Utitiri Ndi kachilombo koyamwa magazi kamene kamakhala kachilombo koyambitsa matenda ndipo kakhoza kukhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Utitiri ndi tiziromboti tomwe timakhala kunja kwa alendo (ie, ndi ectoparasites). Pomwe anali wamkulu wofalitsa imfa yakuda (mliri wa bubonic) mu Middle Ages, anali olumikizana ofunikira pazomwe zinachitika zomwe zidatsogolera kuimfa kwa kotala la anthu aku Europe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bloch
Nthata zimapanga kagulu kakang'ono ka tizilombo komwe mwina kamachokera kwa kholo lawo Mecoptera (zinkhanira) zomwe amagawana nawo mawonekedwe ena. Magulu onsewa ali ndi mimba yaminga, kusiyanasiyana pakati pa ganglia mumtsinje wamitsempha yamitsempha, ma gland asanu ndi limodzi, ndi ovary.
Amuna ali ndi mtundu wofanana wa umuna, wosiyana ndi mtundu wa nyamakazi, momwe khungu lam'manja kapena mchira wopanda mphete yakunja ya ma tubules 9 ili mozungulira mitochondria (cell organelles). Zinthu zakale zomwe zidapezeka ku Australia akuti zimakhala zaka 200 miliyoni. Nthata zina ziwiri zodziwika bwino zakale zimachokera ku Baltic amber (Oligocene) ndipo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi utitiri "wamakono".
Kanema: Bloch
Chifukwa nthata zimatha kudumpha kopingasa kapena mopingasa maulendo 200 kutalika kwa matupi awo ndikukula mwamphamvu ya mphamvu yokoka 200, akuti ndi tizilombo tomwe timauluka ndi zikhasu. Mitundu ina, yomwe imakhala zisa pamwamba pa nthaka kapena m'malo ena achilendo, imakwawa m'malo modumpha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi mphamvu za utitiri kumachitika mu "masitikisi" momwe amakoka ngolo zazing'ono ndikuchita zina.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe utitiri umawonekera
Utitiri ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono topanda mapiko tokhala ndi minyewa yolimba yomwe imakhala ndi minyewa yambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imafinya msana wathyathyathya. Utitiri wachikulire umakhala waukulu kuyambira pafupifupi 0.1 mpaka 1 cm kutalika. Pafupifupi mitundu 2000 ya nthata imadziwika, koma malamulowa akadali ochepa poyerekeza ndi magulu ena ambiri a tizilombo. Komabe, ndizofala pakati pa ena, monga utitiri wamakoswe ndi mbewa, zomwe zimatengedwa ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwachilengedwe, utitiri wachikulire ndi gulu lofanana koma losiyana, lokhala ndi zosintha zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zolumikizana pang'ono ndi mitundu ina. Thupi lopanikizika limalola kuti ziziyenda mwachangu pakati pa tsitsi kapena nthenga za wolandirayo, pomwe mitsempha yakumbuyo kapena zisa zimathandizira kuzimangirira mkati mwa ubweya, tsitsi kapena nthenga.
Pakamwa pawo amasinthidwa kuti ayamwe magazi ndipo amaphatikizira singano zonunkhira zomwe zimathandizira kulowerera kwa utitiri pakhungu la wolandirayo komanso kuphatikana kwa zamoyo zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi wolandirayo (mwachitsanzo, utitiri womata). Monga lamulo, nthata zomwe zimakhala pamasiku owoneka bwino zili ndi maso otukuka, pomwe mitundu yomwe imawononga magulu obisala (mwachitsanzo, timadontho-timadontho) kapena nyama zogonera usiku (mwachitsanzo, mileme) zili ndi maso osawoneka bwino kapena alibe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthata ndizosangalatsa kwambiri ndi miyendo yolumpha kwambiri. Pakati pa kusintha kwawo, utitiri, monga tizilombo tambiri tomwe timafalikira, wataya mapiko awo. Komabe, magawo ena amomwe amayendetsa ndege adasungidwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi makina olumpha.
Pazilombo zouluka, puloteni ya mphira yotchedwa resilin imapanga kansalu kamene kamakola mapikowo mthupi. Resilin imatenga kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika komwe kumachitika nthawi iliyonse yamapiko, ndipo mphamvu yosungidwa imasunthidwa chifukwa chobwerera komwe kumathandizira kuyambitsa chiwonetsero chilichonse chotsatira.
Ntchentche, ngakhale zili zopanda mapiko, zimasungabe nthiti yake pomwe miyendo imalumikizidwa ndi thupi. Nthata ikakhala pansi, zotchingira zotanuka zimapanikizidwa ndipo zimasungidwa mderali ndi makina olamulidwa ndi minofu. Mphindi isanadumphe, minofu yake imapuma ndipo mphamvu zama resilin zimafalikira kudzera m'miyendo. Izi zimapangitsa mphamvu yomwe imakankhira chidutswa chilichonse ndi phazi pansi ndikupangitsa utitiri kudumpha.
