Khwangwala Wakuda Ndi mbalame yomwe imadziwika chifukwa chanzeru zake komanso kusinthasintha, komanso phokoso lake laphokoso. Amakhalanso ndi mbiri yovulaza mbewu, komabe zovuta zawo zitha kukhala zochepa kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale. Mtundu wa Corvus umaphatikizapo akhwangwala, akhwangwala ndi ma rook. Mbalamezi ndi gawo la banja la Corvidae, lomwe limaphatikizapo ma jays ndi magpies.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wakuda
Dzinalo lachi Latin lotchedwa Corvus Corone limachokera ku Latin Corvus ndi Greek Corone. Mtundu wa Corvus ungamasuliridwe kuti "khwangwala" ndi "Corone" amatanthauza khwangwala, chifukwa chake "Crow raven" ndikutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa Corvus Corone.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 40 ya akhwangwala, choncho amabwera mosiyanasiyana. Khwangwala waku America ndi wamtali pafupifupi masentimita 45. Khwangwala wamtunduwu amakhala wa pafupifupi masentimita 48. Khwangwala wamba amakhala wamkulu kwambiri pafupifupi masentimita 69. Khwangwala amatha kulemera pakati pa magalamu 337 ndi 1625. Rook ndi yaying'ono kuposa khwangwala ndipo ili ndi michira yooneka ngati mphete ndi milomo yopepuka. Amakhala kutalika kwa 47 cm.
Kanema: Khwangwala Wakuda
Makungubwi akuda aku America amasiyana ndi akhwangwala wamba m'njira zingapo:
- akhwangwala awa ndi akulu;
- mawu awo akukalipa;
- ali ndi milomo yayikulu kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makungubwi akuda amatha kuzindikirika ndi mamvekedwe awo. Amakhulupirira kuti mothandizidwa ndi nyimbo zochulukirapo, akhwangwala amatulutsa mawu kutulutsa njala kapena kuwopseza, mwachitsanzo.
Luso lawo louluka ndi kuyenda, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito chakudya mophatikizana, zimapatsa akhwangwala mwayi woposa mbalame zina zaulimi. Khwangwala wakuda wakhala akuzunzidwa kwanthawi yayitali monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zisa. Komabe, kuchokera pakuwona zachilengedwe, palibe chifukwa chomveka chochitira izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuzunzidwa sikunapangitse kuti anthu amwalire kulikonse. Makamaka, ziweto zosaswana zitha kuwononga mbewu. Kumbali inayi, akhwangwala ndi mbalame zothandiza pamene amadya mbewa ndi nkhono zambiri, makamaka munthawi yoswana.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wakuda amawoneka bwanji
Khwangwala wakuda ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu, imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri m'banja la khwangwala (48 - 52 cm kutalika). Ndi akhwangwala a archetypal: thupi lakuda lofananira, mlomo waukulu wotuluka, koma wocheperako kwambiri kuposa khwangwala. Khwangwala wamba wamkulu wakuda alibe zisonyezo zooneka zogonana. Ndi kocheperako pang'ono kuposa khwangwala wamba, wokhala ndi mchira wautali, womaliza maphunziro ake, mulomo wolemera kwambiri, khosi lakuthwa, ndi mawu akuya.
Ngakhale kuli kosavuta kuwona khwangwala wakuda wokhala ndi nthenga zofananira poyang'ana koyamba, izi sizowona kwathunthu. Yang'anani pafupi ndipo muwona chobiriwira chobiriwira komanso chofiirira chomwe ndi chokongola kwambiri. Mbalamezi zili ndi ntchafu komanso nthenga zooneka bwino mozungulira pansi pa milomo yawo. Mapazi a akhwangwala akuda ndi anisodactyl, zala zitatu zakumaso zikuyang'ana kutsogolo ndi chala chimodzi chakumbuyo. Khwangwala wamkulu amakhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 84 mpaka 100.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ubongo wa akhwangwala akuda ndi wofanana ndendende ndi a chimpanzi, ndipo ofufuza ena akupitilizabe kunena kuti akhwangwala "amaganiza" za malo awo okhala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosonkhanitsira chakudya.
