Veggie Ndi nsomba ya salmon yakumpoto kwa Europe. Ndi nyama yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe a nsomba za pelagic: nsagwada yakumunsi ndi thupi lochepa kwambiri lakuthwa kwakuda, siliva ndi koyera, mbali zake komanso zammbali, motsatana. Khalidwe lina la mavenda a pelagic ndi njira yosunthira mozungulira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ryapushka
Mmodzi wa banja la salimoni, vendace (Coregonus albula) ndi nsomba yaying'ono yamadzi yopanda madzi yomwe imapezeka makamaka munyanja za kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Russia, komanso ku Baltic Sea. Vendacea ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wosodza m'madzi am'madzi komanso nsomba zam'madzi ku Gulf of Bothnia (kumpoto kwa Baltic Sea) komanso ku Gulf of Finland. Ziweto zakhala zikudziwitsidwa kumayendedwe achilengedwe am'mayiko ambiri.
Ena a iwo adasanthula kusintha kwa atsamunda ndikuwona kuchepa kwa chakudya. Zambiri mwa zoyambilira ndizokhudzana ndi kusungitsa nyama mwadala mwadala komanso kulimbitsa nyama zam'madzi kuti ziwonjezere kuthekera kwa nsomba za m'madzi abwino. Kukhazikitsa komwekugawidwe pambuyo pake kumatengera mawonekedwe am'malo olandirira zinthu ndipo atha kuyendetsedwa ndi ntchito yomanga madamu.
Kanema: Ryapushka
Pali zitsanzo zambiri zakukhazikitsa, makamaka ku Europe mkati mwa msika wakomweko. Ogulitsa amakhalanso m'malo akutali monga Maine, USA ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Norway oswetsa nyama mwachangu adadziwitsidwa mwadala m'madzi angapo pakati pa 1860 ndi 1900. Pa milandu 16 yolembedwa, m'modzi yekha ndi amene adapambana. Ngakhale mawu ena oyamba akhala opambana, ambiri mwina alephera.
Ena mwa nyanja zikuluzikulu ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya mavenda, okhala ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono osanjikiza ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu omwe amatha kupitilira masentimita 40 kutalika ndikuphatikizanso nsomba pazakudya zawo. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa vendace ndi arctic cisco, ngakhale ndi majini. Misonkho ya vendace nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsutsana pamitundu ndi ma subspecies, chifukwa ma polymorphism ndi hybridization zimawoneka kuti ndizofala pamizere yambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi vendace ikuwoneka bwanji
Mwakuwoneka, vendace imawoneka ngati nsomba yaying'ono yoyera, koma nsagwada zake zakumunsi ndizitali kuposa zakumtunda, ndipo mawu otsutsanawo ndiowona ndi nsomba yoyera. Maso a vendace ndi akulu, monga zimakhalira ndi nsomba zonse zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi moyo wawo wonse. Kumbuyo kwa thupi la vendace kuli kobiriwira kwakuda kapena kwakuda buluu, mbali zake ndi zoyera siliva, pamimba ndikuyera, kunsonga kwa mphuno ndi nsagwada zapansi ndikuda.
Mwa ana, thupi limakhala lochepa komanso lowonda pang'ono ndikukula kwambiri. Mutu ndi wocheperako, nsagwada zakumunsi zimatuluka kupitirira nsonga ya mphutsi, nsagwada zakumtunda zibwerera kumtunda kwa mwana wasukulu, nsonga ya nsagwada yakumunsi imalowa poyambira pa nsagwada. Kutalikirako ndikokulirapo kuposa kutalikirana kuchokera koyambira kumbuyo mpaka kumapeto kwa kumatako komaliza.
Vendace imakhwima mchaka chachiwiri mpaka chachisanu cha moyo, ndipo imakhala yayitali masentimita 9-20. M'madera ambiri, vendace nthawi zambiri sikufika kutalika kwa masentimita 25, koma m'madzi ena mitundu yayikulu ndi yayikulu imakhalira limodzi.
Khalidwe la munthu zimawonedwa mosavomerezeka. Pofufuza zodabwitsazi, palibe nyama yomwe idapezeka m'mazira, pomwe kuluma ndi kuyamwa kwa mphutsi zoswedwa kumene kunawonedwa mu 23% ya okalamba. Anthu ang'onoang'ono (<100 mm kutalika kwathunthu) adagwira mphutsi nthawi zambiri kuposa anthu akulu. Kusiyana kunapezekanso pafupipafupi zakuukira pakati pa anthu.
