Koyamba, oncilla imatha kusokonezedwa ndi mphaka woweta bwino: ndiyapakatikati, yokongola, ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe owonekera. Koma kwenikweni oncilla Ndi nyama yolusa yoopsa yomwe imazembera nyama yake mopanda chilema ndikukhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Oncilla
Oncilla ndi membala wosazolowereka wa banja la feline. Mphaka wa sing'anga uyu ndi wosaka mwaluso kwambiri m'malo mwake. Ngakhale amphaka amphongo amakonda kukhala akulu, oncilla ndi kanyama kakang'ono, koma kukula kwake ndi mwayi wopikisana nawo pazakudya. Pali ma subspecies angapo a oncilla, omwe amasiyana makamaka m'malo awo.
Amadziwika, monga lamulo, atatu, ngakhale omalizirayi nthawi zambiri amagawika m'magulu awiri ena:
- kambuku tigrinus tigrinus;
- kambuku tigrinus guttulus;
- kambuku tigrinus pardinoides.
Komanso, mitunduyi imasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe kake, ngakhale kuti kusiyanako kulibe tanthauzo, chifukwa chake gulu la oncilla limafunsidwa nthawi zambiri. Amphaka amtchire adachokera ku miacids - zolengedwa zomwe zimawoneka ngati ma martens akulu omwe amakhala ku Paleocene. Ku Oligocene, nyamazi zidakhala nyama zolusa zolimba, ndikukhala pamwamba pazakudya.
Kanema: Oncilla
Apa ndipamene mabanja akulu akulu a felines adayamba kugawidwa:
- amphaka akulu monga akambuku, mkango, nyalugwe, kambuku;
- amphaka ang'ono - manul, mphaka wa m'nkhalango, oncilla ndi mitundu ya ziweto;
- amphaka okhala ndi sabata, omwe adatha kumapeto kwa Pleistocene.
Kutumizidwa kwa oncilla kwa amphaka ang'onoang'ono ndizovomerezeka, chifukwa ndikadali kokulirapo kuposa ena amphaka ang'onoang'ono, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi kocheperako kuposa banja la amphaka akulu. Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa oncilla pakadali pano ndi nyalugwe (kapena panther). Kufanana kumangosinthasintha, chifukwa oncilla amangofanana ndi kambuku wamtundu, chifukwa chake, njira yamoyo, yomwe imabwera chifukwa chobisalira nthawi zonse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe Oncilla amawonekera
Kapangidwe kake ndi mtundu wa oncilla amafanana ndi nyamayi yaying'ono - idatchulidwanso "jaguar yaying'ono". Ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kukula kwake kuposa mphaka wa ocelot ndi mchira wautali, ngakhale wokulirapo kuposa amphaka oweta. Unyinji waukulu kwambiri wamwamuna - umafikira makilogalamu atatu., Ndipo kutalika kwa thupi osaphunzira mchira ndi pafupifupi masentimita 65. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, masentimita 30-40 okha.
Maso ndi makutu a oncillas ndi akulu kwambiri, okulirapo kuposa mitundu ina ya kambuku. Maso akuwoneka kuti amakopeka ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda. Makutu ndi owonda kwambiri, momwe mungawone mosavuta ma capillaries amphaka. Mphuno ndi yayikulu komanso pinki. Masharubu siatali ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe otseka. Pakamwa pa oncilla ndi chaching'ono, ngakhale mofanana, chochepa kwambiri kuposa cha abale ake apamtima.
Chosangalatsa: Mmodzi mwa ma oncillas asanu ndi melanistic, ndiye kuti, ali ndi mtundu wakuda. Awa ndi malo omwe amaphimba thupi lanyama.
Ubweya wake ndi waufupi komanso wofewa kwambiri, wopangidwa ndi chovala chamkati kwathunthu. Mtundu wake ndi ocher, wokhala ndi mimba yoyera, chifuwa ndi miyendo yamkati. Palinso zolemba zoyera pankhope pake. Pali pathupi pathupi lonse - mphete yachilendo yolembedwa yakuda. Mawanga amapangidwa m'mizere yayitali ndikusintha tinthu tating'ono kumapeto kwa mchira.
