Shark Wokazinga

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Shark Wokazinga ochokera kubanja la Chlamydoselachidae amanyadira malo pomwe pali nsomba zapadera kwambiri. Cholengedwa chowopsa ichi chimawerengedwa kuti ndi mfumu yakuya pansi pamadzi. Kuyambira pa nthawi ya Cretaceous, chilombo choumbachi sichinasinthe kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo sichinasinthe. Chifukwa cha anatomy ndi morphology, mitundu iwiri yomwe idatsalayi imawerengedwa kuti ndi shaki yakale kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, amatchedwanso "zotsalira zakale kapena zotsalira". Dzinalo limakhala ndi mawu achi Greek χλαμύς / chlamydas "chovala kapena chovala" ndi σέλαχος / selachos "nsomba zam'mimba."

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Shark Yokazinga

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, shaki yovalayi idafotokozedwa malinga ndi lingaliro la sayansi ndi katswiri waku ichthyologist waku Germany L. Doderlein, yemwe adapita ku Japan kuyambira 1879 mpaka 1881 ndikubweretsa mitundu iwiri ya mitunduyo ku Vienna. Koma cholembedwa chake chofotokoza mtunduwo chidatayika. Kulongosola koyamba komwe kudalembedwa kudalembedwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku America S. Garman, yemwe adapeza mkazi wamtali wa 1.5 mita wogwidwa ku Sagami Bay. Ripoti lake "An Extraordinary Shark" lidasindikizidwa mu 1884. Garman adayika mtundu watsopanowu kumtundu wake ndi banja lake ndikuutcha Chlamydoselachusachimwene.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ofufuza angapo akale ankakhulupirira kuti shaki wokazinga anali wamoyo m'magulu omwe atayika a nsomba zamatenda, komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti kufanana pakati pa shark wokazinga ndi magulu omwe atha kumamveka mopitirira muyeso kapena kumasuliridwa molakwika, ndipo shark iyi ili ndi mafupa angapo ndi minyewa yolumikizana kwambiri iye ndi nsombazi zamakono ndi kunyezimira.

Zakale zakale za shaki pazilumba za Chatham ku New Zealand, zochokera kumalire a Cretaceous-Paleogene, zapezeka pamodzi ndi zotsalira za mbalame ndi ma coniferous cones, kutanthauza kuti nsombazi zimakhala m'madzi osaya panthawiyo. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wamitundu ina ya Chlamydoselachus awonetsa kuti anthu omwe amakhala m'madzi osaya anali ndi mano akulu, olimba odyera nyama zopanda mafupa zolimba.

Kanema: Shark Wokazinga

Pachifukwa ichi, akuti anthu onyamula mafry adapulumuka kutha kwamtunduwu, adatha kugwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu zaulere m'madzi osaya komanso m'mashelufu apadziko lonse lapansi, omalizawa akutsegulira malo okhala kunyanja komwe akukhalamo.

Kusintha kwa kupezeka kwa chakudya kumatha kuwonetsedwa momwe mafotokozedwe a mano asinthira, kukhala olimba komanso olowera mkati kusaka nyama zakuya zam'nyanja. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Paleocene mpaka pano, nsombazi sizinapikisane nawo m'malo awo okhala m'nyanja komanso kugawa.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Shaki yokazinga imawoneka bwanji

Nsombazi zimakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lopyapyala lokhala ndi mchira wokulirapo, zomwe zimawoneka ngati eel. Thupi ndi yunifolomu chokoleti chofiirira kapena imvi, ndi makwinya otuluka pamimba. Pali chimbudzi chaching'ono chomwe chili pafupi ndi mchira, pamwamba pa chimbudzi chachikulu chakumaso ndi kutsogolo kwa chimaliziro chodabwitsa kwambiri. Zipsepse za pectoral ndizazifupi komanso zozungulira. Shaki zokazinga ndi gawo la dongosolo la Hexanchiformes, lomwe limawerengedwa kuti ndi gulu lakale kwambiri la nsombazi.

Pakati pamtunduwu, mitundu iwiri yokha yomaliza imasiyanitsidwa:

  • shaki wokazinga (C. anguineus);
  • Shark yokazinga ku South Africa (C. africana).

