Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, yamphamvu, yodya nyama pafupifupi 80-90 masentimita, yomwe imapezeka ku Africa yotentha kumwera kwa Sahara. Kum'mwera kwa Africa, kumakhala anthu wamba okhala m'malo oyenera kumadera akum'mawa. Ndiye yekhayo amene akuyimira mtundu wa ziwombankhanga zomwe zilipo pano. Mtundu wachiwiriwo ndi chiwombankhanga chotchedwa Malagasy, chomwe chinatha pambuyo poti anthu ayamba kukhala ku Madagascar.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yachifumu
Mphungu yovekedwa korona, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphungu yovekedwa ku Africa kapena mphungu yotchedwa hawk, ndi mbalame yayikulu yodyera ku Africa. Chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo, chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona ndiye mnzake wanzeru kwambiri waku Africa ku harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja).
Ndi mawonekedwe ake olimba mtima komanso owonekera, chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona chaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri ngati chiwombankhanga chachikulu, chokhala m'nkhalango. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo okhala, mpaka pano anthu amakhulupirira kuti zimachita bwino ndi ziweto zazikulu zomwe zimadalira nkhalango. Komabe, masiku ano anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi korona zikuchepa mwachangu kwambiri kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mliri pafupi ndi nkhalango zam'madera otentha aku Africa.
Video: Chiwombankhanga
Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Carl Linnaeus ku Systema Naturae ndipo idasindikizidwa mu 1766, ndikuyitcha kuti Falco coronatus. Monga mbalame zomwe zidagawika pamitundu, Linnaeus adalumikiza mitundu yambiri yosagwirizana ndi mtundu wa Falco. Kukhazikika kwenikweni kwa chiwombankhanga chovekedwa chifukwa cha nthenga zake pamwamba pa Tarso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mwa anthu osagwirizana.
Chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona kwenikweni ndi gawo la gulu losiyanasiyana lomwe nthawi zina limawerengedwa kuti ndi gulu limodzi la ziwombankhanga. Gulu ili limaphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu ndi mitundu yonse yomwe imafotokozedwa kuti "nkhwazi za mphungu," kuphatikiza genera Spizaetus ndi Nisaetus.
Mitundu ina yosiyanasiyana yosakanikirana yomwe ili mgululi ndi:
- Lophaetus;
- Polemaetus;
- Lophotterychis;
- Ictinaetus.
Lero chiombankhanga chokhala ndi mtundu wopanda subspecies. Komabe, a Simon Thomsett adazindikira kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi nkhalango zochepa ku East ndi South Africa (zomwe amazitcha "ziwombankhanga zamtchire"), zomwe kale ndizomwe anthu ambiri amaphunzira, komanso omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa West. Anthu omalizawa, adatinso, amawoneka ocheperako koma amawoneka ochepa kwambiri ndipo anali ndi nsidze zakuya kuposa chiwombankhanga chamkuntho; mwamakhalidwe, ziwombankhanga za m'nkhalango zowoneka mwamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimakwezedwa mu malipoti ena amtunduwu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi mphungu yowoneka ngati korona imawoneka bwanji
Mphungu yovekedwa korona ili ndi nsonga zakuda zakuda ndi kumunsi kofiira ndi koyera. Mimba ndi chifuwa chake zathimbirira kwambiri ndikuda. Chiwombankhangachi chili ndi mapiko amfupi, otambalala komanso ozungulira oti azitha kuyendetsa bwino chilengedwe. Omenyera ofiira komanso mapiko akuda oyera ndi akuda kwambiri ndi mchira ndizo zonse zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pothawa. Mtsinje waukulu (womwe nthawi zambiri umakwezedwa), kuphatikiza kukula kwakukuru kwambiri kwa mbalameyi, zimapangitsa kuti wamkuluyo asadziwike patali pang'ono.
Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi ziwombankhanga zolimbana ndi ana, makamaka akuthawa. Mitundu ya ana yovekedwa korona imasiyana ndi mitundu imeneyi chifukwa imakhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri, wosongoka kwambiri, miyendo yowongoka, komanso mutu woyera kwathunthu.
Kuti zizolowe m'nkhalango, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi korona chili ndi mchira wautali komanso mapiko otambalala. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu ziwirizi kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yofulumira kwambiri, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu chifukwa ndiye mphungu yokha yomwe imasaka nyani mwachangu. Anyani amakhala tcheru komanso othamanga, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zovuta kusaka, makamaka pagulu. Mphungu yamphongo yamphongo ndi yamphongo nthawi zambiri imasaka awiriawiri, pomwe chiwombankhanga chimodzi chimasokoneza anyani, china chimapha. Zolimba mwamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zimatha kupha nyani kamodzi. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa anyani ali ndi mikono yamphamvu ndipo amatha kuvulaza diso kapena mapiko a chiwombankhanga.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi chisoti chanzeru kwambiri, chanzeru komanso chodziyimira pawokha, chofuna kudziwa zambiri kuposa achibale ake.
