Kulimbana kukula kocheperako, koma ali ndi kutha msanga komanso kuyenda, kotero ndi angler wodziwa yekha amene angazigwire. Chisangalalo cha usodzi chimasewera kwambiri, chifukwa apa muyenera kuwonetsa luso lanu lonse komanso changu. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa mtundu wa moyo wamadzi womwe dace amatsogolera, chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi nsomba zina, chomwe chimakonda nkhomaliro, komwe chimatumizidwa nthawi zonse komanso momwe chimayambira?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Yelets
Kutalika kwake ndi kwa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray ndipo ndi wa banja la carp, dongosolo lofanana ndi carp ndi mtundu wa dace.
Anthu ambiri amawawona kuti ndiwofala kwambiri, koma pali mitundu ina iwiri ya nsombazi:
- Kyrgyz dace yasankha madera amadzi a Kyrgyzstan ndi Kazakhstan;
- Mtsinje wa ku Siberia umakhala m'mitsinje ya Siberia.
Palinso mitundu ina ya nsomba za mtundu wa dace, zomwe ndi izi:
- Zeravshan dace;
- chikondi cha Caspian;
- Kuthamanga kwa Danilevsky;
- malaya a talas.
Zizindikiro zodziwika ndizofala kuma subspecies onse, koma palinso zosiyana zina. Dace wa Danilevsky ali ndi mdima wakuda kapena mtunda wakuda, m'mbali mwake mulingo wa sikelo ndi imvi. Zipsepse zomwe zili pansipa ndi zachikaso-lalanje kapena zofiira zachikaso. Iris ya diso ili ndi utoto wachikaso lalanje.
Kanema: Yelets
Dace laku Siberia lili ndi zobiriwira zakuda kumbuyo ndi mbali za silvery. Mtundu wa zipsepsezo ukhoza kukhala wofiira pang'ono kapena woyereratu. Maonekedwe a nsombazi ndi apamwamba kuposa a wamba wamba, mawonekedwe omwe tifotokozere mwatsatanetsatane pansipa. A Siberia amadziwikanso ndi pakamwa pomaliza.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mawonekedwe a dace ndi kukula kwake zimadalira kwambiri malo omwe amaperekera ntchito zawo zonse komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya mosungira. Nsombazi sizimasiyana kukula kwakukulu komanso mitundu yayikulu. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa thupi la dace kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 15.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali umboni wolembedwa woti chingwe chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chinagwidwa chinali cholemera masentimita 40 ndipo chimayeza kilogalamu imodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dace amawoneka bwanji
Dace ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera yomwe imakonda mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi oyera okhala ndi mpweya komanso pansi pamiyala. Monga tanenera kale, nsomba zomwe zimakhala zofala kwambiri zimachokera pa 15 mpaka 20 cm, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo sikupitilira magalamu mazana awiri. Thupi la dace limakhala lalitali komanso limapanikizika kuchokera mbali zonse, mlingowo womwe umakhala waukulu kwambiri ndi siliva. Kumbuyo kwake, utoto wakuda wabuluu umawonekera, ndipo mdera la mbali ndi pamimba, mtundu wa nsombayo ndi wopepuka.
Mbalame yam'mbali imadulidwa, ndipo chinsalucho chimakhala chotalikirapo, chimapakidwa utoto wamitundu yakuda, ndipo zipsepsezo zomwe zili kutsogolo, komanso chotchinga chakumapeto kwake, zimakhala ndi imvi ndi maluwa ofiira achikaso. Palibe mawanga, mikwingwirima kapena mitundu ina mumtundu wa dace, mtundu wa siliva wa monochromatic umakhalapo, kokha mtundawo umakhala wakuda kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtundu wa zipsepsewo umasintha ndi msinkhu wa nsombazo, zimakhala zachikasu kwambiri. Nthawi yobereka, malekezero amphongo amphongo amakhala ofiira kwambiri.
Mutu wa dace, wolingana ndi kukula kwa thupi lake, ndi wofanana komanso wopapatiza pang'ono. Nsombazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kamwa yaying'ono yapakatikati, momwe mumakhalira mizere iwiri ya mano a pharyngeal. Chiwerengero cha ma gill rakers mu dace chimasiyana zidutswa 8 mpaka 10. Mamba mwa nsomba ndi yayikulu kukula, pamzere wotsatira pamatha kukhala kuyambira 45 mpaka 55.
