Mamba - Iyi ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri. Asodzi nthawi zonse amapikisana kuti agwire zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti nsomba zimakhala ndi mafupa ambiri. Komabe, izi sizimachepetsa kutchuka kwake pang'ono. Pali malo ambiri omwe nsombazi zimakulira chifukwa cha mafakitale, kapena kuti musangalatse. Pakati pa anthu, asp ali ndi mayina ena ambiri - kavalo, kugwira, kuyera. Zoyamba ziwirizi zimachitika chifukwa cha mtundu winawake wosakira nyama. Nsomba zoyera zimatchedwa chifukwa cha mamba ake oyera, pafupifupi opanda mtundu. Asp ndi mtundu wa nsomba womwe umagawidwanso m'magulu atatu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Asp
Asp ndi ya nyama zovutitsidwa, nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, mtundu wa carp, banja la carp, mtundu ndi mitundu ya asp amadziwika m'kalasi. Pakadali pano, akatswiri a zachthyologists sangathe kupereka chidziwitso chonse chokhudzana ndi magwero ndi kusinthika kwa woimira cyprinids. Pali mitundu ingapo yamasamba a nsombazi. Malinga ndi imodzi mwa malingaliro omwe alipo, oimira akale a asp amakono amakhala mdera la China chamakono, Japan, ndi mayiko ena aku Asia.
Kanema: Asp
Oimira akale kwambiri a nsomba zamakono anawoneka padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zakale zomwe zidapezedwa ndi nsomba. Moyo wakale wam'madzi wotere unali ndi mawonekedwe otambalala, anali ndi zofanana ndi zipsepse zamakono, koma analibe nsagwada. Thupi la nsomba zakale lidakutidwa ndi mamba yolimba, yomwe imawoneka ngati chipolopolo. Mchirawo unali wofanana ndi mbale ziwiri zazing'ono.
Nsomba za nthawiyo zimakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala komanso kukhala pansi pang'ono. Pafupifupi zaka 11-10 miliyoni zapitazo, chifukwa cha chisinthiko, zolengedwa zidayamba kuwonekera kunja kuti ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nsomba zamakono. Anthu awa anali kale ndi mano akuthwa, m'malo ataliatali. Gawo lakumtunda kwa thupi lawo linali lodzaza ndi masikelo owoneka ngati mahatchi, omwe amalumikizana mozungulira.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakusintha ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, nsomba zidayamba kugawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri, mtundu uliwonse wamtunduwu udayamba kupanga mawonekedwe, kapangidwe kake ndi zakudya.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe asp imawonekera
Kuyera ndi nsomba za banja la carp. Monga mamembala ena a banja la carp, ili ndi mafupa ambiri. Nsombayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lake lalikulu, lalikulupo, lofupikitsidwa, lomwe limakhala ndi mawonekedwe opotera. Kumbuyo kwake kuli kowongoka komanso kotakata, kopakidwa utoto wakuda, nthawi zina wabuluu. Mbali zonse za nsombazi ndi zotuwa, ndipo pamimba pamakhala siliva wokha. Thupi lonse lakutidwa ndi sikelo zasiliva. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mamba ali ndi mchira wamphamvu kwambiri. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti gawo lake lakumunsi ndilitali kuposa kumtunda. Ichthyologists onani angapo a zizindikiro kunja.
Zowonekera zakunja kwa asp:
- kutalika, mutu wopindika;
- pakamwa chachikulu;
- nsagwada yayikulu yakumunsi;
- zipsepse zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo ndizimvi ndipo zimakhala ndi maupangiri amdima;
- Zipsepse zina zonse zomwe zili mthupi mwa nsombazo zimakhala zofiira kapena zalanje pansi ndi zotuwa kumapeto.