Miyendo ya chiwombankhanga yachifumu yamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo imakhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, zamphamvu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha ndi kudula nyama. Mphungu yovekedwa korona ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake ndi 80-95 cm, mapiko ake ndi 1.5-2.1 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 2.55-4.2 kg. Monga mbalame zambiri zodya nyama, yaikazi ndi yayikulu kuposa yamphongo.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi korona chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yachifumu ku Africa
Kum'mawa kwa Africa, ziwombankhanga zomwe zimavekedwa korona zimayambira kumwera kwa Uganda ndi Kenya, madera okhala ndi nkhalango ku Tanzania, kum'mawa kwa Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland ndi kum'mawa kwa South Africa mpaka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Knysna.
Mtundu wake umafikanso chakumadzulo ku Liberia, ngakhale kuti kufalikira kwake kumaderawa ndi kogawanika. Chiwombankhanga sichimawonekera kwenikweni kunja kwake, pokhala ndi anthu ambiri pakati pa Zimbabwe ndi Tanzania - chimangokhala pazomera zolimba komanso nkhalango nthawi yonse yomwe ikufalikira.
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi korona chimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira (nthawi zina m'minda), m'mapiri a nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalango zowirira komanso m'malo amiyala pamtunda wa makilomita atatu pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi zina amasankha malo a savanna ndi bulugamu kuti azikhalamo (makamaka anthu akumwera). Chifukwa chakusowa malo oyenera (chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa), malo okhala chiombankhanga amakhala osatha. Ngati malowa ndi okwanira, amathanso kupezeka pafupi ndi madera akumatauni, makamaka m'minda.
Chifukwa chake, chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona chimakhala m'malo monga:
- pakati pa Ethiopia;
- Uganda;
- nkhalango za Tanzania ndi Kenya;
- Nkhalango zaku Africa;
- Senegal;
- Gambia;
- Sierra Leone;
- Cameroon;
- Nkhalango zaku Guinea;
- Angola.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chiwombankhanga chimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame iyi imadya.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chodya chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga, kapena korona wovekedwa korona
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi ziweto ndi nyama zosinthika kwambiri, monga akambuku. Zakudya zawo makamaka zimakhala ndi zinyama, koma nyama zomwe amakonda zimasiyanasiyana kutengera dera. Mwachitsanzo, ziwombankhanga zovekedwa chisoti mu nkhalango ya Tsitsikamma ku South Africa zimadyetsa makamaka mphalapala za ana. Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti 22% ya nyama zawo zinali antelope zolemera makilogalamu 20.
M'nkhalango yamvula ya Tai National Park ku Côte d'Ivoire, ziwombankhanga zovekedwa korona zimadya nyama yolemera yolemera makilogalamu 5.67. Ku Democratic Republic of Congo, 88% yazakudya za chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mphalapala zimapangidwa ndi anyani, kuphatikiza anyani abuluu ndi njoka yakuda ndi yoyera. Anyani ofiira ofiira ndiwo nyama zomwe amakonda ku Uganda Kibale National Park.
Palinso malipoti osatsimikizika kuti ziwombankhanga zovekedwa korona ndi ana a bonobos ndi chimpanzi. Ngakhale pali malingaliro olakwika, ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi korona sizinganyamule nyama zolemetsa zoterezi. M'malo mwake, amagawa chakudya chawo mzidutswa zazikulu. Nthaŵi zambiri chidutswa chilichonse mwa izi chimalemera kwambiri kuposa chiombankhanga chomwe. Pambuyo poswa nyama, chiwombankhanga chimapita nacho kuchisacho komwe chingadye masiku ambiri. Mofanana ndi akambuku, chakudya chimodzi chokha chingalimbikitse chiombankhanga kwa nthawi yaitali. Chifukwa chake, safunikira kusaka tsiku lililonse, koma amatha kudikirira m'malo awo kuti adye.