Kodi utitiri umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nthata
Mitundu yachilengedwe ya Native imapezeka kumadera ozizira, otentha komanso otentha. Nthata, makamaka Xenopsylla cheopis, zimawerengedwa kuti ndizonyamula matenda a murine (endemic) typhus, matenda a rickettsial. Makoswe ndi mbewa ndizo zimayambitsa matenda. Nthata zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunikira pakukonza ndi kufalikira kwa matenda operewera amtundu wa makoswe ndi zinyama zina, kuphatikiza tularemia ndi Russia masika-chilimwe encephalitis.
Utitiri umafalitsa matenda a kalulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadala kuletsa akalulu kumadera omwe ali tizirombo tambiri (monga Australia). Nthata ndizomwe zimanyamula nyongolotsi zamtundu wa canine ndipo zimakhala ngati gawo limodzi la tapeworm wamba (Dipylidium caninum) agalu ndi amphaka, ndipo nthawi zina ana. Ngati zadzaza kwambiri, ziweto zitha kuvulala kwambiri kapena kuphedwa ndi kulumidwa ndi utitiri ndipo, chifukwa chake, amataya magazi. Nthata zimatha kutenga kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa kuchokera ku nthata zakunja, nyongolotsi zamkati za nematode, komanso matenda a bakiteriya, fungal ndi protozoan.
Nthata yachikazi yomwe imalowa imalowa m'khungu lake, nthawi zambiri pamiyendo, ndipo imakhala mozungulira. Kuyabwa kwambiri kumatsagana ndi chitukuko ndikukula kwa chotupacho, popeza mimba ya utitiri wapakati imakula mpaka mtola; matenda achiwiri akhoza kukhala mavuto aakulu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nthata zimapezeka komanso momwe mungachitire nazo. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi utitiri umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nthata pa nyama
Nthata zimadya kokha mwazi wa nyama (kuphatikizapo anthu), komanso mbalame. Kutupa kwa nthata kumatha kubweretsa kutupa pakhungu komanso kuyabwa kwambiri. Ngakhale nyama zambiri zimakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira pambuyo pokomoka mobwerezabwereza, anthu (makamaka anthu) nthawi zina amatha kulimbikitsidwa atawonekera ndikudwala.
Mitundu yomwe imapha anthu ndi ziweto ndi monga:
- mphaka (Ctenocephalides felis);
- otchedwa utitiri waumunthu (Pulex irritans);
- utitiri wagalu (Ctenocephalides canis);
- utitiri (Echidnophaga gallinacea);
- utitiri wolowera (olowa m'malo a Tunga);
- Nthata zaku Europe (Ceratophyllus gallinae), zomwe zitha kuwononga nkhuku;
- Nthata zakumadzulo (Ceratophyllus niger) ku United States.
Nthata zina, zomwe zimakonda kudya makoswe kapena mbalame, nthawi zina zimaukira anthu, makamaka zikakhala kuti sizikhala nawo. Makoswe akamwalira ndi miliri yamatenda, utitiri wawo wanjala, womwe uli ndi kachilombo ka bacillus ndikufunafuna chakudya kwina, ungathe kufalitsa matendawa kwa anthu, makamaka m'nyumba zomwe zili ndi makoswe ambiri.
Nthata zakum'maŵa (Xenopsylla cheopis) ndizomwe zimanyamula kwambiri mliriwu, koma mitundu ina ya nthata (mwachitsanzo, Nosopsyllus flaviatus, Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Pulex allerans) imatha kupatsiranso anthu matendawa. Ngakhale pamakhala miliri kumadera otentha komanso madera ena otentha, matendawa amatha kupewedwa atapezeka koyambirira komanso maantibayotiki.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mliri (mliri wa m'nkhalango) ndi matenda ofala pakati pa zilombo zamtchire mazana ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimathandizidwa mwa anthuwa ndi nthata zomwe zimawononga nyamazi. Zimadziwika kuti mitundu yoposa 100 ya utitiri imatha kutenga kachilombo ka bacillus, ndipo mitundu ina 10 ndi yomwe imanyamula mtundu wamatenda wamatenda.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Utitiri wa tizilombo
Utitiri (mwachitsanzo, utitiri wa kalulu) umafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane posankha anthu, pomwe mitundu ina imawononga nyama zosiyanasiyana. Nthata za mphaka zimakhudza osati mphaka woweta yekha, komanso agalu, nkhandwe, mongooses, possums, akambuku ndi nyama zina, kuphatikizapo anthu, ngati omwe amakhala nawo nthawi zonse palibe.