Mwina ndi luntha lomwe limapatsa akhwangwala akuda chinsinsi, koma nthawi yomweyo machitidwe osafunikira - onse kuchokera pakuwona kwenikweni ndi chikhalidwe. Ingoganizirani khwangwala amene ali wanzeru, wokhala ndi maso owongoka, akumenya mapiko ake pang'onopang'ono komanso mosalekeza pamene ikuyenda mlengalenga, ndi "zala" kumapeto kwa mapiko ake. Amawoneka osamvetseka, ngati zala za anthu mu mawonekedwe.
Makungubwi akuda nawonso nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi ma rook, omwe milomo yawo ndi yolimba, yotchuka kwambiri, yopanda misozi kapena tsitsi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mosiyana ndi ma rook, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ochezeka komanso ochezeka, akhwangwala otakasuka amakhala okhaokha mwachilengedwe, ngakhale izi zimatha kusintha kwakanthawi m'nyengo yozizira.
Kodi khwangwala wakuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wakuda wakuda
Akhwangwala akuda amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi m'malo osiyanasiyana. M'mbuyomu, amakhala m'madambo, m'malo olimidwa mopepuka okhala ndi chivundikiro chochepa cha mitengo komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Posachedwa, asintha modabwitsa kwambiri kumatauni ndi kumatauni.
Akhwangwala akuda amagwiritsa ntchito mapaki ndi nyumba zomangira zisa, komanso chakudya m'malo otaya zinyalala ndi zitini zonyansa. Zowonongeka zazikulu zokha zomwe zimawonedwa ndi akhwangwala akuda ndikuwonongeka kwa zakudya. Sichingokhala kutalika komwe kulipo kuyambira kunyanja mpaka kumapiri. Khwangwala wakuda nthawi zambiri amakhala pachisa m'mitengo kapena pamiyala. Khwangwala wakuda ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimakonda kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Amapezeka:
- ku Europe, Scandinavia, Iceland ndi Greenland;
- ku Asia konse, kuyambira kunyanja ya Pacific mpaka ku Himalaya, kupita ku India ndi Iran;
- kudutsa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi Canary Islands;
- kumpoto ndi Central America, kumwera kwenikweni, ku Nicaragua.
Malo omwe amakonda akamba akuda ndi United Kingdom (kupatula Northern Scotland), France, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Northern Italy ndi Switzerland. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zambiri zaku Europe zimafika ku Corsica ndi Sardinia.
Akhwangwala akuda amakonda malo otseguka - m'mphepete mwa nyanja, tundra yopanda kanthu, miyala ikuluikulu, nkhalango zamapiri, magombe otseguka a mitsinje, zigwa, zipululu ndi nkhalango zochepa. Rook amapezeka ku Europe ndi Western Asia konse. Amakondanso malo otseguka, zigwa za mitsinje ndi matsamba. Khwangwala wakuda kulibe kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Scotland, Northern Ireland ndi Isle of Man.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe khwangwala wakuda amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame iyi imadya.
Kodi khwangwala wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wakuda ku Russia
Akhwangwala akuda ndi omnivorous, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amadya pafupifupi chilichonse. Khwangwala amadya nyama zazing'ono monga nyama, amphibiya, zokwawa, mazira ndi zovunda. Amadyetsanso tizilombo, mbewu, njere, mtedza, zipatso, mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo, molluscs, nyongolotsi komanso mbalame zina. Zimadziwikanso kuti akhwangwala amadya zinyalala ndikusunga chakudya m'matumba, kwakanthawi kochepa, m'mitengo kapena pansi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makungubwi akuda amatha kuyimirira pazisa ndikulola kuti nyerere zizikwera. Kenako mbalameyo imadzola nyererezo nthenga zake. Khalidweli limatchedwa anting ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza tiziromboti. Nyerere zingapangitsenso mbalame kumwa zakumwa za formic zotulutsidwa m'matupi awo.
Khwangwala wakuda amadyera makamaka pansi pomwe amayenda mwadala. Amatha kuwukira ndikupha nyama zazing'ono, zofooka. Chizoloŵezichi chimapangitsa kuti asakondedwa ndi alimi, monganso mbalame zomwe zimakonda kuwononga mbewu.
