Tardigrade womwe umatchedwanso chimbalangondo cham'madzi, ndi mtundu wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tamoyo tating'onoting'ono ta mtundu wa nyamakazi. Tardigrade yasokoneza asayansi kwazaka zambiri ndi kuthekera kwawo kupulumuka pazonse zomwe zachitika mpaka pano - ngakhale mlengalenga. Kuchokera pansi panyanja mpaka kumitengo yamitengo yamvula, kuyambira kumtunda kwa Antarctica mpaka pamwamba pa phiri, mapiri a tardigrades ali paliponse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tardigrade
Atapezeka mu 1773 ndi a Johann August Ephraim Gose, katswiri wazopanga ku Germany, ma tardigrade ndi ma arthropod micrometazoids okhala ndi ma paws anayi (ma lobopods), makamaka odziwika kuti amatha kukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Tardigrade amawerengedwa ngati achibale apamtima a nyamakazi (mwachitsanzo tizilombo, crustaceans).
Kafukufuku mpaka pano wazindikira mitundu itatu yayikulu yamitundu yama tardigrade. Gulu lirilonse la magulu atatuwa limakhala ndi ma oda angapo, omwe amakhala ndi mabanja angapo komanso genera.
Kanema: Tardigrade
Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa tardigrade uli ndi mitundu mazana angapo (yopitilira 700) yodziwika, yomwe idasankhidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
- kalasi Heterotardigrada. Poyerekeza ndi awiriwo, kalasi iyi ndiye gulu losiyanasiyana kwambiri pamtundu wa tardigrade. Amagawidwanso m'magulu awiri (Arthrotardigrada ndi Echiniscoide) ndikupitilira m'mabanja omwe akuphatikizapo Batillipedidae, Oreellidae, Stygarctidae, ndi Halechiniscidae, pakati pa ena ambiri. Mabanja awa agawika m'magulu opitilira 50;
- gulu la Mesotardigrada. Poyerekeza ndi magulu ena, kalasi iyi imagawika m'magulu amodzi (Thermozodia), banja (Thermozodidae) ndi mtundu umodzi (Thermozodium esakii). Thermozodium esakii yapezeka mu kasupe wotentha ku Japan, koma palibe mitundu m'kalasi yomwe yadziwika;
- Kalasi ya Eutardigrada imagawika m'magulu awiri, kuphatikiza Parachela ndi Apochela. Malamulowa agawidwanso m'mabanja asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikiza Mineslidae, Macrobiotidae, Hypsibidae, Calohypsibidae, Eohypsibidae, ndi Eohypsibidae. Mabanjawa adagawidwanso m'magulu opitilira 35 okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe tardigrade imawonekera
Zomwe zimachitika pa tardigrade ndi izi:
- onsewo ndi ofanana;
- ali ndi thupi lozungulira (koma amakhala osasunthika);
- ali ndi ma micrometer 250 mpaka 500 kutalika (akulu). Komabe, ena amatha kukula mpaka 1.5 millimeters;
- amasiyana mitundu: ofiira, achikasu, akuda, ndi zina.
- kupuma kumatheka kudzera kufalikira;
- ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Thupi lawo limagawika magawo angapo: thunthu, miyendo, gawo lamutu. Tardigrades ali ndi dongosolo lakumagaya chakudya, mkamwa, dongosolo lamanjenje (komanso ubongo wokula bwino), minofu, ndi maso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu 2007, ma tardigrade omwe adasowa madzi adayambitsidwa mozungulira ndikuwonetsedwa ndi ma radiation a cosmic kwa masiku 10. Atabwerera ku Earth, opitilira awiri mwa atatu mwa iwo adabwezeretsedwa bwino. Ambiri adamwalira posachedwa, komabe amatha kuberekanso asanabadwe.
Zina mwazomwe zimakhudzana ndi gulu la Heterotardigrada zimaphatikizapo honducts, cephalic process, ndi zikhadabo pamapazi.
Makhalidwe ake ndi awa:
- nsonga zamabele ndi msana;
- kolala yoyenda pamagulu akumbuyo;
- cuticle wandiweyani;
- Mitundu ya pore yomwe imasiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu.
Makhalidwe a m'kalasi la Mesotardigrada:
- chikhoto chilichonse chili ndi zikhadabo zisanu ndi chimodzi;
- Thermozodium esakii ndiyapakatikati pakati pa mamembala a Heterotardigrada ndi Eutardigrada;
- mitsempha ndi zikhadabo zimafanana ndi mitundu ya Heterotardigrada;
- macroplakoids awo amafanana ndi omwe amapezeka ku Eutardigrada.