Iris wamaso a dace wamba ndi wakuda. Maonekedwe a dace amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a chub, koma woyamba amakhala ndi thupi komanso mutu wocheperako. Ngakhale kumapeto kwa imvi-chikaso chakumapeto kwa dace pali notch yodziwika, ndipo mu chub ili ndi mawonekedwe oyandikana ndi mawonekedwe ofiira.
Kodi dace amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Yelets ku Russia
Yelets amakonda mitsinje yaing'ono, kumene otaya si mofulumira, ndipo madzi ndi oyera ndi mandala. Muthanso kukumana ndi nsombayi m'madzi am'madzi othamanga, m'matumba amadzimadzi omwe amapitako nthawi zina. Daces amakonda miyala kapena mchenga pansi. Pomwe pansi pake pali matope, simudzawona nsombazi. M'dera la dziko lathu, ma liace amakhala mumitsinje ndi m'nyanja za Baltic ndi nyanja zina zakumwera. Nsomba zasankha madzi aku Siberia ndi Far Eastern.
Chifukwa chake, liwiro la ku Siberia limapezeka m'mabwinja:
- Kolyma;
- Yenisei;
- Obi;
- Lena.
Mtundu wamtunduwu umasankha mitsinje yaying'ono, imasonkhana m'mitundumitundu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imadzaza nsomba zina. Daces sakhala mumitsinje ya Pacific.
Ganizirani malo omwe amagawidwa, potengera magawo ake ena:
- Kyrgyz dace idasankha mitsinje monga Nura, Chu, Turgai. Nsombazi zimakhala m'malo amadzi a Kazakhstan ndi Kyrgyzstan;
- Danilevsky dace amapezeka pa Don ndi Dnieper;
- othamanga a Talas amakhala kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Talas, mumtsinje wa Ass, m'madzi a Ashi-Kul ndi Baili-Kul;
- Zeravshan dace wokhala Amu Darya, Zeravshan ndi Syrdarya;
- Chingwe cha Transcaspian chimakodwa m'madzi amtsinje wa Tejen ndi Murghab.
M'madera a Belarus ndi Ukraine, dace amakhala:
- Western Dvina;
- Nkhama;
- Wotsitsa;
- Ndalama za Kumpoto.
Kumadzulo kwa Europe, chingwecho chimakhala munyanja komanso mumitsinje ya Baltic, Black Sea ndi North Sea basin. Simudzapeza m'zigawo za Balkan ndi Iberian Peninsula. Nsombazi zimawoneka kuti zimakhala pansi, koma zimadalira mtundu wamadzi ndi kuyera kwake. Ngati chizindikirochi chikuipiraipira, ziweto zake zimayandama kumtunda, kufunafuna madzi owoneka bwino.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dace amakonda makwerero otentha, chifukwa m'malo amenewa madzi amakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene dace amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi dace amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dace m'madzi
Menyu yolimbitsa thupi ndiyosiyanasiyana; mutha kuwona mbale za nyama ndi zomera zomwe. Omalizawa ndi ochepa, koma alipobe. Pokhala ndi kamwa kotsika kwambiri, kuthamanga kuyenera kusambira moyandikana ndi madzi kuti mwachangu ndi molanda chakudya.
Dace ndiwothamanga kwambiri komanso wofulumira, chifukwa chake imatha kugunda mwachangu chilichonse chodyedwa chomwe chimalowa m'madzi. Dace ikamadyera pamwamba pamadzi, kumveka pang'ono, kumapangidwa ndi thupi la nsomba ikamenya.
M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya cha nsomba chimakhala ndi mitundu yonse ya tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja (mumikanda yamitengo, zitsamba ndi udzu pafupi ndi madzi) ndipo zimalowa m'madzi. Mpikisanowo umadyanso tizilombo ta madzi ndi mphutsi zawo mosangalala.