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi ziphuphu zimachita zomwe zimatchedwa kusaka kosayenda. Amakhala osayima pa nthambi ya mtengo ndipo amagwera molunjika pa nyama yawo. Mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga zina, iwo amabisala pa chisoti cha mtengo, osati pamwamba pake. Iyi ndi njira yophweka yoti azisaka nyama zam'madzi. Chiwombankhanga chimatha kudikira panthambi kwa maola ambiri, kenako pamphindi ziwiri zokha chimapha antelope. Ndi njira ina yosakira nyama zina zamtchire monga makoswe, mongoose, komanso chevrotan wam'madzi.
Nthawi zina wogwiriridwayo amakhala wamkulu komanso wosachedwa kulimba. Chifukwa chake ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi korona zimagwiritsa ntchito kuwukira kosakira. Pambuyo povulaza mwazi wawo ndi zikhadabo, ziwombankhanga zimagwiritsa ntchito kafungo kosaka nyama, nthawi zina kwa masiku angapo. Wovulazidwa akamayesetsa kutsatira gulu la ziweto, chiwombankhanga chimabwerera kukamaliza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphungu yovekedwa ndi mphungu
Chiwombankhanga chachifumu sichimasuntha ndipo chimangokhala, nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'malo okhazikika kwa moyo wake wonse. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mbalame zimasamuka mtunda woyenera nthawi zonse pamene zinthu zili zofunika kutero, monga posintha anyani kumadera amene amaswanirana okha. Kusamuka kumeneku ndi kwachilengedwe ndipo sikungafanane ndi kusamuka kwa nyengo kwamitundu ina ya ziwombankhanga (mwachitsanzo, chiwombankhanga).
Ngakhale kuti ndizovuta kwambiri (makamaka chifukwa cha malo ake), chiwombankhanga chachifumu chimalankhula kwambiri ndipo chimatha kuwuluka. Amunawa amachita chiwonetsero chovuta kukwera ndi kugwera pamwamba pa nkhalango nthawi yonse yoswana komanso kupitirira ngati gawo. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imapanga phokoso ndipo imatha kufikira kutalika kwa mamita 900.
Zosangalatsa: Liwu la chiwombankhanga chovekedwa ndi malikhweru omveka bwino omwe amapita mmwamba ndikutsika m'munda. Mkazi amathanso kupanga ziwonetsero zodziyimira pawokha, ndipo maanja amadziwikanso kuti agwirizane nawo pamisonkhano yosangalatsa.
Pakuswana, ziwombankhanga zovekedwa korona zimawonekera kwambiri ndikumveka mokweza pomwe zimapanga ziwonetsero zosasunthika kumtunda mpaka 1 km. Munthawi imeneyi, zimatha kupanga phokoso ndikumveka mokweza "kewi-kewi" kuchokera kwamphongo. Mwambo uwu nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi kubereka, koma ukhozanso kukhala gawo lolamulira dera.
Ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu ndizamtundu wamanjenje, amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse komanso osakhazikika, koma njira zawo zosakira zimafuna kuleza mtima kwambiri ndipo zimatenga nthawi yayitali kudikirira nyama. Ziwombankhanga zakale zimakhala zolimba mtima kwambiri zikakumana ndi anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri, zikazengereza poyamba, zimachita zankhanza.
Zosangalatsa: Ngakhale zili ndi luso, chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona nthawi zambiri chimanenedwa kuti ndi chobowola poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphungu yachifumu mwachilengedwe
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi chisoti chokhwima chimakhala chobereka chokha, chokha chomwe chimangobereka pakatha zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Mkazi ndi amene amamanga chisa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala pamwamba pa mphanda wa mtengo wosalala pafupi ndi chigwa kapena nthawi zina m'mphepete mwa minda. Chisa chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito nyengo zingapo zoswana.
Chisa cha Mphungu Yachiwombo ndi nyumba yayikulu yomwe imakonzedwa ndikukulitsidwa nthawi iliyonse yoswana, ndikupangitsa kuti zisa zikulire. Zisa zina zimakula mpaka mamita 2.3 kudutsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zazikulu kwambiri pa mitundu yonse ya ziwombankhanga.
Ku South Africa, chiwombankhanga chovekedwa chimayikira mazira kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Okutobala, ku Rhodesia kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala, makamaka mozungulira Okutobala m'chigawo cha Mtsinje wa Congo, kwinakwake kuyambira Juni mpaka Novembala ku Kenya ndi pachimake mu Ogasiti-Okutobala, ku Uganda kuyambira Disembala mpaka Okutobala Julayi, komanso ku West Africa mu Okutobala.
