magalamu 400. Amawona bwino masiku 10-12, pakatha masabata 2-4 ali ndi ziphuphu, m'masabata atatu amayamba kukwawa kunja kwa dzenje. Poyamba, mayi samachoka pamtanda, bambo ake amabweretsa nyama kapena amabwezeretsanso chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kugayidwa. Ana kuyambira azaka chimodzi amayamba kudya chakudyachi, ngakhale amadya mkaka mpaka mwezi umodzi ndi theka.
Mayi panthawiyi amangodya zotsalira. Pakadutsa mwezi ndi theka, makanda amathawa ndikubisala pangozi, pakatha milungu itatu akulu amawasiya, ndikupita kukasaka. Zolusa siziteteza ana awo ndipo, zikaukiridwa, zimathawa. Koma, kutsatira chibadwa cha umayi, mmbulu wake umatha kupeza ana atatengedwa kudzenje ndikulondera pafupi ndi pomwe ali.
Adani achilengedwe a mimbulu yolusa
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe yamtundu wa tundra imawonekera
20% yokha ya ana a nkhandwe imapulumuka kufikira ikukula. Nthawi ya moyo wa nkhandwe yayikulu ili pafupifupi zaka 12. Zowopsa izi zilibe adani, kupatula chilengedwe chokha, chomwe chimayika nyamazi m'malo okhwima azikhalidwe zaku Far North. Nyengo yozizira, kusowa kwa chakudya kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kufa.
Zilombo zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi mimbulu ndi anzawo. Okalamba, odwala, ofooka nthawi yomweyo amang'ambika ndi gulu la nkhosa, lomwe, kumbali inayo, limathandiza anthu olimba kuti apulumuke, komano, oimira abwino kwambiri amimbulu yamitundumitundu amakhalabe amoyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Panali milandu pomwe nkhandwe, yomwe idathiridwa poyizoni ndi nyambo ya strychnine ndikugubuduzika, idang'ambika pomwepo ndikudya ndi paketiyo.
Zilombozi zimasokonezedwa ndi nkhupakupa. Zowononga sizingakhudzidwe ndi nkhanambo kusiyana ndi nkhandwe. Mimbulu imakhalanso ndi nsabwe, utitiri, ma nematode, ena mwa iwo amatenga matenda kuchokera ku nsomba. Pakati pa matenda a adani akuda, chiwewe ndi choopsa kwambiri. Mukadwala, nyama imasiya kusamala, imawukira anthu. Mimbulu mwachilengedwe ndiye nkhokwe zazikulu za kachilombo ka chiwewe.
Nyama zimagonjetsedwa ndi matenda, kufalikira kwa matenda kumaletsedwa ndi moyo wakutali. Ichi ndi subspecies zachilengedwe za pulasitiki, zosinthika mosiyanasiyana, ilibe adani, kupatula anthu. Mimbulu imavulaza kulimira mphalapala ndi kusaka, ndipo kusaka kumaloledwa kulikonse ku Arctic. Kuthamangitsa ndi kuwombera nyama zolusa nthawi zambiri kumachitika ku ndege ndi ma helikopita.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yowopsa
Mbalame yotchedwa tundra Wolf ili ndi psyche yotukuka kwambiri, yomwe imalola kuti ikhale ndi moyo wabwino, ngakhale kulimbana kosalekeza pakati pa anthu ndi nyama zolusa. Subpecies iyi imakhala nthawi yayitali. Sizimapezeka pazilumba za Solovetsky zokha, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya.
Ndizovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zilombo zonse, ngakhale pafupifupi, popeza njira yowerengera ndalama ndiyopanda ungwiro. Chiwerengero m'chigawo cha Yenisei chitha kuweruzidwa kuchokera ku 96, pomwe ziwembu 215 zamabanja ammbulu ambiri zidalembedwa. Banja lililonse lili ndi anthu 5-9. Ku Europe, mimbulu ndi yocheperako, mwachitsanzo, ku Timan tundra, pafupifupi, munthu m'modzi pa 1000 km² amapezeka, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira pali pafupifupi 3 zolusa pa 1000 km².
Imfa ya amayi omenyera nkhondo ndichofunikira pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyamazi. Choyamba, awa ndi nyama zofooka komanso zodwala. Ulimi wa mphalapala chaka chilichonse umataya gawo lalikulu la ziweto zake kuchokera ku mimbulu. Mwachitsanzo, kwa zaka khumi, kuyambira 1944, mu Yamalo-Nenets National. Chigawochi chinawonongedwa ndi olusa nyama 75 zikwi. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mimbulu, ndege imagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'zaka zina, 95% ya nyama idaphedwa ndi chithandizo chake, munthawi kuyambira 55 mpaka 73 yazaka zapitazi, 59% ya mimbulu idawonongedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Tundra Wolf ndiyabwino kwambiri, imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Kutsatiridwa kuchokera mundege, paketi ya mimbulu idaphimba kuposa ma 150 km m'maola 20. Mimbulu iwiri idayenda mtunda wa 70 km usiku.
Izi subspecies za mimbulu zimawerengedwa kuti Zovuta Kwambiri. Kuwonongedwa kwa tundra wolf kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito: ndege, yoyenda pa chipale chofewa, kuwonongedwa kwa ana, kuthamangira pa skis ndi nswala, komanso kungokhala chabe: misampha, nyambo ndi poyizoni. Nkhandwe ya Tundra - chinyama chokongola, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe achibadwa mwa icho chokha ndipo chiyenera kusungidwa. Nyama zaku Russia ndi dziko lapansi siziyenera kukhala zosauka ndi mtundu umodzi, popeza kuli kovuta kubwezeretsanso.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 04.09.2019 pa 23:07