Chifukwa chake, nsomba amakonda kudya:
- agulugufe;
- kafadala osiyanasiyana;
- agulugufe;
- ziwala;
- ntchentche;
- midges;
- chimbudzi;
- udzudzu;
- ntchentche;
- zoyipa;
- ntchentche za caddis.
M'nyengo yozizira, menyu amakhala ndi:
- plankton;
- nkhanu;
- mphutsi;
- nyongolotsi;
- ozungulira;
- daphnia, ndi zina.
M'nyengo yachilimwe, nthawi yamadzi ambiri, ziweto zodyera m'madambo osefukira zimasefukira, pomwe zimadyeranso mphutsi, nsikidzi ndi mphutsi zamtundu uliwonse. Kuchokera pachakudya chazomera, dace amasankha kudya ulusi wonyezimira, amakonda mapira amtundu uliwonse (oats, rye, tirigu), amakonda chimanga. Zonsezi zitha kuweruzidwa ndi zomwe zili m'mimba mwa nsomba zomwe zidagwidwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi yobereka ikatha, dace imayamba kudya, kudya mazira a nsomba zina, ndikuwapweteka kwambiri.
Pankhani yakusodza, zokonda za ma dace zimasintha ndi nyengo. M'nthawi yamasika amakonda mphutsi, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa nyengo yachilimwe amakonda kulawa ntchentche za caddis, kumapeto kwa chilimwe amakonda ziwala. Anglers ayenera kuzindikira izi. Chifukwa chosankha nyambo zosiyanasiyana, liwiro limawoneka ngati nyama yovuta, kuti muligwire muyenera kuyesetsa mwamphamvu ndikuphunzira zizolowezi zake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Dace
Kutengera ndi chakudya cha nsomba, kupikikirako kumatha kutchulidwa kuti ndi olanda nyama, chifukwa chake kumachita izi: imadikirira mumtsinje wamadzi, ikubisala kumbuyo kwamiyala ingapo, milu yakumunsi, ma snag. Nsombazo nthawi yomweyo zimaukira tizilombo tikusambira kapena kugwera m'madzi. Nsaluyo imakondanso kusaka tizilombo tomwe timauluka pansi, pafupifupi pamwamba penipeni pa madzi. Nsombazo, zikawagwira, zimadumphira kunja pang'ono, ndikupanga kakang'ono pamwamba pamadzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Yelets amatha kutchedwa nsomba yakusukulu. Makamaka achichepere, azaka ziwiri kapena zitatu amakhala limodzi, ndi nsomba zokha za anthu okalamba zomwe zimatha kukhala zokha kapena m'magulu okhala ndi 2 mpaka 5 dace.
M'nyengo yotentha, ikamabereka imatha, dace amayesetsa kupita pansi, osasunga nthawi yambiri pafupi ndi pansi, chifukwa amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yonse yotentha. Pamwambapa, amatha kuwoneka m'mawa kwambiri komanso nthawi yamadzulo, makamaka usiku wowala kwambiri wa mwezi, pomwe nsomba zimasaka tizilombo tambirimbiri todzaza pamwamba pamadzi. Eltsy pofunafuna chakudya amatha kusiya madzi akuya ndikusambira pafupi ndi mipiringidzo ndikufikira, nsomba zikadzaza, zimabwerera.
Pakufika nthawi yophukira, mitengo ya spruce imapezeka pakuya kwa 2 mpaka 4 mita, ndipo kukayamba kuzizira kwambiri, nthawi yozizira ikuyandikira, amasunthira m'maenje am'madzi, atakhazikika m'magulu angapo omwe sakusuntha, sakufuna chakudya panthawiyi, ndiye asodzi sangathe kugwidwa ... Pokhapokha pakayamba kusungunuka kwanthawi yayitali, kuthamanga kumayamba kuyenda kwaulesi, kufunafuna chakudya chawo.