Mutu uli ndi mipata isanu ndi umodzi (nsombazi zimakhala ndi zisanu). Malekezero akumunsi kwa katsabola koyamba amafika mpaka pakhosi, pomwe ma gill ena onse azunguliridwa ndi m'mbali mwa khungu - chifukwa chake dzina loti "shaki wokazinga". Chosemphacho ndi chachifupi kwambiri ndipo chikuwoneka ngati chadulidwa; pakamwa pake ndi chachikulu kwambiri ndipo pamapeto pake chimamangiriridwa kumutu. Nsagwada zakumunsi ndizitali.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: The shark shark C. anguineus amasiyana ndi wachibale waku South Africa C. africana popeza ali ndi ma vertebrae (165-171 motsutsana ndi 146) ndi ma coil ambiri m'matumbo ozungulira a valavu, ndi miyeso yosiyanasiyana, monga mutu wautali komanso wamfupi amaterera m'mitsempha.

Mano a nsagwada zakumtunda ndi zakumunsi ndi yunifolomu, yokhala ndi zisoti zitatu zolimba komanso zowongoka komanso korona wapakatikati. Chimbudzi chakumapeto ndikokulirapo kuposa chakumaso chimodzi chakumapeto, ndipo chimbudzi chake chimakhala chopanda poyambira. Kutalika kodziwika kwambiri kwa shark yokazinga ndi 1.7 m kwa amuna ndi 2.0 m kwa akazi. Amuna amakula msinkhu, samatha kutalika mita.

Kodi shaki yokazinga amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Shaki yokazinga m'madzi

Shaki yosowa kwambiri yomwe imapezeka m'malo angapo obalalika m'nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific. Kum'mawa kwa Atlantic, amakhala kumpoto kwa Norway, kumpoto kwa Scotland ndi kumadzulo kwa Ireland, motsatira France kupita ku Morocco, ndi Mauritania ndi Madeira. Pakatikati mwa Atlantic, nsombazi zagwidwa m'malo angapo m'mbali mwa Mid-Atlantic Ridge, kuchokera ku Azores mpaka ku Rio Grande kum'mwera kwa Brazil, komanso Vavilov Ridge ku West Africa.

Kumadzulo kwa Atlantic, adawonedwa m'madzi a New England, Suriname ndi Georgia. Kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, nsombazi zimakhazikika kum'mwera chakum'mawa konse kwa New Zealand. Pakatikati ndi kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean, imapezeka ku Hawaii ndi California, USA komanso kumpoto kwa Chile. Shark wokazinga adafotokozedwa ngati mtundu wina wa 2009. Shaki imeneyi imapezeka pashelefu yakunja ndi kumtunda kwakutali ndi pakati. Amapezeka pamadzi akuya ngakhale 1570 m, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri samapezeka kupitirira 1000 m kuchokera kunyanja.

Ku Suruga Bay, nsombazi zimapezeka kwambiri pamtunda wa 50-250 m, kupatula nthawi kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Novembala, pomwe kutentha kwa madzi okwanira 100 m kupitilira 16 ° C ndipo nsombazi zimasunthira m'madzi akuya. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu uwu wakhala ukuwoneka pamwamba. Shaki yokazinga nthawi zambiri imapezeka pafupi ndi pansi, m'malo amphumphu zazing'ono za mchenga.

Komabe, zomwe amadya zimafotokozera kuti amapangira madzi otseguka. Mitunduyi imatha kukwera mozungulira, ndikuyandikira usiku kuti idye. Pali magawo apakati pakukula ndi kubereka.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba yokazinga imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe wonyamula chinsinsichi adya.

Kodi shaki yokazinga imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Prehistoric Shark Shark

Nsagwada zazitali za shaki yokazinga ndizoyenda kwambiri, mipata yawo imatha kutambalala kukula kwambiri, kuwalola kumeza nyama iliyonse yomwe siyodutsa theka la kukula kwa munthuyo. Komabe, kutalika ndi mapangidwe a nsagwada zikusonyeza kuti nsombazi sizingathe kuluma mwamphamvu ngati mitundu yabwinobwino ya shaki. Zambiri mwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa zilibe m'mimba kapena sizizindikirika kwenikweni, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chimbudzi chimakhala chokwera kwambiri kapena nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya.

Nsomba zokazinga zimadya ma cephalopods, nsomba zamathambo ndi nsomba zazing'ono. M'chitsanzo chimodzi, 1.6 m kutalika, 590 g wa Japan cat shark (Apristurus japonicus) adapezeka. Squid amapanga pafupifupi 60% ya chakudya cha shark ku Suruga Bay, chomwe chimaphatikizapo osati mitundu yokhayokha, yozama kwambiri monga squioteuthis ndi Chiroteuthis, koma osambira akulu, amphamvu monga Onychoteuthis, Todarode ndi Sthenoteuthis.

Shaki wokazinga amadyetsa:

  • nkhono;
  • kusokoneza;
  • nsomba;
  • zovunda;
  • ziphuphu.

