Leech Wa kalasi yonse yazipilala za gulu la mphutsi za lamba. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro ofala, leech sikuti ndi wokakamira magazi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchipatala. Ichi ndi chimbudzi chokha chamankhwala, ndipo pali mitundu ina yambiri. Komabe, oimira ochulukirachulukira amakhala m'thupi lamadzi omwe amayenda pang'onopang'ono kapena, makamaka, ndi madzi osayenda. Ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya ziphuphu zomwe zimatha kudziwa ma biotopes apadziko lapansi komanso m'madzi. Pakadali pano, sayansi ikudziwa pafupifupi mitundu 500 ya leeches. Mwa izi, mitundu 62 imapezeka mdera la Russian Federation.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Leech
Mawu achi Russia akuti "leech" adachokera ku Proto-Slavic ndipo amatanthauza "kumwa", zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zenizeni komanso zotheka, chifukwa nyongolotsi iyi imangomwabe. Kapenanso ali munthawi yoyandikira makanema ojambula - atadzaza magazi - mwachilengedwe, ngati sitikulankhula za mitundu yomwe imakonda kumeza nyama zochepa. Kutalika kwa mitundumitundu yamatunduwa kumasiyana m'mamilimita angapo mpaka masentimita makumi khumi.Mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa leeches m'Chilatini umatchedwa Haementeria ghilianii (kutalika kwa leech kumafika masentimita 45). Amakhala kumadera otentha ku South America.
Kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi la nyongolotsizi kumakhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Aner sucker amapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo 4-5, kumbuyo - 7. Chifukwa chake, ndi champhamvu kwambiri. Anus ili pamwambapa sucker yapambuyo pake. M'thupi, parenchyma imadzaza malowa. Lili tubules - lacunae, zotsalira za otchedwa sekondale thupi patsekeke. Njira yoyendera magazi imachepetsedwa, gawo lake limaperekedwa pamakina a coelomic tubules.
Kanema: Leech
Khungu limapanga cuticle, lopanda parapodia ndipo, mwazonse, paliponse. Dongosolo lamanjenje limafanana ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono. Pansi pa choyamwa chakutsogolo kuli pakamwa potsegula pakamwa potseguka. Mutha kupeza pharynx kunja kwa gulu la zikopa za proboscis.
M'mikono ya nsagwada, nsagwada zitatu zoyenda mozungulira zimazungulira pakamwa - mothandizidwa nazo, nyongolotsi imadula pakhungu. Kupuma kwamitundu yambiri ya leech kumachitika kudzera mthupi lamunthu, komabe, mitundu ina ili ndi mitsempha. Kutulutsa kumachitika kudzera mu metanephridia. Njira yoyendera magazi imayimiriridwa ndi gawo lenileni, mwinanso ndi zotengera zam'mimbamo, zomwe sizingayende bwino. Amatchedwa sinus ndipo amaimira coelom yotsalayo.
Magazi omwe amapezeka m'matenda a proboscis alibe mtundu, ndipo nsagwada ndi zofiira, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndikupezeka kwa hemoglobin yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi am'magazi. Zilonda zokha kuchokera ku mtundu wa Branchellion ndizomwe zimakhala ndi dongosolo lathunthu la kupuma - ziwalo zopumira ndizomwe zimakhala ngati masamba okhala mbali zamthupi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe leech amawonekera
Thupi limakulumikizana pang'ono kapena mawonekedwe owulungika, pang'ono mosanjikizana m'mitsempha yam'mimba. Pali magawano omveka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo gawo lililonse la mphete 3-5 logwirizana ndi gawo loyamba la thupi. Khungu limakhala ndi zotulutsa zambiri zomwe zimatulutsa mamina. Kutsogolo kuli 1-5 diso awiriawiri, arcuate kapena wina ndi mnzake (tikhoza kunena - awiriawiri). Ufawo umapezeka mbali yakutsogolo kwa thupi, pafupi ndi chikho chotsalira cham'mbuyo.
Mchitidwe wamanjenje umaimiridwa ndi gulu lamagulu awiri okhala ndi mbali ziwiri (ganglion) komanso analogue yakale yaubongo, yolumikizidwa ndi iyo pogwiritsa ntchito timagulu tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ta subpharyngeal ganglion (amachokera kumagulu angapo am'mimba am'mimba). Komanso, mwanjira yogwirira ntchito, unyolo wam'mimba womwewo umalumikizidwa nawo, womwe umakhala mumtambo wamagazi am'mimba.