Kutsitsimutsidwa kwa nsomba kumachitika mu February-Marichi, nyengo isanakwane, ma dace amasiya maenje awo achisanu. Ngati timalankhula za mawonekedwe ndi malingaliro a dace, ndiye kuti nsomba iyi imatha kutchedwa yoyenda kwambiri, yolimbikira, yogwira komanso yochenjera. Kulimbikira ndi kufulumira kwa nzika zazing'ono zam'madzizi sizikhala. Umboni wake ndi izi:
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngati msodzi apeza malo oti chingwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, amatha kugwira nsomba zitatu kapena zinayi zokha. Dace adzazindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi bwino kusakhudza nyamboyo ndikuyandama kudera lina. Kuti kuluma kupitilirabe, angler amafunika kusintha malo oponyera ndodo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa nsomba
Amphaka okhwima ogonana amakhala pafupi zaka zitatu, nthawi yomwe amakula mpaka masentimita 10 kapena 12. Masukulu a nsomba amayamba kukwera kumtunda madzi oundana akangotuluka. Pakachitika kusefukira kwamadzi, mafunde amasambira kulowa mumitsinje ing'onoing'ono, pomwe madzi amakhala omveka bwino, nyengo yobereka imabwera, yomwe imayamba m'miyezi ingapo yoyambirira yamasika. Munthawi imeneyi, madzi amayenera kutentha mpaka madigiri asanu ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera, nthawi zina kuposa. Ngati nyengo siili yabwino, ndipo madzi akadali ozizira, ndiye kuti nyengo ya nsomba zaukwati imasinthidwa kwakanthawi.
Pakubzala, phokoso limalamulira pamtsinje, ziweto zambiri zimagwira ntchito ndikuthamangira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mphunoyi imachitika nthawi imodzi, izi zimatenga masiku atatu mpaka asanu. Mkazi amaikira mazira oyera komanso oyera pansi ndi miyala yam'madzi. Dzira limodzi limafika 2mm m'mimba mwake. Kuchuluka kwa nsombazi kumatengedwa ngati zazing'ono. Zazimayi, zazitali masentimita 10 mpaka 17, zimabala mazira 2 mpaka 17,000.
Pakatha sabata limodzi kapena awiri, mwachangu amayamba kuthyola, omwe amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, pomwe pano pamakhala pabwino. Kukula mpaka masentimita asanu m'litali, achichepere amasambira kupita kumalo amipanda kuti akakhazikike kwamuyaya. Mpaka zaka ziwiri, nsombayo imakula mwachangu kwambiri, ndiye kukula kumachedwa kwambiri. Pofika zaka zinayi kapena zisanu, mphalapala pafupifupi samawonjezera kukula konse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zitsanzo zamtundu umodzi zimafikira masentimita makumi atatu m'litali, ndi kutalika kotere zaka zawo zimasiyanasiyana kuyambira zaka 8 mpaka 10, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu 350 mpaka 500.
Adani achilengedwe a dace
Chithunzi: Dace amawoneka bwanji
Ngakhale kuti chidalicho ndi cholusa, ndichaching'ono kwambiri, chifukwa chake, chimakhala ndi adani okwanira m'malo achilengedwe. Osadandaula kudya ndi mikanda yayikulu kwambiri monga nsomba zamphongo, pike, pike. Musaiwale kuti zingwe zimadumphira m'madzi zikagwira tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka pamwamba pake, chifukwa chake panthawiyi amatha kukhala mbalame zomwe zimadya nsomba (mwachitsanzo, seagulls).
Nsomba nthawi zambiri zimadwala matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudzana ndi helminths okhala ndi nsomba, ndichifukwa chake moyo wawo umachepa kwambiri.
Dace amadwala:
- echinochasmosis;
- opisthorchiasis;
- diphyllobothriasis.
Matendawa amatha kukhala owopsa kwa anthu, koma chithandizo choyenera cha kutentha ndi mchere wabwino kwambiri umakonza zonse. Adani obisika kwambiri a dace ndi munthu yemwe amavulaza nsomba, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira zina. Anthu amagwira nsomba izi, koma sitinganene kuti zochuluka kwambiri.
Dace si nsomba yamalonda, chifukwa chake imangochitika mwangozi kapena chifukwa cha masewera. Koposa zonse, munthu amawononga moyo wosangalala wa nsomba, akuwononga chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikiza matupi amadzi. Pali mitsinje yocheperako komanso yoyera, ndipo liwiro limatha kupezeka m'madzi otere, chifukwa chake limamwalira m'madzi akuda, kapena kuyandama, kufunafuna malo oyenera kutumizidwa kwamuyaya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Dace waku Siberia
Malo ogawikirako ndi ochulukirapo, koma pafupifupi kulikonse komwe mtundu uwu wa nsomba umasowa ndipo sapezeka kawirikawiri. Chaka ndi chaka, madzi oyera osakhudzidwa amakhalabe ochepa, ndichifukwa chake dace ikusowa kwambiri, chifukwa imamwalira msanga m'madzi akuda.