Zina mwazikhalidwe za gulu la Eutardigrada ndi monga:
- poyerekeza ndi magulu ena awiriwo, mamembala a m'kalasi la Eutardigrada alibe zowonjezera;
- ali ndi cuticles osalala;
- alibe mbale zakumbuyo;
- Honducts amatsegulira mu rectum;
- ali ndi zikhadabo ziwiri.
Kodi tardigrade amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Animal tardigrade
M'malo mwake, ma tardigrade ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, popeza kuti madzi amapereka zinthu zabwino pamachitidwe monga kusinthana kwa gasi, kubereketsa ndi chitukuko. Pachifukwa ichi, ma tardigrade omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja komanso m'madzi amchere, komanso m'malo apadziko lapansi okhala ndi madzi ochepa.
Ngakhale amawerengedwa kuti ndi am'madzi, ma tardigrade amathanso kupezeka m'malo ena ambiri, kuphatikiza milu ya mchenga, nthaka, miyala, ndi mitsinje, mwa ena. Amatha kukhala ndi moyo m'mafilimu amadzi okhala ndi ndere ndi moss ndipo motero amapezeka m'matendawa.
Mazira, ma cysts, ndi kutuluka kwa tardigrade kumawombedwanso mosavuta m'malo osiyanasiyana, kulola kuti zamoyo zizilowa m'malo atsopano. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, ma tardigrade apezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana akutali monga zilumba zophulika, zomwe ndi umboni woti mphepo ndi nyama monga mbalame zimabalalika ndikufalitsa zamoyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuphatikiza pa malo abwino ndi ocheperako komanso malo okhala, ma tardigrade apezekanso m'malo osiyanasiyana owopsa, monga malo ozizira kwambiri (mpaka -80 madigiri Celsius). Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kukhala ndi moyo komanso kubereka m'mikhalidwe imeneyi, ma tardigrade amapezeka m'malo onse padziko lapansi.
Ma Tardigrade amadziwika kuti ndi ma polyextremophiles chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo mosiyanasiyana. Ichi chakhala chimodzi mwazomwe zimafotokoza bwino kwambiri ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zophunziridwa kwambiri zamtundu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amapezeka komanso momwe tardigrade imawonekera pansi pa microscope. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chamoyo ichi chimadya.
Kodi tardigrade amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: cholengedwa cha Tardigrade
Tardigrades amadyetsa madzi amadzimadzi paboola makoma a cell ndi mawu awo apakamwa. Zakudya zimaphatikizapo mabakiteriya, algae, protozoa, bryophytes, bowa, ndi mbewu zowola. Amayamwa timadziti kuchokera ku ndere, ndere ndi moss. Amadziwika kuti mitundu ikuluikulu imadya ma protozoa, nematode, ma rotifers ndi ma tardigrade ang'onoang'ono.
M'kamwa mwawo, ma tardigrade ali ndi ma stilettos, omwe ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, owongoka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poboola zomera kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Amalola zakumwa kuti zidutse poboola. Tardigrades amadyetsa madzi awa powayamwa pogwiritsa ntchito minofu yapadera yoyamwa pakhosi lawo. Mitundu imasinthidwa ikasungunuka.
M'madera ena, ma tardigrade amatha kukhala ogula ma nematode, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mitundu ina imatha kunyamula mitundu ya protozoan Pyxidium tardigradum. Mitundu yambiri yama tardigrade yomwe imakhala m'malo osanjikiza imakhala ndi tiziromboti.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu ina yama tardigrade imatha kukhala yopanda chakudya kwazaka zopitilira 30. Pakadali pano, amauma ndikukhala chete, kenako amatha kuthiranso madzi, kudya china ndikuchulukirachulukira. Ngati tardigrade yataya madzi m'thupi ndikutaya 99% yamadzi, njira zake zamoyo zitha kuimitsidwa kwa zaka zingapo zisanakhalenso ndi moyo.
M'maselo a tardigrade omwe alibe madzi, mtundu wa mapuloteni wotchedwa "tardigrade-specific dysfunction protein" umalowa m'malo mwa madzi. Izi zimapanga chinthu chamagalasi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti maselo azikhala osasunthika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tardigrade pansi pa microscope
Pokhala okangalika m'malo abwino, ma tardigrade atenga njira zingapo zomwe zimawalola kuti apulumuke.