Mphungu yovekedwa korona nthawi zambiri imaikira mazira 1 kapena 2 omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira pafupifupi masiku 50, pomwe mkazi ndi amene amakhala ndi udindo wosamalira mazirawo. Akaswa, anapiyewo amadyetsa wamkazi kwa masiku 110 chakudya chomwe champhongo chimapereka. Pakatha masiku pafupifupi 60, yaikaziyo imayamba kusaka chakudya.
Mwana wankhuku kakang'ono nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa champikisano wazakudya kapena kuphedwa ndi mwana wankhuku wamphamvu. Ikatha kuuluka koyamba, chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chimadalirabe kwa makolo ake kwa miyezi 9 mpaka 9 pamene chimaphunzira kusaka chokha. Pachifukwa ichi mphungu yamtengo wapatali imangobereketsa zaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Kodi mphungu yowoneka ngati korona imawoneka bwanji
Chiwombankhanga chovekedwa ndi mtundu wotetezedwa. Silisakidwa ndi zilombo zina, koma makamaka zimawopsezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo. Chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona ndimunthu wachilengedwe wachilengedwe kawirikawiri. Mndandanda wonse wa taxonomic uli ndi mitundu pafupifupi 300 yokha. Kukula kwake kwakukulu kumatanthauza kuti chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona chimafuna nyama zazikulu ndi malo akulu komwe imatha kukhazikitsa malo odyetsera ndi oswanirana.
Popeza amakonda malo otseguka kapena amitengo pang'ono, nthawi zambiri amasakidwa ndi alimi omwe amanyansidwa ndi ziweto zake. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa chiwombankhanga chovalidwa ndikukula kwa ntchito zaulimi ndikusintha malo ake oyamba kukhala malo ena. Malo osokonekera kwambiri a Cerrado, omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama, ndiwopseza kupezeka kwa chiwombankhanga.
Kukhazikitsa malo otetezedwa ndi mosaic, kukonzekera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malo ndi kukhazikika, kusungitsa malo osaloledwa paminda yabwinokha ndikusamalira madera otetezedwa kwathunthu kumatha kukhala njira zabwino zotetezera. Ndikofunikanso kuthana ndi kuzunza ndi kupha polimbikitsa kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi maphunziro. Pomaliza, pulogalamu yoyang'anira zachilengedwe iyenera kupangidwa kuti ipangitse mitundu iyi kuti nyama zake zakutchire zisatsike pang'ono.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yachifumu
Chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona chimakhala chofala m'malo abwino, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kukuchepera mogwirizana ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Ndiwofala kwambiri m'malo otetezedwa ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe kuposa kwina kulikonse, ngakhale zidalembedweratu kunja kwa malowa. Chiwerengero chake mwina ndichokwera kuposa kafukufuku waposachedwa, ngakhale zimangodalira kuchuluka kwa nkhalango, makamaka kumpoto kwake.
Chifukwa chodula mitengo kwambiri mmaiko aku Africa, pakhala kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo oyenera a mphungu iyi, ndipo m'malo ambiri kufalitsa kwake kumagawika. Ndi mtundu wamba m'malo ambiri otetezedwa, koma manambala akucheperachepera.
Monga chiwombankhanga chokulirapo pang'ono, chiwombankhanga chovalidwa chisoti chakhala chikutsatiridwa m'mbiri yamasiku ano ndi alimi omwe amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyi ndi chiwopsezo ku ziweto zawo. Palibe ziwombankhanga zokhala korona kapena zankhondo zomwe sizinkachita nawo ziweto pafupipafupi, ndipo ndimagulu ochepa omwe anthu omwe amafa ndi njala amaukira ana a ng'ombe. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi korona, makamaka, sizimachoka m'nkhalango kukasaka, ndipo nthawi yomwe zimauluka kunja kwa nkhalango zowirira nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha madera kapena mafuko.
Mu Epulo 1996, chiwombankhanga choyamba padziko lapansi chokhala mu ukapolo chidaswa ku San Diego Zoo. Mitunduyi pakadali pano imangosungidwa m'malo asanu ophunzitsira, kuphatikizapo San Diego, San Francisco Zoo, Los Angeles Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo ndi Lowry Park Zoo.
Chiwombankhanga chovekedwa korona nthawi zambiri chimadziwika kuti ndi ziwombankhanga zamphamvu kwambiri ku Africa. Chiwombankhanga amalephera kulingalira. Palibe munthu aliyense ku Africa amene ali wochititsa chidwi kuposa mbalame yayikuluyi. Ndi kulemera kwa 2.5-4.5 kg, nthawi zonse amapha nyama zolemera kuposa iye.Alenje okongolawa amatha kusaka mphalapala zolemera kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kulemera kwake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/30/2019 pa 21:07