Mutu wake ndiwokulirapo, wokulirapo. Ili ndi milomo yayikulu, yothina komanso nsagwada yakutuluka pang'ono. Nsagwada za oimira ma carps alibe mano. M'malo mwake, pali ma tubercles apadera ndi ma grooves. Ma tubercles ali pamunsi pa nsagwada. Zotulukazo zili pamwamba ndipo cholinga chake ndikulowera ma tubercles, omwe ali pansipa. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada kameneka kamakupatsani mwayi wogwira omwe angatenge nyama, yomwe ilibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Kapangidwe kamtundu wa pakamwa kamalola mamba kusaka ngakhale nyama yayikulu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chodabwitsa, pali ma incis ochepa mu asp pharynx.
Akuluakulu, anthu akulu amafika kutalika kwa thupi kukhala mita 1-1.3. Kulemera kwa nsomba zotere ndi makilogalamu 11-13. Kukula kwapakati pazakugonana ndimasentimita 50-80, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 6-7.
Kodi asp amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Asp ku Russia
Asp amasankha kwambiri za momwe moyo ungakhalire. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti nsomba zamtunduwu zikhale ndi nkhokwe yayikulu, yakuya. Iyenera kukhala ndi madzi oyera oyenda bwino komanso chakudya chambiri komanso mpweya wabwino. Nsomba sizingapezeke m'madamu omwe awonongeka kapena alibe chakudya chokwanira. Ambiri mwa anthu okhala mdera la Russia amakhala m'madamu akulu, mitsinje ikuluikulu, nyanja ndi nyanja. Zimadziwika bwino kuti zoyera zimapezeka munyanja zakumwera kwa Russia, nyanja zakumpoto ndi Baltic.
Dera lomwe kumakhala nsomba ndizochepa. Amayambira kum'mawa komanso gawo lina lakumadzulo kwa Europe. Akatswiri azachikhalidwe amafotokoza izi ngati gawo pakati pa Mtsinje wa Ural ndi Mtsinje wa Rhine. Njira yamadzi iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe ndipo imadutsa mayiko sikisi aku Europe. Malire akumwera kwa malo okhala nsomba afotokozedwa ndi madera aku Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan.
Malire akumwera kwa malo okhala nsomba akuphatikizaponso:
- Nyanja ya Caspian;
- Nyanja ya Aral;
- Amu Darya;
- Syrdarya.
Pali nsomba zochepa zomwe zimapezeka m'nyanja ya Svityaz, Neva, Onega ndi Ladoga. Nthawi zina mutha kukumana ndi Zherekh pa Nyanja Balkhash. Anabweretsedwa kumeneko mwachinyengo.
Kodi asp amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Asp asp
Mwachilengedwe, asp ndi chilombo. Komabe, motsutsana ndi mbiri ya zolusa zina, imadziwika ndi njira yake yachilendo yosaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuti igwire nyama yake, nsomba imalumpha pamwamba pamadzi ndikungogwera. Chifukwa chake, imagwedeza nyama yomwe ingagwire. Pambuyo pake, amatha mosavuta kuigwira ndikumeza.
Kapangidwe kazipangizo zam'kamwa ndi mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuti nsombayo imakhala kumtunda kapena pakati pakatikati pamadzi. Asp ikakula mpaka kukula kokwanira masentimita 35 m'litali, ndikulemera thupi lofunikira, imayamba kukhala ndi moyo wodya nyama. Panthawi yakukula ndi chitukuko, chakudya chachikulu ndimapulaneti ndi tizilombo ta m'madzi.
Chakudya cha akulu:
- vobla;
- kuphwanya;
- molluscs;
- zander;
- gudgeon;
- siliva bream;
- choboola;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono.
Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri cha whitash chitha kuonedwa ngati achichepere a roach kapena bream. Amathanso kudya madzi amadzi, mphutsi, mwachangu ndi mazira azamoyo zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi. Asp imawerengedwa kuti siyofunika kwenikweni pachakudya, choncho imadya chilichonse chomwe chingaoneke ngati chakudya cha nsomba. Asp kusaka nsomba zomwe zili zoyenera kudya ngati kukula. Amatha kugwira anthu omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo sikupitilira masentimita 15. Si zachilendo kwa olusawa kudikirira nyama zawo kumalo obisika. Nthawi zonse amamuthamangitsa ndikumuwombera pamadzi.