Khwangwala amatha kuthawa ndi zidutswa za nyama ndikusunga tizidutswa tawo mumitengo, kubisa nyama monga kambuku kuti azidya pambuyo pake. Nthawi zina amabisa mbewu kapena kuziika m'ming'alu ya khungwa, nthawi zina amaba chakudya cha nyama zina, mogwirizana ndi akhwangwala ena kuti alande chakudya cha nkhono, ntchentche ndi mbalame zam'madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wakuda mwachilengedwe
Khwangwala wakuda ndi mbalame zanzeru kwambiri. Amadziwika chifukwa cha kuthana ndi maluso komanso luso loyankhulana modabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, khwangwala akakumana ndi munthu woipa, amaphunzitsa akhwangwala ena momwe angamudziwire. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti akhwangwala akuda saiwala nkhope zawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Akhwangwala akuda ochenjera amatha kutsanzira kwambiri. Anaphunzitsidwa kuwerengera mokweza mpaka asanu ndi awiri, ndipo akhwangwala ena adaphunzira mawu opitilira 100 mpaka ziganizo zokwanira 50; ena ankadziwika kuti amatsanzira mawu a eni ake akuti agalu ndi kunyoza akavalo. Amawonetsanso chidwi chachikulu, akudziwika kuti ndi anthu ochita zanzeru komanso kuwerengera akuba. Amawuluka ndi makalata a anthu, amakoka zikhomo zovala m'mizere, ndikuthawa ndi zinthu zosayang'aniridwa monga makiyi agalimoto.
Mitundu yambiri ya akhwangwala imakhala yokhayokha, koma nthawi zambiri imadyera m'magulu. Ena amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu. Khwangwala mmodzi akamwalira, gulu lidzazungulira wakufayo. Mwambo wamalirowu umachita zoposa kulira maliro. Khwangwala wakuda amasonkhana kuti adziwe yemwe adapha membala wawo.
Pambuyo pake, akhwangwala agwirizana ndipo azithamangitsa adani. Mitundu ina ya khwangwala imachitika chaka chilichonse, m'malo mokhala achikulire okwatirana, amakhala pagulu lotchedwa gulu lokhalamo. Akhwangwala ena amasamuka pomwe ena samasamuka. Ngati ndi kotheka, apita kumadera otentha m'gawo lawo.
Khwangwala wakuda amadziwika bwino chifukwa chokhala kwawo kwayokha, ngakhale amakhala ndi zisa zazikulu kuzungulira zisa zawo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, akhwangwala amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti ateteze kwa adani ndi ena obisala.
Amakhala ndi machitidwe apadera akamadalira chinthu china chodziwika bwino, monga chimbudzi kapena kanyumba kawailesi yakanema, ndipo amamveka mokweza kwambiri mitu yakuthwa, yakanthawi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Khwangwala wakuda amachotsa nyama zakufa ndi zinyalala. M'malo mwake, akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amaimbidwa mlandu wopondaponda zitini, koma amene amakhala wolusa nthawi zambiri amakhala amisala kapena agalu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wakuda
Khwangwala wakuda nthawi zambiri amapanga awiriawiri okhaokha omwe amakhala limodzi moyo wawo wonse. Zimaswana kumayambiriro kwamasika, kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo. Nthawi zambiri, maanjawa amateteza gawo lomwelo komwe amakhala chaka chonse. Anthu ena amatha kusamukira kumalo osakanikirana.
Soketi iliyonse imakhala ndi peyala imodzi yokha. Komabe, pafupifupi 3% mwa anthuwa amatenga nawo mbali pothandizana. Makamaka, anthu akumpoto kwa Spain awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi mgwirizano wothandizana nawo zisa zambiri.
Nthaŵi zambiri, mbalame zothandizira zinali zogwirizanitsidwa ndi amuna awiri. Nthawi zina, magulu oberekanawa amafika mpaka kukula kwa mbalame khumi ndi zisanu, nthawi zina ndi anapiye amitundu iwiri. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa izi, ofufuza angoyamba kumene kuphunzira makina a magulu amitundu.
Nyengo yakuberekera akhwangwala akuda imayamba kumapeto kwa Marichi, ndikukula kwa dzira pakati pa Epulo. Makungubwi akuda akakwerana, nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi moyo wawo wonse, amangopatuka pambuyo paimfa. Komabe, nthawi zina azimayi okha ndi omwe amawoneka awiriawiri, ndipo abambo nthawi zina amabera.
Mbalamezi zimaikira mazira asanu kapena asanu ndi amodzi a azitona wobiriwira wobiriwira omwe ali ndi timadontho takuda. Akhwangwala aang'ono amatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi limodzi ndi makolo awo asanayambe kukhala pawokha.