Nyama zofananira zimakonda kuwononga utitiri, womwe umagwirizana. Chifukwa chake, mapiri a kalulu (Ochotona) omwe amakhala m'mapiri amiyala ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa nthata, kamene kamapezekanso pamwamba pa mapiri a Asia, zomwe zikuwonetsa ubale wolimba pakati pa maguluwa. Ntchentche za mbalame zasinthidwa posachedwa kuti zizisamalira owasamalira. Amakhala ndi mbali zingapo zofanana, chimodzi mwazodziwikiratu kwambiri ndikukula kwa zisa kumtunda kwa chifuwa, zomwe zimawamangirira mkati mwa nthenga.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anyani samadyetsa utitiri, ngakhale akavalo komanso ambiri samatuluka. Gulu lazinyama kwambiri ndi makoswe. Chizolowezi chawo chomanga zisa m'mayenje chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa nthata. Nyama zopanda nyumba yokhazikika zimakhala ndi utitiri wochepa.
Ngakhale azitona onse amadyera mwadyera komanso mobwerezabwereza amadyetsa magazi, amakhala ndi moyo munthawi zosiyanasiyana, mosasamala kanthu kuti wolandira ndi ndani. Mwachitsanzo, utitiri wa kalulu umatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi kuzizira pafupi ndi malo ozizira osadya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nthata zazing'ono
Zambiri za mayendedwe amoyo zilipo ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya utitiri. Ali ndi magawo anayi a moyo - dzira, mphutsi, chibayo, ndi wamkulu. Mazira oyera ovunda oyera amayikidwa pa thupi, chisa, kapena malo okhala nyama.
Mphutsi ndi yaing'ono komanso yopanda mwendo ndipo imadyetsa zinyalala monga zouma zouma, zidutswa zouma za khungu, nthata zakufa, kapena magazi owuma omwe amapezeka pachisa cha alendo. Nthata zachikulire zimadutsa mwatsopano m'madzi, kutulutsa magazi m'matumbo kuti apange ndowe zodyetsera ana awo, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mitundu ina ya nthata ziziyenda bwino.
Pambuyo pazitsulo zitatu (nthawi zina, ziwiri), mbozi imamasula chikwangwani cha silika, chomwe chimaphatikizapo zinyalala za chisa ndikulowa mu zidole. Chibayo chimasanduka chachikulire m'masiku kapena miyezi ingapo. Mitundu ina imatha kulowa m'malo opunduka kumapeto kwa gawo la mwana ndipo siyikhwima kufikira pomwe wowonera abwera. Kutengera mtundu wa zamoyo kapena zachilengedwe, nthawi yokwanira kuti utitiri wonse uzikhala wosiyanasiyana kuyambira milungu iwiri mpaka miyezi ingapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi yayitali ya utitiri wachikulire kuyambira milungu ingapo (mwachitsanzo Echidnophaga gallinacea) mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo (Pulex allerans).
Makulidwe a utitiri wa kalulu waku Europe (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) ndi womulandirayo ali olumikizidwa bwino. Kukula kwakugonana kwa utitiri wamwamuna ndi wamkazi kumayang'aniridwa ndi mahomoni ogonana a kalulu. Chifukwa chake, mazira a nthata yachikazi amakula bwino ngati akadya kalulu wapakati.
Akalulu achichepere akabadwa, nthata zonse ziwiri zimakhwima ndikusiya amayi kupita ku anapiye ndi chisa, komwe zimakwirana ndikuikira mazira, motero zimapereka mphutsi malo okhala abwino. Ngati mahomoni achikazi a kalulu amayang'aniridwa moyenera ndi kapangidwe ka progestin (njira zolerera), kukula kwa nthata ya mkazi kumayimiranso.
Ngakhale vuto lomweli pakati pa mitundu ina ya utitiri silikudziwikabe, zalembedwa kuti nthata za makoswe sizikhala zachonde mukamadyetsedwa mbewa zazing'ono kuposa makolo awo, ndikuti ntchentche (Leptopsylla segnis) imakhala yachonde kwambiri ikamakulira m'mabanja. kuposa mbewa zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira za mahomoni omwe amakhala nawo ndizofala kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera.
Adani achilengedwe a utitiri
Chithunzi: Momwe utitiri umawonekera
Adani a utitiri ndi anthu omwe akuyesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti awachotse. Pochita ndi utitiri, ndibwino kusamalira chisa kapena malo onyalanyaza, omwe ndi malo oberekerako nthata, komanso omwe ali ndi kachilombo, popeza nthawi yayitali mphutsi ndi ana zimakula kutali ndi thupi laomwe akukhalamo.