Daces si nsomba zamalonda, chifukwa chake sizigwidwa pamlingo waukulu. Anthu amawononga nsomba mwa kusokoneza ma biotopes achilengedwe, kuipitsa matupi amadzi, kuthira madzi onyansa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi mafuta. Nsomba zambiri zimafa ndendende chifukwa cha madzi opanda mphamvu. Kumwera kwa Europe (Balkan) simupeza mpumulo konse. M'madzi a zigawo zikuluzikulu za dziko lathu, nambala ya nsomba nayenso yakhala yaying'ono kwambiri. M'mayiko ena, liwiro limawoneka ngati losowa kwambiri ndipo ngakhale lili pangozi.
Kuthamanga kwa anthu ku Siberia kukukumananso ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kubwerera m'zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, kunali nsomba zazing'ono zochuluka mumtsinje wa Trans-Baikal. Ikabereka pamunsi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, ngakhale pansi pake sikunkawonekere, chingwecho chidalowa m'miyendo yayikulu kwambiri kuti ibereke. Tsopano kuchuluka kwa nsombazi kwatsika kwambiri, chifukwa chuma cha madzi chasokonekera kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, titha kunena kuti kupalikirako kumafunikira njira zodzitetezera kuti zisunge komanso kukhazikika kwa nsomba.
Dace alonda
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Dace
Monga tanena kale, pafupifupi paliponse kuchuluka kwa dace kwatsika chifukwa chilengedwe cha mitsinje yambiri chimasiya kufunikira. Zonsezi zimakhudza kwambiri mabungwe azachilengedwe, chifukwa chake nsomba zimalembedwa pamndandanda wofiira m'malo osiyanasiyana. M'madera a Moscow ndi dera la Moscow, dace amadziwika kuti ndi ochepa ndipo kuyambira 2001 adatchulidwa mu Red Book of Moscow. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi koyambirira kwa makumi awiri, dace anali mtundu wamalonda mkati mwa malire amzindawu, koma m'ma 1960, kuchuluka kwake kudachepetsedwa.
Dace wamba amalembedwa mu Red Book la Chigawo cha Samara ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono. M'madera a Ulyanovsk dera, dace amalembedwanso mu Red Book ngati mtundu womwe manambala ake akuchepa. Dace wa Danilevsky adatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Ryazan Region ngati mitundu yosawerengeka, yomwe nambala yake sikudziwika bwino. Yelets amatha kuwona mu Red Book of Ukraine, momwe amasungira kuti ndi mtundu wosatetezeka.Dace wamba amalembedwa m'mndandanda wa European Red Lists ndi IUCN. Pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kumalepheretsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi kusowa kwa malo obalira.
Njira zazikulu zotetezera ndi izi:
- Kuzindikiritsa malo okhalirako ndi dace ndikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wamalo otetezedwa;
- kumanga kwatsopano komanso kwatsopano kwa malo akale ochitira madzi;
- kukonzanso kwachilengedwe kwa malo osokonekera;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo loti asodzi asaphedwe;
- kuteteza madera am'mbali mwa nyanja mwachilengedwe (kuletsa kulumikizana, kulimbitsa ndi zipika, ndi zina);
- kuchititsa maphunziro a ichthyological ndikuwona;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo m'malo opindulitsa kwambiri.
Pamapeto pake, zimangowonjezera kuti kupezeka kwa cholengedwa chaching'ono, koma chododometsa kwambiri komanso chovuta, monga dace, pamadzi enaake, akuwonetsa malo abwino azachilengedwe mderali. Tsoka ilo, pali malo ocheperako, chifukwa chake anthu ayenera kulingalira mozama za ntchito zawo, zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe, kuti tipewe kutayika kwa nsombazi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.10.2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.11.2019 nthawi 12:01