Unyolo wam'mimba uli ndimafupa pafupifupi 32. Mutu wam'mutu umayambitsa kusungidwa kwa ma receptors, komanso ziwalo zomverera ndi pharynx, ndi ma 2 awiriawiri amitsempha kuchokera ku gulu lililonse la unyolo wamimba. Iwonso amasintha magawo ofanana amthupi. Mitsempha yotenga nthawi yayitali imayambitsa kusungidwa kwa khoma lakumunsi m'matumbo. Amapereka nthambi kumasamba akhungu amatumbo.
Kapangidwe kake koyambira kogaya chakudya kamadalira mtundu wa zakudya za nyongolotsi. Mwachitsanzo, kuyamba kwa thirakiti m'mimba mu leeches kumatha kuyimiriridwa ndi pakamwa (wokhala ndi mbale zitatu zotsekemera) - m'mataya a nsagwada, kapena ndi proboscis, yomwe imatha kutulutsa (m'matumba a proboscis).
Chizoloŵezi chodziwika bwino cha ziphuphu zonse ndi kupezeka pamlomo wamatenda ambiri otsekemera otulutsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza. komanso chakupha. Kumbuyo kwa pharynx, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati pampu mukamayamwa, pamakhala chifuwa cholimba kwambiri chokhala ndi matumba ambiri ofananira nawo (atha kukhala mpaka awiriawiri 11), omwe kumbuyo kwake amakhala atali kwambiri. Hindgut ndi wamfupi komanso wowonda.
Kodi leech amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Leech ku Russia
Ma leeches onse (osasankha) ndi odyetsa. Nthawi zambiri, amadyetsa magazi. Makamaka zimawononga nyama zamagazi kapena ma molluscs, koma nthawi zambiri amadya nyongolotsi zina zathunthu. Ma leeches ndi (makamaka) okhala m'madzi oyera, komabe, palinso mitundu ina yapadziko lapansi yomwe imakhala muudzu wouma (ndiye kuti, mitundu ya leeches yapadziko lapansi). Mitundu ingapo ndi mitundu yam'madzi (Pontobdella).
Wotchuka kwambiri mankhwala a leech - Hirudo medicinalis. Nyongolotsi imatha kutalika mpaka 10 cm komanso 2 cm mulifupi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda bulauni kapena yobiriwira wakuda; pamakhala mawonekedwe otengera kumbuyo ndi utoto wofiyira. Mimbayo ndi yotuwa pang'ono, ndi maso awiriawiri 5 pa mphete za 3, 5 ndi 8 ndi nsagwada zolimba modabwitsa. Ponena za malo okhala, mankhwalawa, makamaka, amapezeka m'madambo akumwera kwa Europe, Russia ndi Caucasus.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Aesculapians aku Mexico amagwiritsa ntchito leech wina - Haementaria officinalis. Zili ndi zofanana, ngakhale zowonekera pang'ono pathupi la munthu.
Pakati pa ziphuphu, palinso mitundu yapoizoni, yomwe kuluma kwake ndi koopsa kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu komanso thanzi. Mwachitsanzo - N. mexicana, wokhala ku Central America. Ndiye kuti, mosiyana ndi leech wazachipatala, kuphatikiza pa hirudin, amalowetsa poizoni mthupi la nyama yomwe waphatikizidwapo. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi mtsogolo osati kuti azisangalala ndi kukoma kwa magazi ake, komanso kuwunika nyama. Leech iyi ndi nyama yodya nyama yomwe sazengereza kudzipezera chakudya motere.
M'madera otentha a ku Asia, m'nkhalango zowirira komanso muudzu, ina, ili ndi leech wowopsa kwambiri - Hirudo ceylonica ndi mitundu yake yofanana kwambiri, yomwe imapweteka ikalumidwa. Kutaya magazi komwe adakwiya kumakhala kovuta kuti asiye. Chifukwa chake, sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala. Caucasus ndi Crimea zili ndi mitundu yawoyawo. Mwachitsanzo, Nephelis vulgaris ndi nyongolotsi yaying'ono yokhala ndi thupi lowonda komanso lopapatiza. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa, nthawi zina pamakhala mtundu wabulawuni kumbuyo. Woyimilira wachiwiri ndi Clepsine tessel ata, chiTatar leech, chosiyana ndi chake ndi thupi lotambalala.
Ndizodziwikanso chifukwa chakuti a Chitata amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala azitsamba, ngakhale akatswiri ovuta ma hirudotherapists sazindikira kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu wa ziphuphu. Koma pansi pamatope a Caspian ndi Azov, leech wam'madzi, Archaeobdella Esmonti, amakhala. Nyongolotsi iyi ndi ya pinki ndipo ilibe choyamwa kumbuyo. Mtedza wakumpoto kwambiri, Acanthobdella peledina, umapezeka m'chigwa cha Lake Onega.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene leech amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chakudyachi.