Mulingo wake umasiyana chifukwa chakusowa kwa mphutsi iliyonse yomwe imapezeka pachibale. Zotsatira izi zimatsimikizira kuti kudya nyama zamayiko ena sikuti ndi kwapadera kapena konsekonse pamene mphutsi zosambira zaulere zimapezeka kwa abale achikulire.
Kodi vendace amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Vesel ku Russia
Dera logawidwa kwanuko lili mkati mwa ngalande zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Nyanja ya Kumpoto ndi Baltic, pakati pa zilumba za Britain kumadzulo ndi ngalande ku Pechora (Russia) kum'mawa. Anthu ena amapezekanso m'mitsinje mu Nyanja Yoyera komanso m'madzi omwe ali kumtunda.
Magawo ogawa ali mkati mwamachitidwe omwe adalowetsedwa kale ku Baltic Sea (Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia ndi Sweden). Mkati ndi kunja kwa malo ake, vendace yasunthidwanso ndipo ikupezeka m'madzi ambiri komanso mosungiramo komwe kale kunalibe.
Mtsinje wa Inari-Pasvik umadutsa mu Nyanja ya Barents ndipo anthu omwe ali mumtsinjewu si kwawo ndipo amapezeka chifukwa cha kuyenda ku Finland. Mofananamo, anthu ena m'mitsinje ikutsikira ku White Sea atha kukhala ochokera kudera laku Russia.
Vendacea imapezeka kunyanja ina kumtunda kwa Volga, koma yafalikira kumunsi ndikupanga malo osungira pambuyo pomanga madamu angapo mzaka zam'ma 2000. Vendace idadzikhazikitsanso munyanja ku Urals ndi Kazakhstan atasamutsidwa mkati mwa Russia. Anthu achilengedwe azilumba za Britain ali pangozi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe vendace imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi vendace amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Malo ogulitsa nsomba
Vendacea amadziwika kuti ndi planktivore yapadera, ndipo zooplankton nthawi zambiri imakhala 75-100% yazakudya zonse. M'nyanja zazing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu, mawonekedwe akuluakulu amatha kudya nsomba pang'ono, ndipo nsomba zimatha kupanga 20-74% ya zakudya.
Monga zooplanktivore yothandiza, vendace imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri zooplankton stock, zomwe zimadzetsa kuchepa kwa ziweto za algae pamtengo wa zooplankton (trophic cascade). Izi zitha kuthandiza kutulutsa nyanjayi.
Komabe, vendace imatha kudulidwa, motero kuthekera kwake komwe kumachitika chifukwa chodyera kwa zooplankton kuli ndi malire. Zidathandizanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhalango zachilengedwe - nsomba zoyera wamba.
Zakudya za vendace zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso m'masiku osiyanasiyana tsikulo, koma magawidwe a zooplankton nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana nthawi iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za kuya kapena kusambira.
Chakudya chachikulu cha vendace ndi:
- daphnia;
- mabere;
- Njinga yamoto yovundikira Cyclops;
- heterocopic appendiculum.
Kuwerengera kwa masankhidwe osankhidwa a vendace kwawonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri amasankha mitundu yayikulu ya cladocerans ndi ma copopods ndi woimira ochepa a cladocerans, Bosmina coregoni.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Malonda aku Europe
Vendacea imasunthira mozungulira, zomwe zimakonda kupewedwa ndi adani. Komabe, ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa nsomba zoyera zaku Europe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachifundo chifukwa chogulitsanso. Mavenda ali ndi mazira ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, kubereka kwakukulu komanso nthawi yocheperako kuposa nsomba yoyera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi zambiri masamba amakhala zaka 5-6. Ali ndi zaka 8, amawerengedwa kuti ndi okalamba. M'madera ena ambiri, vendace imatha mpaka zaka 15.
Vendacea amapezeka malo osungira madzi otseguka m'malo opangira ma lacustrine komanso malo owonera zinyama, kuwonetsa zachilengedwe za zooplankton. Zitha kuyembekezeredwa kuti zizindikirike kwambiri masana kuposa usiku chifukwa chosunthika. Popeza ndi madzi ozizira, nthawi zambiri amapewa zigawo zam'madzi kutentha kukapitirira 18-20 ° C.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'miyezi yoyamba kapena iwiri itadulidwa nthawi yachilimwe, mphutsi ndi ana amatha kupezeka m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pambuyo pake, vendace imagwiritsa ntchito pelagic kugwiritsa ntchito malowo. Masana, imamira kwambiri kuposa momwe amagwirira ntchito usiku. Zimapanganso nsapato masana.