M'nyengo yamvula yambiri, ndikuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, kapena nyengo yovuta, nsomba zimamira pafupifupi pansi. Amangodzuka pamwamba apo ndi apo kuti athetse njala yawo. Pambuyo pa chisanu, nsombazo zimakhala zofooka kwambiri. Satha kukhala ndi moyo wolanda nyama ndikuthamangitsa nyama zawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Munthawi imeneyi, mpaka atakhala olimba, amadyetsa tizilombo, mphutsi, madzi abwino ndi anthu ena ang'onoang'ono m'madamu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Asp pansi pamadzi
Nthumwi iyi ya carp imakonda malo amtsinje mwachangu, makamaka maloko ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Malo oterewa ndi malo abwino okhala nsomba. Ali ndi zofunikira zonse pakusaka bwino komanso chakudya chokwanira. Phokoso la madzi ndi mathithi amabisala ndikuphimba zomwe zimakhudza madzi, mothandizidwa ndi nsombazo kupeza chakudya chawo. Kumalo komwe kulibe kutuluka ndi phokoso lamadzi, nsomba ndizochepa kwambiri.
Asp ndi m'modzi mwa oimira akulu kwambiri m'banja la carp. Ndi chilengedwe chake, ali ndi khalidwe laukali ndipo, pofika msinkhu wokwanira, amakhala ndi moyo wolanda. Kuyera kumakhudza kutentha kwamadzi. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo. Nsombazi zimatchedwa kuti zaka zana. Akatswiri azachipatala sanathe kudziwa zaka zenizeni, koma adatha kudziwa kuti anthu ena adapulumuka mpaka zaka 13-15.
Amakhala ndi moyo wautali ngati liwiro la mphezi. Komanso, nsomba ndi yamanyazi kwambiri. Ngati aona mthunzi uli pafupi, amabisala pamalo obisika, otetezeka. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, nsomba zimasonkhana m'masukulu kuti ziwonjezere kuchuluka kwawo ndikuwonjezera mwayi wopulumuka. Pamene sukulu zimakula, zimasweka ndipo nsomba zimakhala moyo wokha. Nsomba ndizosankha pazakudya zawo, amatha kudya chilichonse chomwe angapeze m'madzi amtsinje. Chifukwa cha izi, amakula msanga ndikulemera thupi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Asp pa Volga
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pafupifupi chaka chachitatu cha moyo. Nsombayo imakhala yokonzeka kuti izitha kuphulika thupi likalemera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Msinkhu woberekera mu nsomba zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumpoto ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu pambuyo pake kuposa nsomba zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumwera.
Chiyambi cha nyengo yobereketsa chimadalira nyengo ndi kutentha kwa madzi m'malo okhala nsomba. M'madera akumwera, kubereka kumayamba pakati pa Epulo ndipo kumatha milungu ingapo. Kutentha kwamadzi koyenera kwambiri kuswana kumachokera madigiri 7 mpaka 15. Asp amabereka awiriawiri, motero, awiriawiri angapo amabala m'dera lomwelo nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azimva kuswana.
Chosangalatsa: Pakuchulukitsa, abambo amakonzekera mpikisano wakumanja kwa umuna wamkazi. Pakumenyana kotere, atha kuvulazana kwambiri komanso kudulirana wina ndi mnzake.
Asp ikufunafuna malo oyenera kuberekera. Monga lamulo, izi zimachitika paming'alu yamchenga kapena yamiyala pabedi lamadzi okhala anthu nthawi zonse. Pakusaka, anthu ambiri amadzuka kwambiri, ngakhale atakhala kuti akusemphana ndi zamakono. Mzimayi wapakatikati amatulutsa mazira pafupifupi 60,000 - 100,000, omwe amakhala pamitengo ndi mbali zina za zomera zomwe zimafa m'nyengo yozizira. Mazirawo amaphimbidwa ndi chinthu chomata, chifukwa chokhazikika pamasamba.
Pazifukwa zabwino komanso kutentha kwamadzi, mphutsi zimapezeka pafupifupi masabata 3-4. Ngati kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kotsika pang'ono, mbozi zimatuluka m'mazira pambuyo pake.
