Mussel

Mussel - invertebrates okhala madamu a banja bivalve mollusks. Amakhala padziko lonse lapansi m'madzi oyera + amchere + amchere. Nyama zimakhala kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madzi ozizira komanso mafunde othamanga. Mussels imadziunjikira kwambiri pafupi ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja - mtundu wa mabanki am'madzi omwe amapanga kusefera kwamadzi kwamphamvu.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Mussel

Mussel ndi dzina lodziwika bwino lomwe limagwira ntchito kwa mamembala am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amchere amchere. Mamembala a maguluwa amakhala ndi chigoba chimodzi chofanana, chomwe chimakhala chosakanikirana poyerekeza ndi ma molluscs ena odyera, chipolopolo chakunja chomwe chimakhala chozungulira kapena chowulungika.

Liwu loti "mussel" lokha limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizira tinyanga tating'onoting'ono ta banja la Mytilidae, omwe ambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amamangiriridwa ndi ulusi wolimba wa bissalk pagawo lolimba. Mitundu ingapo yamtundu wa Bathymodiolus imakhala ndi ma hydrothermal ampweya okhudzana ndi mathithi am'nyanja.

Kanema: Mussels

Mumisumbu yambiri, zipolopolozo ndizopapatiza koma zazitali ndipo zimakhala zosawoneka bwino. Mitundu yakunja kwa zipolopolozo imakhala ndi mdima wakuda: nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda buluu, yofiirira kapena yakuda, pomwe zokutira zamkati zimakhala zosalala komanso pang'ono pang'ono. Dzinalo "mussel" limagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga madzi oyera a bivalve molluscs, kuphatikiza nsomba zamchere zamchere. Nkhumba zam'madzi zam'madzi zili m'zigawo zingapo za ma bivalve molluscs, ngakhale zili ndi kufanana kwina.

Nkhumba zamadzi amchere zam'banja la Dreissenidae sizimagulu omwe adasankhidwa kale, ngakhale atakhala ofanana. Mitundu yambiri ya Mytilus imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi miyala pogwiritsa ntchito byssus. Amadziwika kuti Heterodonta, gulu la taxonomic lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri yotchedwa "molluscs".

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Momwe ma mussel amawonekera

Mussel ili ndi chigoba chosalala, chosagwirizana chakunja, nthawi zambiri amakhala wofiirira, wabuluu, kapena wabulauni yakuda, ndimizere yokula kwambiri. Mkati mwa mulanduyo ndi loyera. Gawo lamkati la mavavu ndi loyera-chikasu; chilonda cha poster adductor ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa cha anterior adductor. Zingwe zokongola zofiirira zimachokera pachikopa chotseka kuti zigwirizane kumtunda.

Zigoba zokhwima zimakhala pafupifupi masentimita 5-10. Zili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira oval ndipo zimakhala ndi mavavu oyenera kumanja ndi kumanzere, omwe amalumikizana pamodzi ndi minofu yotanuka.

Chipolopolocho chili ndi zigawo zitatu:

• pamwamba chopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe;
• sing'anga wonenepa wosanjikiza;
• wosanjikiza wamkati wonyezimira wa pearlescent.

Mussels ali ndi sphincter yomwe ili pagawo lofewa la chipolopolo ndi ziwalo zina (mtima, mmimba, matumbo, impso). Mothandizidwa ndi sphincter, mussel imatha kutseka mwamphamvu zipolopolo pakagwa ngozi kapena chilala. Monga ma bollveve molluscs, ali ndi chiwalo chotchedwa mwendo. M'misumbu yamadzi oyera, phazi limakhala lolimba, lalikulu ndimatope a byssal ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala ngati nkhwangwa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Thupi lakunja, lomwe lili pakati pa lamba ndi chovala, laphimbidwa mbali zonse ndi mayi wa ngale, motero limapanga ngale.

Gland, mothandizidwa ndi dzira loyera lomwe limakhala mussel, ndipo chitsulo chimasefedwa kuchokera kunyanja, chimapanga ulusi wa byssus womwe mussel imatha kumamatira kumtunda. Mwendo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka nyama kudzera mu gawo (mchenga, miyala, kapena silt). Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwa mwendo kudzera mu gawo lapansi, kukulitsa ndimeyo, kenako ndikukoka nyama yonseyo patsogolo ndi chipolopolocho.