Njirazi zimadziwika kuti kupumula kwa cryptobiosis ndipo zimaphatikizapo:
- anoxybiosis - amatanthauza mkhalidwe wa cryptobiotic womwe umalimbikitsidwa ndi mpweya wotsika kwambiri kapena wopanda mpweya pakati pamadzi am'madzi am'madzi. Mafuta a oxygen akatsika kwambiri, tardigrade imagwiranso ntchito pokhala ouma, osasunthika, komanso otalikirana. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azikhala ndi moyo kuyambira maola ochepa (chifukwa cha ma tardigrade am'madzi am'madzi) mpaka masiku angapo opanda okosijeni ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala otakataka pamene zinthu zikuyenda bwino;
- Cryobiosis ndi mtundu wa cryotobiosis womwe umakhudzidwa ndi kutentha pang'ono. Kutentha kozungulira kumagwa mpaka kuzizira, ma tardigrade amachita ndikupanga migolo yoboola ngati mbiya yoteteza nembanemba;
- osmobiosis - Mu yankho lamadzimadzi lokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya ionic (monga mchere wambiri), zamoyo zina sizingakhale ndi moyo motero zimatha kufa. Komabe, ma tardigrade ambiri omwe amapezeka m'malo amadzi opanda mchere komanso apadziko lapansi amakhala ndi mtundu wa cryptobiosis wotchedwa osmobiosis;
- anhydrobiosis ndiyo njira yopulumutsira kutayika kwa madzi kudzera mu nthunzi. Pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, madzi ndiofunikira pazinthu monga kusinthana kwa gasi ndi zina zamkati. Kwa madzi ambiri amchere tardigrades, kupulumuka sikutheka pakutha kwa madzi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa Eutardigrada, kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe imeneyi kumatheka chifukwa chobwezeretsa mutu ndi miyendo. Zamoyozo zimasanduka migolo yomwe imatha kupulumuka itatha kuuma.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tardigrade
Kubereka komanso kuzungulira kwa moyo pakati pa ma tardigrade kumadalira kwambiri malo awo. Popeza kuti moyo wa zamoyozi umadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chongokhala osachita chilichonse komanso osakhalitsa, ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti ndikofunikira kubereketsa mwachangu ngati zinthu zili bwino.
Kutengera chilengedwe chawo, ma tardigrade amatha kuberekanso (kudzipangira umuna) munjira yotchedwa parthenogenesis, kapena kugonana, amuna akamapereka mazira (amphimixis).
Kuberekana mu tardigrade ndizofala pakati pa mitundu ya dioecious (amuna ndi akazi okhala ndi ziwalo zawo zoberekera). Zambiri mwa zamoyozi zimapezeka m'malo am'madzi motero zimachulukana m'malo am'madzi.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake (morphology) wa ma tardigrade gonads makamaka amatengera mitundu, kugonana, zaka, ndi zina zotero zamoyo, kafukufuku wocheperako kwambiri awulula maliseche otsatirawa mwa amuna ndi akazi:
Mwamuna:
- ma vas deferens otsegukira mu cloaca (matumba akumbuyo);
- zotupa zamkati zamkati.
Mkazi ndi hermaphrodite:
- ma oviducts omwe amatsegulira cloaca;
- zotengera zam'madzi (ku Heterotardigrada);
- spermatheca wamkati (ku Eutardigrada).
Pogonana pakati pa mamembala ena a Heterotardigrada ndi Eutardigrada, mazira achikazi amaphatikizidwa ndi umuna mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji. Pakugonana mosapita m'mbali, tardigrade yamwamuna imayika umuna mumtsuko wazimayi, womwe umalola kuti umunawo upititsidwe dzira kukakumana.
Pakati pa umuna wosalunjika, wamwamuna amayika umuna m'dulidwe lachikazi pomwe amayi amatenga molts. Mkazi akatulutsa cuticle, mazira amakhala atakumana kale ndi umuna ndikukula pakapita nthawi. Pakasungunuka, mkazi amathira chodulira chake komanso zinthu zina monga zikhadabo.
Kutengera mtunduwo, mazirawo amapatsidwa ubwamuna mkati (mwachitsanzo, ku L. granulifer, komwe kumayikira mazira), kunja (ku Heterotardigrada), kapena amangotulutsidwa kunja, komwe amakula popanda umuna.
Ngakhale chisamaliro cha dzira la makolo sichimapezeka, chakhala chikuwonetsedwa m'mitundu ingapo. Mazira awo amakhalabe omangika kumchira wachikazi, motero kuwonetsetsa kuti yaikazi imasamalira mazirawo asanaswa.