Adani achilengedwe asp
Chithunzi: Asp
Asp ndi nyama yolusa, yamwano, yomwe mwachilengedwe imapatsidwa chisamaliro chachikulu, kumva kwambiri, masomphenya ndi mphamvu zina. Ngakhale panthawi yomwe nsombayo ikusaka, imayang'anira malo onse oyizungulira ndikuwona zoopsa kapena mdani yemwe ali kutali. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nyama zazing'ono ndi mphutsi zili ndi adani ochulukirapo, ndichifukwa chake zimasonkhana m'magulu.
Adani achilengedwe oyera:
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- cormorants;
- osprey;
- ziwombankhanga;
- mitundu ikuluikulu ya nsomba zolusa.
Kuphatikiza apo nsombayi ndiyosamala kwambiri ndipo imapatsidwa ziwalo zomveka bwino, imakhala ndi moyo wopanda phokoso. Pachifukwa ichi, asp imakhala chinthu chosodza nsomba m'maiko ambiri aku Europe. Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti amugwire.
Komanso, kukula kwa anthu kumakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuipitsa matupi am'madzi momwe mumakhala nsomba. Ichi chimakhala chifukwa cha kufa kwa nsomba zambiri, makamaka ngati madzi awonongeka ndi matope a mafakitale ndi zinyalala zaukadaulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe asp imawonekera
Masiku ano, chiwerengero cha nsomba chikuchepa mwachangu m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala. Zifukwa zazikulu zodabwitsazi zinali kusodza ndi maukonde a achinyamata omwe sangakhalebe moyo mpaka nthawi yoswana, komanso kuipitsa malo awo achilengedwe.
Masiku ano, ma subspecies ngati Central Asia asp ndi ochepa kwambiri. Malo okhala achilengedwe awa ndi mtsinje wa nyalugwe mdera la mayiko monga Iraq ndi Syria.
Ndikuchepa kwa anthu, kufunika kwa nsomba iyi kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zimathandizira kuti achiwembu ambiri achulukane. Amagwiritsa ntchito zida zoletsedwa komanso kuthana ndi nsomba posaka asp. Pokhala ndi mamba, nyama zazikulu zolusa zokhala ndi nthenga zimakhala pafupi, zomwe zimazigwira m'madzi nthawi yayitali pakusaka, zomwe zimachepetsanso kuchuluka kwawo.
Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuzirala kumakhudza kukula kwa anthu. Nsomba zimachita mwamphamvu kwambiri pazochitika zoterezi. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa madzi, nthawi yokhala ndi moyo imachepa ndipo nthawi yoberekera imachedwa.
Samalani asp
Chithunzi: Asp kuchokera ku Red Book
Chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa asp kumachepa mosalekeza, komanso kuchuluka kwa asp yaku Central Asia ndikochepa kwambiri, adasankhidwa ngati mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe ili pafupi kutha ndikulowa mu International Red Book.
Pankhaniyi, International Association for the Protection of Rare Representatives of the Handicap and Fauna ikupanga mapulogalamu apadera oteteza ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa asps. Amaphatikizapo kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za moyo, mtundu wa zakudya, ndi zina ndi zisonyezo zofunikira kuti pakhale malo abwino owetera nsomba m'malo opangira.
M'madera azachilengedwe, ndizoletsedwa kuwedza, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi maukonde ndi njira zoletsedwa. Malo okhala nsomba amayang'aniridwa ndipo nthawi zonse amayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira nsomba. Ophwanya malamulo ndi malamulo apano amakumana ndi chindapusa ngati chindapusa pamlingo waukulu.
Malo opangira mafakitale ndi mabizinesi, omwe zinyalala zawo zitha kuyambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi kufa kwa nsomba, akuyenera kukonzekeretsa njira zochotsera zinyalala.
Mamba Ndi chilombo cholusa, makamaka nsomba zazikulu za banja la carp. Nyama yake imakhala ndi kukoma kwapadera komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza kwa anthu, ngakhale ilibe mafupa ambiri. Masiku ano kuchuluka kwa nsombazi ndikochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake asp idatchulidwa mu International Red Book.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.10.2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:18