Mchira umadzaza kwathunthu ndi mawanga akuda. Kunja kwa makutu, kuli malo akuda ndi oyera ngati omwe amapezeka akambuku otentha. Manja a Oncilla ndi ochepa, okhala ndi zikhadabo zazifupi, zakuthwa. Miyendo ndiyofupikiranso, yakumbuyo ndiyotalikirapo pang'ono kuposa yakutsogolo. Mutu umawoneka wawung'ono kwambiri motsutsana ndi msana waukulu wa mphaka. Kapangidwe kameneka kamamuthandiza kuti azichita bwino.
Kodi oncilla amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Oncilla mwachilengedwe
Oncillae ndi amphaka otentha omwe amakhala m'malo otentha, otentha. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Costa Rica, kumpoto kwa Panama, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Nthawi yomweyo, amphaka amapewa kufikira madera otentha: mwachitsanzo, oncilla sanawoneke pafupi ndi basin ya Amazon, ngakhale malo ake ambiri amalumikizana ndi malowa. Malowa ali ngati zojambulajambula, ndipo m'malo ena kuli zochepa kwambiri.
Kutengera mitundu, oncilla amakhala m'malo awa:
- leopardus tigrinus tigrinus - Venezuela, Guyana, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil;
- leopardus tigrinus guttulus - pakati ndi kumwera kwa Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, kumpoto kwa Argentina;
- leopardus tigrinus pardinoides - kumadzulo kwa Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.
Oncilla amakwera mitengo bwino ndipo amakhala omasuka ndi kuthamanga kwamlengalenga - amatha kukhala pamtunda wa 3200 pamwamba pamadzi. Ngakhale njira yayikulu yamoyo wa amphakawa ndi yapadziko lapansi. Amakonda nkhalango, ngakhale atha kupezeka m'matchire, okhala m'tchire laminga. Ma oncillas ambiri amakhala m'malo otentha otentha. Pali zidziwitso kuti kuchuluka kwa oncilla kukukula bwino m'nkhalango zowopsa, chifukwa chake, malowa ndi oyandikira kwambiri.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe Oncilla amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mphaka uyu amadya.
Kodi oncilla amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cat Oncilla
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni cha zomwe oncilla amadya. Chinyama chimakhala moyo wachinsinsi ndipo chimasamala anthu, chifukwa chake kuziwona kuthengo ndikovuta.
Mwina amasaka nyama zotsatirazi:
- mbalame;
- makoswe;
- abuluzi ndi njoka zazing'ono;
- anyani ang'onoang'ono ochokera kubanja la macaque;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Pali umboni kuti oncilla amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya zawo. Mwachitsanzo, samadya mbalame limodzi ndi nthenga, koma amayamba adula nthenga mosamala kuchokera ku mbalame yomwe yaphedwa, kenako ndikudya. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kagayidwe kabwino ka oncillus, ndichifukwa chake chibadwa chidapangidwa kuti chiyeretse nyama kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja.
Oncilla ndi osaka bwino kwambiri. Amasaka mobisa, monganso nthumwi zambiri za banja lachikazi, samayang'ana kuthamangitsa. Chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wobisala, siziwoneka pakati pa masamba ndi zitsamba. Komanso, mphaka amayenda mosavuta panthambi za mitengo - chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, imatha kuyenda ngakhale panthambi zochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'nthawi yanjala, amphakawa amatha kudya tizilombo tambiri tambiri ndi mphutsi, zomwe zimakhala zochuluka m'nkhalango zowirira.
Oncilla ali pamwamba pazakudya zazikulu ndi kukula. Poukira nyama, amalumpha kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyesera kuluma nthawi yomweyo kupyola pakhosi kapena kumbuyo kwa mutu wa wovulalayo, potero kumupha nthawi yomweyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Oncilla
Oncillas ndi amphaka okha ngati akambuku, akambuku kapena nyamazi. Amakonda kukhala moyo wobisika, wobisala m'nkhalango zowirira masana kapena kupumula panthambi zamitengo. Usiku, amphaka amapita kukasaka.