Adani achilengedwe a tardigrade
Chithunzi: Momwe tardigrade imawonekera
Zowononga tardigrade zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi ma nematode, ma tardigrade ena, nkhupakupa, akangaude, michira ndi mphutsi za tizilombo. Parasitic protozoa ndi bowa nthawi zambiri zimawononga kuchuluka kwa ma tardigrade. Zosokoneza zachilengedwe monga madzi amchere am'madzi, mavuwombankhanga ndi arthropods nawonso akupha ziweto za nyama izi.
Momwemonso, tardigrades amagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo za buccal kudyetsa detritus kapena zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya, algae, protozoa, ndi meiofauna zina.
Zipangizo za buccal zimakhala ndi chubu cha buccal, zojambula zopyola, komanso pharynx yoyamwa. Zomwe zili m'matumbo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma chloroplast kapena zinthu zina zama cell a algae, mosses kapena lichens.
Mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tayesera kuyesera ma protozoa, nematode, rotifers, ndi ma Eutardigrades ang'onoang'ono (monga Diphascon ndi Hypsibius), ngakhale kuyamwa mthupi lonse. Ma Rotifers, zikhadabo za ma tardigrade ndi zokuzira zawo zidapezeka m'nsagwada za tardigrade oopsawa. Amaganiziridwa kuti mtundu wa zida zamtundu wa buccal umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa, komabe, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazakudya zofunikira zam'madzi kapena zamoyo zam'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale kuti ma tardigrade amatha kulimbana ndi kutuluka kwa malo, kutentha kotsika kwambiri komanso malo osindikizidwa, amatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 2.5.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal tardigrade
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma tardigrade kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, koma zochepa kapena zofunikira pakukula kwa anthu sizikudziwika. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma tardigrade kwalumikizidwa ndimikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kutentha ndi chinyezi, kuipitsa mpweya, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakachulukidwe ka anthu ndi mitundu ya mitundu yamitundu imachitika moyandikana, ndikuwoneka ngati ofanana.
Kusinthira kuzinthu zakunja zambiri, mibadwo yambiri ndi mitundu yama tardigrade idawonekera. Amatha kukhala ndi migolo kwazaka zambiri kapena makumi khumi kuti akhale ndi moyo m'malo ouma. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo zomwe zimasungidwa masiku asanu ndi atatu zitasungidwa, zimasamutsidwa kwa masiku atatu mu helium gasi kutentha, kenako zimasungidwa kwa maola angapo ku -272 ° C, zimatsitsimutsidwa zikafikitsidwa kutentha kwapakati. ... 60% yamasampuli osungidwa kwa miyezi 21 mumlengalenga wamadzi pa -190 ° C nawonso adakhala amoyo. Tardigrades imafalikiranso mosavuta ndi mphepo ndi madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Tardigrades amakhala ndi moyo womwe ungathe kuwononga zamoyo zina zambiri. Amachita izi pochotsa madzi m'matupi awo ndikupanga mankhwala omwe amasindikiza ndikuteteza khungu lawo. Zolengedwa zimatha kukhalabe m'malo otchedwa tunawa kwa miyezi ingapo ndipo zimatsitsimuka pamaso pa madzi.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ma tardigrade asokoneza asayansi ndipo akupitilizabe kutero. Mu 2016, asayansi adabwezeretsa madzi oundana omwe anali atazizira kwazaka zopitilira makumi atatu ndipo adapeza malingaliro atsopano okhudzana ndi kupulumuka kwa nyama poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Monga mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, palibe nkhawa kuti ma tardigrade adzaika pachiwopsezo, ndipo pakadali pano palibe zoyeserera zomwe zikuyang'aniridwa ndi mitundu ina ya tardigrade. Komabe, pali umboni woti kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumatha kusokoneza anthu awo, chifukwa mpweya wabwino, mvula yamchere komanso kuchuluka kwa chitsulo m'malo okhala ndi bryophyte zadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu ena.
Tardigrade - mwina cholengedwa chodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Palibe cholengedwa chilichonse padziko lapansi, kapena mwina m'chilengedwe chonse, chomwe chidadutsa ngati tardigrade. Sitingakwanitse kuyenda mlengalenga komanso mtima wokwanira kukhala ndi moyo kwazaka zambiri, tardigrade itha kutipulumutsa tonsefe mosavuta.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09/30/2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:15