M'misumbu yam'madzi, mwendo ndi wocheperako komanso wofanana ndi lilime, ndimatenda ochepa pamimba. Kuchokera padzenje ili, katulutsidwe kowoneka bwino komanso kothimbirira kamatulutsidwa, kogwera pansi pa poyambira ndikuwuma pang'onopang'ono mukakumana ndi madzi am'nyanja. Izi zimapanga ulusi wolimba modabwitsa, wolimba, wotanuka womwe nkhonozi zimamangirirana ndi gawo lapansi, osasunthika m'malo omwe madzi amayenda kwambiri.

Kodi nkhono zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mussels ku Russia

Mussels amapezeka m'mbali mwa nyanja ya North Atlantic Ocean, kuphatikiza North America, Europe, ndi kumpoto kwa Palaearctic. Amapezeka kuchokera ku White Sea ku Russia kumwera kwa France, ku British Isles, kumpoto kwa Wales ndi kumadzulo kwa Scotland. Kumadzulo kwa Atlantic, M. edulis amakhala m'zigawo zakumwera kwa Canada zanyanja mpaka North Carolina.

Zisumbu zam'nyanja zimapezeka pakati komanso m'nyanja zam'madzi ozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zinsomba zina zimapezeka m'malo otentha, koma osati ochulukirapo.

Mitundu ina ya mamazelo imakonda madambo amchere kapena maekala amtendere, pomwe ina imakonda kusefukira, ikuphimba miyala yakunyanja yotsukidwa ndi madzi. Nkhumba zina zam'madzi zam'madzi zimatha kuzama pafupi ndi mafunde amadzimadzi otentha kwambiri. Mussel ya ku South Africa siimamatira pamiyala, koma imabisala pagombe lamchenga, ikukhala pamwamba pamchenga kuti idye chakudya, madzi ndi zinyalala.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Madzi am'madzi okhala m'madzi amakhala m'madzi, ngalande, mitsinje ndi mitsinje padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula madera akumwera. Nthawi zonse amafunikira gwero la madzi ozizira, oyera. Mussels amasankha madzi okhala ndi mchere. Amafuna calcium carbonate kuti apange zipolopolo zawo.

Mussel imatha kulimbana ndi kuzizira kwa miyezi ingapo. Mitundu ya buluu imazolowera bwino pakati pa 5 mpaka 20 ° C, yokhala ndi bata lokwanira pafupifupi 29 ° C la akulu.

Nkhumba za buluu sizikula bwino m'madzi ochepera 15% amchere, koma zimatha kupirira kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe. Kuya kwawo kumakhala pakati pa 5 mpaka 10 mita. Nthawi zambiri M. edulis amapezeka m'magawo ang'onoang'ono komanso am'mbali mwamiyala pagombe lamiyala ndipo amakhalabe pamenepo.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kanyamaka kamapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mollusk uyu amadya.

Kodi mussel amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mnyanja Yakuda

Mitengo yam'madzi yamchere ndi yamchere ndi yopatsa fyuluta. Ali ndi mabowo awiri. Madzi amayenda kudzera pakalowedwe komwe tsitsi lake limapanga madzi osasunthika. Mwanjira imeneyi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya (chomera ndi nyama) chimatsatira timitsinje tating'onoting'ono. Kenaka ma eyelashes amatulutsa ntchentche za gill zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono pakamwa pa mussel ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita m'mimba ndi m'matumbo, pomwe pamapeto pake chakudya chimagayidwa. Zotsalira zomwe sizingagulitsidwe zimatulutsidwanso kuchokera kubwalo limodzi ndi madzi opuma.

Zakudya zazikuluzikulu zam'mimba zimakhala ndi phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, ma diatoms ang'onoang'ono, zoospores, ma flagellates ndi ma protozoa ena, mitundu ingapo ya algae ndi detritus, yosefedwa m'madzi oyandikana nayo. Mussels ndizosefera zosefera zoyimitsa ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizobowoleza, zomwe zimasonkhanitsa m'mbali yamadzi chilichonse chochepa chokwanira kutengeka.

Zakudya zam'madzi zamtundu uliwonse zimaphatikizapo:

• plankton;
• kusokoneza;
• caviar;
• zooplankton;
• udzu wam'madzi;
• phytoplankton;
• tizilombo.