Oncilla ndi amphaka amtundu. Amuna ndi akazi omwe amakhala ndi malire osiyanasiyana oti amatha kusaka. Pokhapokha nthawi yoswana ndi yomwe amuna amatha kuphwanya malamulowa, ndipo nthawi yonseyi, oncilla amalemba gawo lawo molimbika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, amphaka awa amawonetsana anzawo. Amuna amakwiya kwambiri kwa akazi: amatha kuwaluma kwambiri ndikuwapweteka. Chifukwa chake, ma oncillas amayesetsa kuti asalowe m'gawo la wina.
Ngakhale oncillas amakhala usiku, amakhala achiwawa kwambiri. Chifukwa chaukali, amatha kuukira nyama zonse zomwe zimaposa kukula kwake, ndipo mosasamala amathamangira nyama zowopsa. Amuna ndiamakani kwambiri kuposa akazi, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi machitidwe awo.
Chosangalatsa: Oncillas amakonda kusambira, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofanana ndi akambuku ndi nyamazi.
Nthawi zina oncilla amatha kugwira ntchito masana. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi azimayi oyamwitsa omwe nthawi zonse amakhala akusaka nyama. Komanso munyengo yamvula, amphakawa amakhala achangu kwambiri, ngakhale chomwe chimayambitsa chimakhala chovuta kuchizindikira. Mwina nthawi imeneyi ndi yopambana kwambiri pakusaka, chifukwa mvula imabisalira kununkhiza komanso phokoso, zomwe zimalola kuti chilombochi chikhale chowopsa kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wamphaka wa Oncilla
Oncillas amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi wokwatirana naye panthawi yopanga. Amuna ndi akazi amapezana wina ndi mnzake mwa kununkhiza ndikuyamba mtundu wa kudziwana. Amagona limodzi kwambiri, amapaka nkhope zawo wina ndi mnzake ndipo amakhala ochezeka kwambiri.
Amayi amakula msinkhu azaka ziwiri, ndipo amuna amabala ana chaka chimodzi ndi theka atabadwa. Nthawi ya estrus imatenga masiku 3-9, pomwe masewera osakanikirana amachitikira.
Chosangalatsa: Palibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi masewera okhathamira a oncillas kuthengo, koma kunyumba amphakawa amakonda kukhala ndi ana nthawi zonse ndi mnzake.
Okwatirana a Oncilla mu Marichi, ndipo mimba imatenga masiku 75. Pambuyo pokwatirana, champhongo chimasiya chachikazi ndikubwerera m'moyo wabwinobwino. Mkati mwa nyengo, yaikazi nthawi zambiri imabweretsa mphaka mmodzi, koma nthawi zina ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Ana obadwa kumene obadwa kumene alibe chochita ndipo amalemera magalamu 100. Amatsegula maso awo sabata limodzi, koma nthawi zina khungu limatha mpaka masiku 18. Mkazi amawasunga m'malo obisika: m'nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalango, malo omwe wina wasiyidwa. Anawo amakhala mmenemo mpaka atatha kudya nyama - yomwe ili pafupifupi milungu 5-7 atabadwa.
Mano amakula msanga, kwenikweni patangotha masiku 21 atabadwa. Ino ndi nthawi yochedwa, koma imalipidwa ndikuti kittens amakhala ndi mano awo onse nthawi imodzi. Amphaka amayamba kudziyimira pawokha pakangotha miyezi inayi asanakwanitse amayi awo, ndipo amakula msinkhu patatha chaka.
Adani achilengedwe a oncilla
Chithunzi: Cat Oncilla
Oncilla ndi chilombo cholimba, ngakhale ndi yaying'ono. Chifukwa cha ichi, alibe adani achilengedwe omwe angafunefune mphakawu. Komabe, nyama zingapo zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha oncilla.
Mitundu ina yayikulu ya anyani imatha kuukira oncilla podziteteza. Anyani sakhala otsika chifukwa cha liwiro ndi ulesi ku mphakawu, chifukwa chake amatha kupundula kapena kupha kumene. Nthawi yomweyo, oncilla mwina sangagwire anyani akuluakulu, ngakhale nthawi zina amamenya nyama zazikulu kuposa iwo.
Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo pa oncilla. Mphaka akakwera kwambiri mumitengo, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mbalame yodya nyama iigwire panthambi. Oncilla amalemera pang'ono kwambiri, choncho harpy kapena mitundu ina ya ziwombankhanga zimatha kunyamula mosavuta. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa amphaka.
Mimbulu ndi ma boas zimatha kuwopseza ma oncillas, ngakhale akuchedwa. Mphaka amazindikira kuti boa constrictor akubisala mwa kununkhiza ndipo samamveka pang'ono, kotero kuti achikulire sangagwidwe ndi chilombo ichi. Koma boa constrictor imatha kupondereza ma oncillas omwe akukula kapena kuwononga chisa ndi mphaka wakhungu. Momwemonso, njoka zazing'ono zimatha kudyetsa ana amphaka atangobadwa kumene amayi awo ali kunja kukasaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Oncilla amawoneka bwanji
Oncilla yatsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Pali zifukwa zingapo izi, zomwe zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi zinthu za anthropogenic. Kuonongeka kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha ulimi. Izi zikuphatikizaponso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'minda ya khofi, yomwe imachitidwabe kulikonse. Oncillas amakakamizidwa kufunafuna malo awoawo, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amafa ndi njala kapena amasowa nyengo zawo zoswana.
M'madera ena panali kuwonongedwa kwa ma oncillas. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi zina malo okhala oncilla amakhala ndi malo okhala anthu, pomwe nyama zitha kuwukira nkhuku. Zachidziwikire, izi zimavulaza ulimi ndipo sizimasangalatsa mbadwa.
M'mbuyomu, ma oncillas nawonso adawonongedwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wofewa. Zikopazo zidagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera kwambiri, ngakhale zidalibe phindu lililonse - sizitentha, ndipo zimafunika zikopa zambiri kusoka chovala.
Oncilla adagwidwa ngati ziweto. Iyi ndi njira yowopsa kwambiri yokhala ndi chiweto, chifukwa oncilla ndi yovuta kuyimitsa - ndi mphaka wamtchire komanso wankhanza kwambiri. Ndi ana okha omwe amabadwira mu ukapolo omwe amatha kukhala oweta.
Komabe, amphakawa amasungidwa m'matabeti ena azinyama, ngakhale ali mu ukapolo amakana kuswana, komanso amakumana ndi nkhawa chifukwa chokhala pafupi ndi anthu.
Chitetezo cha Oncilla
Chithunzi: Oncilla wochokera ku Red Book
Oncilla adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mtundu wosatetezeka. Chiwerengero cha anthu chatsala pang'ono kubwezeretsedwanso, oncilla wafalikira, ngakhale ndizosowa kwambiri. Kupha nyama mwachisawawa kunali mliri weniweni kwa anthu amphakawa, popeza kuyambira nthawi ya 1970 mpaka 1980 ma oncillas masauzande angapo adawonongedwa. Ndipo mu 1983, zikopa pafupifupi 84,000 zidalandidwa kuchokera kwa anthu opha nyama mosayenera.
Pakadali pano, ma oncillas ali pafupifupi 50 zikwi, akuluakulu. Chithunzicho sichikhazikika ndipo nthawi zina chimakwera ndipo nthawi zina chimachepa chifukwa chodula mitengo. Kusaka ma oncillas ndikoletsedwa, koma m'malo ambiri komwe amakhala, sikunapatsidwe mwayi wokhala nyama yosamalira.
Momwemonso, sichitetezedwa m'malo awa:
- Ecuador;
- Guyana;
- Panama;
- Nicaragua;
- Peru.
Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse Wogulitsa Zinyama Zamtchire ndi Zomera, oncilla idawonjezeredwa kuzowonjezera kumbuyo mu 1989. Palibe ntchito yapadera yomwe ikuchitidwa pothandizira kapena kubwezeretsa anthu chifukwa chovutika ndi mphaka. Zimadziwika kuti kusaka kwake kwatha.
Oncilla Ndi nyama yokongola komanso yoopsa. Ngakhale amawoneka okongola, mphaka uyu samazolowera kukhala kunyumba chifukwa chakulusa kwachilengedwe komanso zochulukirapo usiku. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa oncilla wamtchire abwezeretsedwanso.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.10.2019
Tsiku losintha: 08/29/2019 ku 19:11