Njira zopezera nyamayi moyenda ndi shark wosambira pang'onopang'ono ndi nkhani yongoyerekeza. Mwina imagwira anthu omwe avulala kale kapena omwe awonda ndipo adzafa atabala. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kumugwira wovutitsidwayo, akupinda thupi lake ngati njoka ndipo, atatsamira nthiti kumbuyo kwake, amenya msanga msanga.

Ikhozanso kutseka ma gill slits, ndikupangitsa kukakamizidwa kuyamwa nyama. Mano ambiri aang'ono, opindika a shaki yokazinga amatha kugwedeza thupi kapena zovuta za nyamayi. Amathanso kudya nyama yakufa yomwe ikutsika kuchokera kunyanja.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Shaki wokazinga kuchokera ku Red Book

Wonyamula Wobowoleza ndi nsomba yozama kwambiri ya m'nyanja yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala amoyo pansi pamchenga. Ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yochepetsetsa kwambiri ya nsomba, yomwe imadziwika bwino kwambiri m'nyanja. Ili ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono, osadziwika bwino komanso chiwindi chachikulu chodzaza ndi ma lipids otsika kwambiri, omwe amalola kuti izikhala m'malo mwake m'madzi popanda khama.

Kapangidwe kake mkati kumatha kukulitsa chidwi pakayendedwe kakang'ono ka nyama. Anthu ambiri amapezeka opanda nsonga za michira yawo, mwina chifukwa cha ziwopsezo za mitundu ina ya nsombazi. Shaki wowotchera amatha kugwira nyama mwa kukhotetsa thupi lake ndi mapapu patsogolo ngati njoka. Kutalika, nsagwada zosinthasintha zimalola kuti idye nyama yonse. Mtundu uwu ndiwowoneka bwino: mazira amatuluka m'makapisozi a dzira mkati mwa chiberekero cha mayi.

Shaki zakuya zam'madzi izi zimamvekanso phokoso kapena kunjenjemera patali komanso zikoka zamagetsi zotulutsidwa ndiminyama ya nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi. Zidziwitso zochepa ndizomwe zimapezeka pazamoyo za mitunduyi; mulingo woyenera kwambiri mwina mkati mwa zaka 25.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Nsomba zokazinga za shark

Feteleza imachitika mkati, m'matumba oyenda kapena mazira achikazi. Shark wamwamuna amayenera kugwira chachikazi, kuyendetsa thupi lake kuti alowetse zomangira zawo ndikuwongolera umuna mdzenje. Mazira omwe akukula amadyetsedwa makamaka kuchokera mu yolk, koma kusiyana kwa kulemera kwa wakhanda ndi dzira kumawonetsa kuti mayiyo akupereka zakudya zowonjezera kuchokera kuzinthu zosadziwika.

Mwa akazi achikulire, pali mazira awiri ogwira ntchito ndi chiberekero chimodzi kumanja. Mitunduyi ilibe nyengo yoti iberekere, chifukwa nsombazi zimakhala m'madzi ozama pomwe kulibe nyengo. Kutha kuthekera kokumana ndi amuna 15 ndi 19 nsombazi. Kukula kwa zinyalala kumakhala pakati pa ana awiri mpaka khumi ndi asanu, pafupifupi 6. Kukula kwa masheya atsopano atakhala ndi pakati, mwina chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo mkati mwathupi.

Mazira omwe atulutsidwa kumene ndi mazira oyambilira amatsekedwa ndi kapisozi wonyezimira wa golide wonyezimira. Mluza ukakhala wautali masentimita atatu, mutu wake umaloza, nsagwada pafupifupi sizikukula, mitsempha yakunja imayamba kuwonekera, ndipo zipsepse zonse zimawoneka kale. Kapisozi wa dzira amatayidwa pamene mluza umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 6-8 ndipo umachotsedwa mthupi la mkazi. Pakadali pano, mitsempha yakunja ya mluza imakula bwino.

Kukula kwa yolk sac kumakhalabe kosalekeza mpaka kutalika kwa mazira a 40 cm, pambuyo pake kumayamba kuchepa, makamaka kapena kutha kwathunthu kutalika kwa mazira a 50 cm. Kukula kwa kamwana kameneka kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 1.4 pamwezi, ndipo nthawi yonse yobereka imakhala itatu ndi theka, lalitali kwambiri kuposa zinyama zina. Shark wobadwa amatalika masentimita 40-60. Makolo samasamalira ana awo akabadwa.

Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zokazinga

Chithunzi: Shaki yokazinga m'madzi

Pali zolusa zingapo zotchuka zomwe zimasaka nsombazi. Kuphatikiza pa anthu, omwe amapha nsombazi zambiri zomwe zimagwidwa mu maukonde ngati nsomba, nsombazi zazing'ono zimasakidwa ndi nsomba zazikulu, kunyezimira komanso nsombazi zazikulu.