Mussels wam'madzi nthawi zambiri amapezeka atakhazikika pamodzi pamiyala yotsukidwa ndi mafunde. Amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zamiyala ndi nsalu zawo zapamwamba. Chizoloŵezi chophatikizana chimathandiza kuti mussels musamveke ndi mafunde amphamvu. Pa mafunde otsika, anthu omwe ali pakati pa tsango amatha kuchepa kwamadzi chifukwa chakutunga madzi ndi mamvekedwe ena.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Mussels zam'madzi

Mussels ndi mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imakhazikika pamagawo ang'onoang'ono. Nkhumba zokhwima zimakonda kukhala pansi, choncho mwendo wawo umasiya kugwira ntchito. M'magawo otayirira, achinyamata amathyola nkhono zakale, momwe amakhazikikapo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mussels imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowunikira poyang'anira chilengedwe m'madzi atsopano ndi amchere. Zipolopolozi ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa zimagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Makhalidwe awo amatsimikizira kuti akuwonetsa komwe akukhala kapena kukhazikitsidwa. Kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, momwe thupi limayendera, machitidwe, kapena manambala akuwonetsa momwe zachilengedwe zilili.

Zotupitsa zapadera zimatulutsa ulusi wolimba womwe umapangidwa nawo pamiyala ndi zinthu zina. Mussels a mumtsinje alibe chiwalo choterocho. Msuzi, pakamwa pake pamunsi pamiyendo ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi ma lobes. Pakamwa pamalumikizidwa ndi kholingo.

Mussel imagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi matope okwera ndipo imathandiza kuchotsa matope pamadzi. Nkhumba zokhwima zimapereka malo okhala ndi nyama zina ndipo zimakhala ngati gawo laling'onong'ono kuti zizitsatira, kukulitsa kusiyanasiyana kwam'deralo. Mphutsi za mussel ndizofunikira kwambiri popezera nyama zobzala.

Mussels ali ndi zida zapadera zothandizira pa geolocation ndi mawonekedwe. Mussels ali ndi chemoreceptors omwe amatha kuzindikira kutulutsidwa kwa ma gametes. Ma chemoreceptor awa amathandizanso mamuna achinyamata kuti azipewa kukhazikika pamagawo pafupi ndi nkhono okhwima, mwina kuti achepetse mpikisano wazakudya.

Kutalika kwa mamollusc awa kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe amadziphatika. Kukhazikika m'malo agombe lotseguka kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala pachiwopsezo cha adani, makamaka mbalame. Mussels omwe amakhala m'malo otseguka amatha kufa ndi 98% pachaka. Magulu oyenda ndi mphutsi komanso achichepere amafa kwambiri.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mussels

M'nyengo iliyonse yotentha ndi yotentha, zazikazi zimaikira mazira mamiliyoni asanu kapena khumi, kenako amatumizidwa ndi abambo. Mazira a feteleza amakula kukhala mphutsi, zomwe amadya nyama zolusa ndi 99.9% mkati mwa milungu inayi yakukula kukhala kanyama kakang'ono.

Komabe, "kusankha" uku kutatsala pali mammando ang'onoang'ono pafupifupi 10,000. Amakhala pafupifupi mamilimita atatu kukula ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenda panyanja kwamakilomita mazana angapo asanakhazikike pafupifupi masentimita asanu m'mbali mwa nyanja.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chifukwa chomwe nkhono zimakhala m'midzi yayikulu chifukwa amuna nthawi zambiri amatunga mazira awo. Mphutsi zikasambira momasuka kwa milungu inayi ngati plankton, zimadziphatika kumiyala, milu, nkhokwe, mchenga wolimba, ndi zipolopolo zina.

Nkhumba zimakhala ndi amuna ndi akazi osiyana. Nkhumba zam'madzi zimakumana ndi umuna kunja kwa thupi. Kuyambira pa mphutsi, zimangoyenda mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi asanakhazikike pamalo olimba. Amatha kusunthira pang'onopang'ono, ndikumata ndikutchotsa zingwe za byssus kuti akwaniritse bwino.