Kodi leech amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Leech m'chilengedwe
Gawo lalikulu la menyu ya leech ndi magazi a nyama zakufa, komanso mollusks ndi nyongolotsi zina. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pakati pamagulu ang'onoting'ono palinso mitundu yodya nyama zomwe sizimadya magazi a nyama, koma zimameza nyama yonseyo (nthawi zambiri amatha kuchita izi ndi nyama yaying'ono - sizingakhale zovuta ngakhale kachingwe kakang'ono kwambiri kumeza mphutsi ya udzudzu kapena nyongolotsi) ...
Kuphatikiza pa omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, palinso mitundu ya zikopa zomwe zimakhutira ndi zakudya zina. Kapenanso, mitundu ina ya nyama izi "ndi njala" imadya magazi a amphibiya komanso imabzala chakudya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Matenda a leeches ndiwo maziko a mankhwala awo. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, hirudotherapy yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - chithandizo chamankhwala. Njira yochizira njirayi imatha kufotokozedwa ndikuti leech woyamwa amachititsa kupezeka kwa magazi am'magazi am'magazi, kuchotsa kupsinjika kwa venous ndikuwonjezera magazi m'gawo lino la thupi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuluma kwa leech, zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala oletsa kupweteka komanso zotsutsana ndi zotupa zimalowa m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, kuyendetsa magazi pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumawongolera bwino, mwayi wa thrombosis umachepa, ndipo edema imazimiririka. Mofananamo ndi izi, zimaganiziranso momwe dongosolo lamanjenje limazungulira limaganizidwira. Ndipo zonsezi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha leech yemwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi!
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Leech m'madzi
Munthu sangathe koma kungoyang'ana chidwi chokha momwe ma leeches amayendera. Pamapeto pake pa thupi la leech pali makapu oyamwa, omwe amatha kulumikizidwa pamwamba pazinthu zam'madzi. Kukoka ndi kukonzanso komwe kumachitika kumachitika ndi kumapeto kwake. Leech imayenda mwa kukhota mu arc. Mofananamo ndi izi, sizingakhale zovuta kuti leech isunthire m'mbali yamadzi - nyongolotsi zoyamwa magazi zimatha kusambira mwachangu, ndikupinda thupi lawo m'mafunde.
Chosangalatsa ndichakutiPoganizira zofunikira za moyo wa leech, zamankhwala, asanaikidwe kwa wodwala, ziphuphu zimayesedwa ndikuchiritsidwa ndi ma reagents apadera - izi zimachepetsa mwayi woti munthu atenge matenda opatsirana. Akangogwiritsa ntchito, leech "yemwe watha" ayenera kuchotsedwa pomangika kachipangizo ndi mowa kumapeto kwake. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro wamba, kuchotsa leech yosafunikira sikungakhale kovuta - ndikwanira kuthira mchere pang'ono mumkapu woyamwa, womwe ungakonze pakhungu.
Komanso, tisaiwale kuti ziphuphu, zomwe zimayambitsa munthu, zimayambitsa matenda otchedwa hirudinosis. Nthawi zambiri, ma leeches amasiya nyama zawo panthawi yakukhathamira, pomwe nyongolotsi yayamba kale kuzindikira kukhuta, komwe sikufunikiranso. Njira yomwe kudya magazi kumamutengera kuyambira mphindi 40 mpaka maola 3-4.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Leech
Ma leeches onse, osasankha, ndi ma hermaphrodites. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu awiri amatenga nawo mbali pakuwongolera, kubisa mbewu. Asanayikire mazira, khungu lapadera la nyongolotsi (limatchedwa lamba) limasiyanitsa cocon ya ntchofu, yomwe imakhala ndi protein albumin.
Pofuna kutulutsa leech kuchokera mthupi, mazira omwe ali kale ndi umuna (omwe amatchedwa zygotes) amalowa mchoko kuchokera kumaliseche achikazi. Pambuyo pake, chubu chimatsekera ndikupanga chipolopolo chomwe chimateteza bwino mazira ndi nyongolotsi zatsopano.
Kuphatikiza apo, albin ndi chakudya chodalirika kwa iwo. Ziwalo zoberekera zazimuna zimayimilidwa ndi ma testicular vesicles, omwe amapezeka awiriawiri m'magawo 6-12 apakati amthupi ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi cholumikizira mbali zonse za thupi.
Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, pafupifupi palibe kusintha komwe kumachitika ndi leeches. Amasunga utoto ndi kukula kwawo, samasunthika ndipo samachita chilichonse chomwe chingakupangitseni kuganizira za moyo wosamukasamuka komanso kufunika kosuntha kuti mukhale ndi ana.
Adani achilengedwe a ziphuphu
Chithunzi: Momwe leech amawonekera
Amawerengedwa kuti ndi mdani wamkulu wamankhwala azinyama zam'madzi zowononga ndi desman zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Data Book, koma chikhulupiriro ichi chimatsutsana. M'malo mwake, tsopano adani owopsa owopsa a leeches si nsomba, osati mbalame, ndipo koposa pamenepo, osati desman, omwe amasangalala ndi nyongolotsi zoyamwa magazi, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, sangathe kuwaopseza. Chifukwa chake, choyambirira, ma leeches amafunika kusamala ndi nkhono. Ndiwo omwe amawononga kwambiri ziwombankhanga zochepa, motero amachepetsa kwambiri anthu.
Inde, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje pang'onopang'ono komanso nyanja zimasaka nyama zopanda madzi, kuphatikizapo leeches. Nthawi zambiri, mbozi zoyamwa magazi zimakhala chakudya cha mbalame. Koma tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi mphutsi zawo nthawi zambiri zimadya zikopa. Mphutsi ya gulugufe ndi kachilombo, kamene kamatchedwa chinkhanira chamadzi, nthawi zambiri kumawombera ziphuphu, achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe, okhwima pogonana.
Zotsatira zake, zomwe zimawonjezeka za onse okhala m'malo osungira madzi amchere zimachepetsa mwachangu kuchuluka kwa leech yamankhwala, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ngakhale pamankhwala amakono amtundu wa matenda ambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu adayamba kuswana. Komabe, njirayi siyithetsa vutoli 100% - tizilombo ndi nkhono zimayambiranso m'malo osungiramo zinthu, omwe nthawi zambiri amawononga ziphuphu, osalabadira kufunika kwawo kwa anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Leech Animal
Amakhulupirira kuti kuteteza mitundu ya mitundu ya mankhwala a leech kumangotsimikiziridwa ndi njira zopangira - chifukwa manambala ake amathandizidwa ndi anthu, omwe amalima m'madamu opangidwa ndi anthu. Zomwe zikulepheretsa kukhalabe ndikusintha kwa ma hydrological ndi biocenotic mawonekedwe a posungira chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu (zachuma) za anthu.
Koma ngakhale atatenga zonse, kuchuluka kwa ma leech amankhwala adabwezeretsedweratu pokhapokha atayamba kupangidwa moyenera. Izi zisanachitike, chomwe chidali cholepheretsa kwambiri ndikudyedwa kwa nyongolotsi ndi anthu - ziphuphu zidaperekedwa m'manja mwa azachipatala kuti apeze phindu.
Udindo wa mitunduyo ndi gulu 3 1. Ndiye kuti, mankhwala a leech ndi mitundu yosawerengeka. Udindo mu Russian Federation. Tikutetezedwa ku Belgorod, Volgograd, madera a Saratov. Udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu IUCN Red List. Makamaka - Zowonjezera 2 ku CITES, mndandanda wofiira wamayiko aku Europe. Kufalitsa mankhwala a leech - amapezeka m'maiko akumwera. Europe, kumwera kwa Chigwa cha Russia, komanso ku Caucasus komanso m'maiko aku Central Asia. M'dera la Voronezh, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona leech wazachipatala m'malo osungira zigawo za Novousmanskiy ndi Kashirskiy.
Mitundu yokhayo yamatenda onse omwe anthu ake, malinga ndi mtundu wamakono, ali mgulu la "ovuta" ali Pangozi Yowopsa. Ponena za kutetezedwa kwa ziphuphu, njira zingapo ndizofunikira pokhudzana ndi ziphuphu zamankhwala, komanso kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwa anthu, omwe amagulitsa nyongolazi asankha kubzala nyongolotsi zoyamwa magazi m'malo opangira.
Leech, monga kagulu kakang'ono, kamakhala ndi nyongolotsi zambiri, koma sizinthu zonse zomwe zimadya magazi a anthu ndi nyama. Zilonda zambiri zimameza nyama yawo yense, ndipo sizimayimitsa ng'ombe ndi nyama zina zomwe sizinakhale ndi mwayi wolowa m'malo osungira madzi oyera omwe amakhala ndi ziphuphu. Ndipo izi ngakhale kuli kuti palibe zoweta pakati pawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.10.2019
Idasinthidwa: 03.10.2019 pa 14:48