Pafupi ndi gombe, nsombazi zazing'ono zomwe zimakwera pafupi ndi madzi zimagwiritsidwanso ndi mbalame zam'nyanja kapena zisindikizo. Chifukwa amakhala m'zigawo za benthos, nthawi zina amagwidwa akamawombedwa pansi kapena maukonde akakhala pachiwopsezo chofika pafupi. Great Frilled Shark amatha kugwidwa ndi anamgumi opha ndi nsomba zina zazikulu.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mafinya amakhala pansi kwambiri ndipo amatha kuthandiza kuchotsa mitembo yowola. Nyama imatsika kuchokera m'madzi otseguka m'nyanja ndikuima pansi, pomwe nsomba ndi mitundu ina ya benthic imathandizira pakukonza michere.

Siyo nsomba zoopsa, koma mano awo amatha kudula manja a wofufuza wosazindikira kapena msodzi amene wawagwira. Nsombazi zimasodza pafupipafupi ku Suruga Harbor m'matumba apansi komanso m'madzi akuya a shrimp. Asodzi aku Japan amawona izi ngati zosokoneza, chifukwa zimawononga maukonde. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa uchembere komanso kupitiriza kwa usodzi wamalonda m'malo ake, pali nkhawa zakukhalapo kwake.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Shaki yokazinga imawoneka bwanji

Shark yofiira ndi yogawidwa kwakukulu koma kosavuta kwambiri m'nyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso momwe zinthu zikuyendera pakadali pano. Zochepa zomwe zimadziwika pambiri ya moyo wake, mtundu uwu uyenera kukhala wotsika kwambiri kukana kusintha kwakunja. Sharki wam'madzi akuyawa samangowonedwa ngati nsomba zam'madzi zapansi, kupha nsomba zapansi pamadzi, usodzi woyenda pansi panyanja komanso usodzi wakuya wa gillnet.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtengo wamalonda wa nsombazi ndi wochepa. Nthawi zina amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka zam'nyanja. Monga nsomba zambiri, mtunduwu samagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati nyama, nthawi zambiri popangira nsomba kapena umatayidwa kwathunthu.

Asodzi akuya m'nyanja afalikira pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo pali nkhawa kuti kupitiriza kukula, konsekonse komanso mozama kugwidwa, kudzawonjezera kugwidwa kwa mitunduyo. Komabe, potengera kusiyanasiyana kwake komanso kuti mayiko ambiri omwe agwidwa ndi mitunduyi ali ndi zoletsa zoyeserera bwino komanso malire ake (monga Australia, New Zealand ndi Europe), mitunduyi imakhala yosaopsa kwenikweni.

Komabe, kuchepa kwake komanso chidwi chake chogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kumatanthauza kuti nsomba zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku nsombazo ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa kudzera pakupeza ndi kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane wausodzi kuti mitunduyo isawopsezedwe posachedwa.

Okazinga Shark Guard

Chithunzi: Shaki wokazinga kuchokera ku Red Book

Shark wokazinga amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi IUCN Red List. Pali zoyesayesa zadziko ndi zigawo zochepetsera kugwirana kwa nsomba zam'madzi zakuya zomwe zayamba kale kupindula.

Ku European Union, kutsatira malingaliro ochokera ku International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) kuti aletse kuwedza asodzi akuya, European Union (EU) Fisheries Council yakhazikitsa malire osavomerezeka a shark ambiri. Mu 2012, EU Fisheries Council idawonjezera nsombazi pamiyeso iyi ndikukhazikitsa zero TAC kwa asodzi akuya am'madzi awa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kwa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, usodzi wakuya m'nyanja wakula mpaka kufika pakuya mamita 62.5 mzaka khumi. Pali nkhawa kuti ngati nsomba za m'nyanja zikapitilira kukula, kugwidwa kwa mitunduyi kumatha kuchulukanso. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri momwe mitunduyi imapezeka, pali kasamalidwe koyenera komanso malire a kusodza.

Shark Wokazinga nthawi zina amasungidwa m'malo am'madzi ku Japan. M'magawo a trawl a Commonwealth Australia Southern and Eastern Fish and Sea Shark, madera ambiri ochepera 700 m adatsekedwa kuti aphedwe, ndikupatsa poteteza mtundu uwu.Ngati madzi akuya adzatsegulidwanso kuti asodza, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi zazikuluzikuluzi kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa. Zambiri zowunikira nsomba zothandizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri zithandizira kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe nsomba zimapha

Tsiku lofalitsa: 30.10.2019

Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:10

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