Kwa nyama zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka, gwiritsani ntchito fumbi lamalonda, utsi kapena eosol yomwe ili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, m'madera ena utitiri wagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo pakufunika zida zatsopano. Pofuna kuchepetsa mphutsi ndi utitiri wachikulire kutali ndi khandalo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena owongolera kukula atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makola ndi malo okhala nyama zomwe zakhudzidwa. Zodzitchinjiriza zitha kukhala zothandiza popewa utitiri.
Nthawi yayitali imasokonekera kutentha kukatsika pansi pa 21 digiri Celsius kapena kutsika kwambiri kwa chinyezi kumachitika. Chifukwa chake, kutsuka kofunda kozizira kapena kusiya zinthu panja nthawi yozizira kwambiri kumatha kuthandizira kuwononga nthata pomwe njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira zodzitetezera zitha kuthandiza kupewa zotupa komanso kukwiya ndi ziweto. Ndikosavuta kupewa utitiri kuposa kuchotsa infestation. Zitha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuti muchotse utitiri, popeza magawo osiyanasiyana azithunzithunzi amatha kupitilizabe kubisala mnyumba ndi ziweto, kupewa kupezeka pazitsulo kapena njira zina zakuthupi kuti zithetse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bloch
Ngakhale magawano amtundu wautekinisi amatengera kuphatikiza kwakanthawi kochepa, zimawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu. Pagulu la mabanja kapena generic, mtunduwo umakhazikitsidwa makamaka pamutu wa mutu ndi chifuwa, malo a zisa, kusinthidwa kwa ziwalo zamwamuna zophatikizira ndi ziwalo zoberekera zazimayi, chaetotaxy (malo a bristle), ndi zina.
Chiwerengero cha utitiri lero chitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo apamwamba, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumadalira dongosolo lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yofala imazindikira ma superfamilies 10, kuphatikiza Pulicoidea, Malacopsylloidea, Ceratophylloidea, Coptopsylloidea, Ancistropsylloidea, Pygiopsylloidea, Macropsylloidea, Stephanocircidoidea, Vermipsylloidea, ndi Hystrichopsylloidea.
Machitidwe ena amatha kuzindikira mabanja asanu kapena asanu ndi atatu. Njira yayikuluyi ikufotokoza ma superfamilies oyambilira asanu am'mbuyomu omwe adafotokozedwa mu 1982 ndi Francis Gerard Albert Maria Smith. Pambuyo pake, akatswiri ena adadalira dongosololi, kuyambitsa magulu atsopano kapena kuphatikiza magulu omwe alipo potengera kufanana kapena kusiyana pamapangidwe am'mimba, kumutu ndi pachifuwa.
Dongosololi likuwoneka motere:
- banja lalikulu Pulicoidea. Kuphatikiza utitiri wa mphaka ndi agalu, utitiri wamakoswe akum'mawa, utitiri wokakamira ndi utitiri wa anthu, utitiri wolowera, mbalame ndi akalulu. Kuphatikiza banja la Pulicidae, wokhala ndi Pulex, Xenopsylla, Tunga, ndi ena;
- banja lalikulu Malacopsylloidea. Nthata zonse mumtundu wapamwambawu zimapezeka mu mbewa. Mulinso mabanja a 2, Malacopsyllidae ndi Rhopalopsyllidae;
- wapamwamba Ceratophylloidea. Nthata mumtundu wapamwambawu zimapezeka pa makoswe ndi mileme. Nthata zonse zomwe sizikhala ndi ziphiphiritso zomwe zalembedwa mu ma superfamilies ena atatu ndi a Ceratophylloidea, omwe ali ndi mabanja 12;
- banja lalikulu Vermipsylloidea. Izi ndi utitiri wokonda kudya. Banja lalikulu lili ndi banja limodzi Vermipsyllidae;
- banja labwino Hystrichopsylloidea. Izi makamaka ndi utitiri wa makoswe. Amapezeka ponseponse padziko lapansi. Mulinso mabanja awiri, Hystrichopyllidae ndi Ctenophthalmidae.
Utitiri ndi amodzi mwa majeremusi ofala kwambiri mu amphaka, agalu ndi ziweto zina zaubweya. Makamaka, amakhulupirira kuti mphaka ndi galu aliyense adzavutika ndi nthata nthawi ina m'miyoyo yawo. Sikuti nthata zokha sizimangokhala zabwino, zimathanso kukhumudwitsa chiweto chanu ndikuzipangitsa kukhala zosasangalala.Chifukwa chake, nkhondo yolimbana ndi utitiri ikuchitika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/20/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/20/2019 pa 23:02