M'nyengo yozizira ikamayandikira, akhwangwala akuda amasonkhana m'magulu akulu okhala usiku wonse. Nkhosazi zimatha kukhala ndi mbalame masauzande, nthawi zina mazana. Zomwe zingachitike munyengoyi ndi kutentha, kutetezedwa kwa adani monga akadzidzi, kapena kugawana zambiri. Khwangwala wakuda amatha kukhala zaka 13 m'nkhalango komanso zaka 20 ali kundende.
Adani achilengedwe akhwangwala akuda
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wakuda amawoneka bwanji
Nyama zazikuluzikulu kapena adani achilengedwe a akhwangwala akuda ndi mphamba ndi akadzidzi. Hawks amawaukira, kuwapha ndi kuwadya masana, ndipo akadzidzi amabwera pambuyo pawo usiku akakhala m'malo obisala. Koma akhwangwala amalimbalanso akabawi ndi akadzidzi, ngakhale samazidya.
Khwangwala akuwoneka kuti amadana ndi adani awo achilengedwe, ndipo akapeza imodzi mwa iwo, amawaukira m'magulu akuluakulu, achichepere mwamakhalidwe otchedwa "mobbing". Chiwombankhanga kapena kadzidzi wokhala ndi akhwangwala nthawi zonse amayesetsa kuthawa kuti apewe vuto.
Makungubwi akuda nthawi zambiri amatchedwa opanda mantha. Amatha kuthamangitsa ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimatha kulemera kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa khwangwala. Ngakhale alibe mantha, akhwangwala akuda nthawi zambiri amakhala osamala ndi anthu, omwe ndi omwe amadyetsa kwambiri.
Khwangwala wakuda amatha kukhudza kwambiri mbalame zakomweko posaka mazira awo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti atha kutengapo gawo pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zachilengedwe pochepetsa kukula kwa ana mu mbalame zina.
Kuphatikiza apo, akhwangwala onyama amadya zakufa, koma kufunikira kwakupereka kwawo pankhaniyi sikudziwika. Cuckoo wamkulu wodziwika bwino, Clamator glandariou, ndi tiziromboti tomwe timaswana tomwe timayika mazira m'zisimba za gulu la nkhosa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wakuda
Malinga ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), akhwangwala ambiri sakhala pachiwopsezo. Crow Flores ndichimodzi chokha. Adalembedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa ali ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe akuchepa chifukwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kukuwopseza nyumba yake kuzilumba zaku Indonesia za Flores ndi Rinka.
IUCN ikuyerekeza kuti anthu ake akakhala pakati pa 600 mpaka 1,700 okhwima. Khwangwala wa ku Hawaii watha kuthengo. Chiwerengero cha akhwangwala akuda, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, amakhala pakati pa 43 mpaka 204 miliyoni ndipo akupitilizabe kukula. Palibe zoyesayesa zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano kuteteza mitundu ya akhwangwala akuda.
Ngakhale khwangwala wakuda amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosiyana, amatha kuswana ndi msuwani wake, ndipo hybridi zimapezeka pomwe magulu awo amapingasa. M'madera ambiri aku Ireland ndi Scotland, khwangwala wakuda amalowedwa m'malo ndi khwangwala wakuda, mdera lamalire mitundu iwiriyo imaberekana. Mpaka pano, sizikudziwika chifukwa chake pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana siyana yomwe imakhala m'malo ozungulira nyengo.
Khwangwala wakuda atha kuonedwa kuti ndi woyang'anira chilengedwe cha mbalame, ndipo pamlingo winawake amathandizira kukulitsa mwayi kwa mbalame kuuposa. Mwa mbalame zonse, khwangwala wakuda amadedwa kwambiri ndi anthu am'mudzimo omwe amaweta gulu la nkhuku, chifukwa ndiochenjera kwambiri kuposa mbalame zakuba. Mbalame zamtchire zimavutikanso kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwake.
Khwangwala Wakuda Ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zanzeru kwambiri komanso zosinthika kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala wopanda mantha, ngakhale amatha kukhala wochenjera ndi munthuyo. Amakhala osungulumwa, amapezeka nthawi imodzi kapena awiriawiri, ngakhale amatha kupanga ziweto. Akhwangwala akuda amabwera kuminda kudzadya, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zambiri amasamala poyamba, posachedwa adziwa kuti zili bwino ndipo abwerera kudzagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:50