Mitundu yamadzi amchere imaberekana pogonana. Amuna amatulutsa umuna m'madzi, womwe umalowa mwa mkazi kudzera mu dzenje lomwe lilipo. Pambuyo pa umuna, mazirawo amafika pachimake ndipo amathanso kuwononga nsomba kwakanthawi, atagwira pamapiko kapena m'miyendo. Asanatuluke, amakula m'mitsinje ya akazi, pomwe madzi okhala ndi mpweya wabwino amazungulira mozungulira.

Mphutsi zimapulumuka pokhapokha zitapeza woyenera - nsomba. Mphutsi zikagwirizana, thupi la nsombayo limagwira ndikulikuta ndi maselo omwe amapanga chotupa, motero amakhala milungu iwiri kapena isanu. Kukula, amasulidwa kwa mwiniwake, akumira pansi kuti ayambe moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Adani achilengedwe a mamazelo

Chithunzi: Momwe ma mussel amawonekera

Mussels nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'magulu akulu, momwe amatetezedwa ku chilombo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake. Chigoba chawo chimakhala ngati chitetezo, ngakhale kuti mitundu ina ya zilombo zowononga imatha kuiwononga.

Pakati pa nyama zodyetsa za mussel, pali starfish yomwe ikuyembekezera kutsegula chigobacho kenako ndikuidya. Mitundu yambiri yam'mimba imadya mamazelo monga walrus, nsomba, herring gulls ndi abakha.

Amatha kugwidwa ndi anthu, osati kungodya, komanso kupanga feteleza, amakhala ngati nyambo zowedza, chakudya cha nsomba zam'madzi komanso nthawi ndi nthawi kulumikiza miyala yamiyala, monga ku English Lancashire. Nyengo yofatsa imasokoneza mkhalidwewo, chifukwa ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyama zolusa zambiri zam'mimba.

Omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi nkhonozi ndi awa:

• chowongolera (Pleuronectiformes);
• snipe (Scolopacidae);
• Mphepete mwa nyanja (Larus);
• akhwangwala (Corvus);
• utoto wofiirira (N. lapillus);
• nyenyezi zam'madzi (A. rubens);
• urchins wam'nyanja wobiriwira (S. droebachiensis).

Zinyama zina zimadikirira kuti mussel itsegule mavavu ake kuti ipume. Nyamayo imakankhira siphon ya mussel kuphompho ndikutsegula mussel kuti idye. Nkhumba zamadzi amchere zimadyedwa ndi nkhandwe, otter, abakha, anyani ndi atsekwe.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Mussels ku Russia

Ma Mussels amapezeka pamagawo ambiri amphepete mwa nyanja, chifukwa chake sanaphatikizidwe mu Red Data Book yoti asungidwe ndipo sanalandirepo mwayi wapadera. Mu 2005, China idagwira 40% ya mamazelo padziko lapansi. Ku Europe, Spain yakhala mtsogoleri wazogulitsa.

Ku United States, ntchito zaulimi wa nkhono zikuchitika ndipo nkhono zabuluu zimakula kwambiri. Nkhumba zina ndizo nkhono zikuluzikulu zodyedwa. Izi zikuphatikiza, makamaka, mitundu yomwe imapezeka ku Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic ndi Mediterranean.

Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zitatu akhala akulembedwera ku France pamatabwa amitengo. Ma Mussels adadziwika kuyambira pomwe Aselote amalamulira. Lero amakuliranso m'mphepete mwa Dutch, Germany ndi Italy. Chaka chilichonse ku Europe, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 550,000 a mamazelo amagulitsidwa, pafupifupi matani 250,000 amtundu wa Mytilus galloprovincesis. Mafinya amtundu wa Rhine ndi njira yodziwika bwino yophika. Ku Belgium ndi kumpoto kwa France, mussels nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi batala la ku France.

Mussel Pakakhala kuti palibe ma cheke aukhondo, nthawi zambiri zimatha kuyambitsa poyizoni ngati nyama zidya plankton poizoni kwa anthu. Anthu ena amakhalanso ndi matupi awo sagwirizana ndi mapuloteni awo, motero matupi awo amamva ngati ali ndi zizolowezi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Mussels iyenera kusungidwa ndi moyo musanaphike, choncho imatsekedwa. Ngati kutsegula kumasiyidwa kotseguka, mankhwalawo ayenera kutayidwa.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/26/2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 22.08.2019 pa 0:06