Vendushka ndi nsomba zamadzi. Ngakhale imatha kunyamula madzi amchere okhala ndi mchere wochepa kwambiri, kugawa kwachilengedwe pakati pamitsinje yosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumachepa chifukwa chamchere wamadzi otsetsereka. Kubalalika kumunsi kwamtsinje kumatha kuyembekezeredwa ngakhale ngalandeyo ikayendetsedwa ndi madamu. Kuthamangira kumtunda kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa champhamvu zam'madzi ndi mathithi.
Kusokonekera kudzera m'mawu oyamba mwadala kwachitika kudzera m'mapulani othandizira monga kupezeka kwa zinthu mu Lake Inari ndi mitsinje yake. Osewera masewera nthawi zina amagwiritsanso ntchito nyambo ngati nyambo, ndipo ngati nyambo yamoyo yatengedwa, izi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo cholowera m'madzi osakhala achilengedwe. Kuopsa kokhazikitsidwa bwino kumalumikizidwa ndi malo okhala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ryapushka
Ambiri mwa ma vendace amabala kugwa pamchenga kapena miyala, nthawi zambiri kumadera 6-10 m kuya, koma kulinso nyengo yozizira komanso yachisanu. Vendare ndi yachonde kwambiri ndipo ili ndi mazira ang'onoang'ono (mazira 80-300 pa gramu yolemera thupi).
Mazirawo amabadwa pamene nyanjayi imasowa mchaka. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa mazira, yolk sac ili ndi zinthu zochepa, chifukwa chake ntchito yolemba anthu pamsika imadalira kwambiri nthawi yomwe imakhala pakati pa makulitsidwe ndi masika.
M'madera ena am'nyanja, mavenda okhwima amakhala atasamuka ndikubereka m'mitsinje. Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, malo ogulitsira odabwitsa amatulutsa mitsinje m'madzi osaya, ndipo amabereka m'mitsinje kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Mphutsi zoswedwa kumene zimasunthira kumadera am'nyanja patangopita nthawi yochepa. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa mphutsi zomwe zimaswa ndi 7-11 mm.
Pakafukufuku wina, vendace idadziwika ndi pH 4.75 ndi 5.25 yopanda kapena yopanda aluminiyamu (200 μg = 7.4 micromolar AlL (-1)) chifukwa chakumapeto kwa vitellogenesis mu Julayi munthawi yopanga. Pa nthawi yobala, 48% ya akazi olamulira anali atamasula kale mazira awo, 50% ya akazi pa pH 4.75 + Al anali ndi ma oocyte osasunthika.
Chiwerengero chomaliza cha akazi odzaza kwathunthu anali 14%, 36%, 25%, 61% ndi 81% pa pH 4.75 + Al, pH 4.75, pH 5.25 + Al, pH 5.25 komanso pagulu lolamulira. Kuchepetsa kwa testicular kunawonedwa mwa amuna pa pH 4.75 + Al. Kuchepa kwa plasma Na (+) ndi Cl (-) ndikuwonjezeka kwa magazi m'magazi kumapezeka pafupi ndi nthawi yobereka, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa Al mkati mwa minyewa ya branchial.
Adani achilengedwe a vendace
Chithunzi: Malo ogulitsa nsomba
Adani achilengedwe a vendace ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya nsomba, mbalame ndi zinyama, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimadya m'malo am'nyanja monga bulawuni wamtchire, loon ndi cormorants. Nsombazi ndi nyama yodya nyama yofunika kwambiri.
Zanyama zamasamba ndizofunikira kwambiri zodyetsa nsomba ndi mbalame zam'madzi, ndipo zitha kukhala zofunikira pakusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera pakupanga kwa pelagic kupita kumalo osanja kapena mitsinje (nsomba zosamukira), kapena kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumachitidwe apadziko lapansi (otetezedwa ndi mbalame zosakondera).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Masamba nthawi zonse amatenga nawo chidwi pike chifukwa chowonjezera mpweya. Amaganiziridwa kuti kusintha kwa kapumidwe kamunthu akagwidwa ndi nyama yolusa kumayambitsidwa chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito a locomotor chifukwa chazomwe amachita motsutsana ndi mdani.
Kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya m'nyanja ndikofunikira pakufa kwamatenda a mphutsi komanso kwa achinyamata mchilimwe, ndipo zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimadya nyama yaying'ono kwambiri ndi nsomba, yomwe kuchuluka kwawo pachaka kumayenderana ndi kutentha kwa chilimwe. Chifukwa chake, motsogozedwa ndi nyengo yotentha, makalasi olimba a bass adatulukira kawirikawiri m'ma 1990 ndi 2000s kuposa m'ma 1970 kapena 1980, ndipo izi zikuyembekezeka kupitilirabe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi vendace ikuwoneka bwanji
Ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakukula kwa anthu ndipo amathanso kukhudzidwa ndikupezeka kwa ena planktivores. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyambira 100 anthu / ha mpaka 5000 anthu / ha adawonedwa. M'nyanja zambiri, anthu okhala ndi mavenda akuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwamadzimadzi, kuwonetsa kuti mpikisano wampikisano ungakhale wofunikira pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Zamasamba ndizovuta kwambiri ku:
- kuwonongeka kwa madzi;
- kuchulukitsa silting;
- kuchotsera.
Kwa zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka mosungira, maulamuliro owononga mphamvu yamagetsi amakhalanso ovuta. Anthu amatha kuchepa - kapena kutha - ngati mitundu yachilendo monga ruff iwoneka. Kudziwitsa dala vendace ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopezera mwayi m'madongosolo atsopano amadzi.
Izi zimayambitsidwa nthawi zambiri ndi boma ndi cholinga chowonjezera nsomba ndi zachilengedwe. Zoyambitsa zina mwadala zapangidwa kuti azitha kuyang'anira udzudzu, koma sizinachite bwino. Osewera masewera ena amagwiritsa ntchito vendace ngati nyambo.
Mphamvu zachuma zomwe zimalowa mumsika sizinachitike. Vendace imatha kukhala ndi phindu lachuma ngati nsomba yokha, chifukwa imathandizira nsomba zomwe zimadya nsomba zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri pakuwedza masewerawa (mwachitsanzo nsomba za bulawuni).
Koma vendace itha kukhalanso ndi vuto pakusintha kwachuma kwa mitundu ina yomwe ingakhudzidwe ndikuwombedwa kwa asodzi, monga kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi. Vendacea amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotha kuthengo.
Chitetezo cha vendace
Chithunzi: Veggie kuchokera ku Red Book
Anthu onse akuyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuyesetsa kuteteza zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya zooplankton yomwe ili yofunikira kuti zamoyo zizigwira ntchito. Amatha kukhala ovuta kuzindikira kwa omwe si akatswiri chifukwa sangathe kuwona popanda kukweza koyenera. Kuwongolera kwazinthu zantchito zitha kulimbikitsidwa ndi mapulogalamu owongolera nyama zolowa kapena nyama zogwirira.
Kupambana kwa njirazi kumatengera kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka nyanjayi komanso gulu la anthu omwe amadya nsomba. Vendacea ndi nsomba yokoma komanso yamtengo wapatali m'misika ina, ndipo kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kupezeka mwa kusodza kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, posodza m'madzi kapena m'mitsinje kapena kugwira anthu obwera kumene panthawi yobereka.
Vendacea ndi nsomba ya pelagic yomwe imatuluka masana ndipo imatsika kwambiri usiku. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimabalalika usiku ndipo chifukwa chake zitsanzo ziyenera kuchitidwa usiku kuti muchepetse kusiyanasiyana kwake. Kuwunika kuyenera kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito chida chasayansi cholozera kuphatikiza njira zosasankhira zosankha (ma gillnet angapo, kugwira kapena zitsanzo) kuti mudziwe zambiri zamitundu ndi zamoyo.
Zotsatira zoyipa za vendace zimasinthidwa ndi kuchepa kwa zooplankton. Chifukwa chake, njira zabwino kwambiri zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa kwa vesi, kukulitsa ziwombankhanga pa vesi).
Vendace Ndi kansomba kakang'ono, kosalala komanso kochepera komwe kali ndi msana wabuluu wobiriwira, mimba yoyera ndi migolo ya silvery. Zipsepse zake zotuwa zimakhala zakuda m'mbali mwake. Nsombayi ili ndi maso akulu, kamwa yaying'ono kwambiri, ndi mapiko a adipose.Malo okondedwa a vendace ndi nyanja yakuya, yozizira, komwe imadyetsa nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi monga ma copepod.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: September 18, 2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:13
