Mbewa Ndi gulu laling'onoting'ono kakang'ono kopanda mapiko. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagawika m'magulu awiri akulu: nsabwe zotafuna kapena zoluma, zomwe ndi tizirombo ta mbalame ndi zinyama, ndi nsabwe zoyamwa, zomwe ndi tiziromboti pa nyama zokha. Mmodzi mwa nsabwe zoyamwa, nsabwe ya anthu, amakhala m'malo amatope komanso opanikizana kwambiri ndipo amanyamula typhoid ndi malungo obwerezabwereza.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Louse
Ambiri amavomereza kuti nsabwe zimachokera ku nsabwe za m'mabuku (order Psocoptera). Zimadziwikanso kuti nsabwe zotafuna zimayenderana ndi kuyamwa, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti adachokera kwa ana asanagawidwe mwa mitundu, ena kuti anali osiyana ndi mitundu yomwe idasokoneza kale nyama. Gwero la nsabwe za njovu silikudziwika bwinobwino.
Kupatula dzira la nsabwe lomwe limapezeka ku Baltic amber, palibe zotsalira zomwe zingapereke chidziwitso pakukula kwa nsabwe. Komabe, kugawa kwawo kuli kofanana ndi mbiri yakale.
Mtundu wa nsabwe womwe umatafuna nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mitundu ingapo yomwe imangokhala mtundu umodzi wa mbalame kapena gulu la mbalame zoyandikana kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mtundu wopatsidwa kuyang'anira mbalame udasakazidwa ndi cholowa cha nsabwe, chomwe chimasokonekera ndikukula limodzi ndi kusiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kwa mbalame zomwe zimakhala ...
Kanema: Louse
Ubale uwu pakati pa wolandila ndi tiziromboti ungathe kuwunikiranso za ubale wapakati pawo. Ma Flamingo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi adokowe, amakhala ndi magulu atatu a nsabwe zoyamwa, omwe amapezeka kwina kokha ndi abakha, atsekwe ndi swans, chifukwa chake amatha kukhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mbalamezi kuposa adokowe. Khoswe pafupi kwambiri ndi nsabwe ya thupi la anthu ndi nsabwe za chimpanzi, ndipo mwa anthu, nsabwe ya gorilla.
Komabe, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zabisa kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa mitundu ya nsabwe ndi mitundu ya nyama. Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi infestation yachiwiri, yomwe imawonekera nsabwe pamtundu watsopano komanso wosagwirizana. Izi zikadatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pakusintha kwa wolandirayo kapena tiziromboti, kotero kuti kusiyanako komwe kudalipo kunaphimba zochitika zonse zosintha zoyambirirazo.
Kutalika kwa matupi osalala a nsabwe kumakhala pakati pa 0.33 mpaka 11 mm, ndi oyera, achikasu, abulauni kapena akuda. Mitundu yonse ya mbalame mwina imakhala ndi nsabwe zotafuna, ndipo zinyama zambiri zimatafuna kapena kuyamwa nsabwe, kapena zonse ziwiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nsabwe zimawonekera
Thupi la nsabwe limakhala lathyathyathya mozungulira mozungulira ndi mutu wolitali wopingasa, womwe umalola kuti likhale pafupi ndi nthenga kapena tsitsi kuti lizilumikizana kapena kudyetsa. Mawonekedwe amutu ndi thupi amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, makamaka mu nsabwe zomwe zimatafuna, potengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhalapo. Mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera, monga swans, zimakhala ndi nsabwe zoyera, pomwe mphaka wokhala ndi nthenga zakuda amakhala ndi nsabwe yomwe imakhala yakuda kwathunthu.
Tinyanga ta nsabwe ndi tating'onoting'ono, magawo atatu kapena asanu, nthawi zina mwa amuna amasinthidwa ngati ziwalo zofinyira kuti zigwire zachikazi nthawi yokwatirana. Pakamwa pamasinthidwa kuti alumire nsabwe zoluma ndikusinthidwa kwambiri kuyamwa oyamwa. Nsabwe zoyamwa zili ndi singano zitatu, zomwe zili mchimake mkati mwa mutu, ndi thunthu laling'ono lokhala ndi zida zobwezerezedwanso ngati mano, mwina posunga khungu mukamadyetsa.
Nsabwe za njovu zimatafuna mbali zina mkamwa, ndimilomo yosinthidwa yomwe imathera ndi kankhanira kotalika. Nthitiyi imakhala ndi magawo atatu owonekera, itha kukhala ndi maphatikizidwe a mesothorax ndi metathorax, kapena zonse zitatuzo zitha kusakanikirana gawo limodzi, monga nsabwe zoyamwa. Mapazi amakula bwino ndipo amakhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena awiri. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi nsabwe zomwe zimatafuna zili ndi zikhadabo ziwiri, ndipo mabanja ena omwe ali ndi nyama zoyamwa ali ndi khola limodzi. Nsabwe zoyamwa zili ndi khola limodzi, moyang'anizana ndi njira ya tibial, yomwe imapanga chiwalo chomwe chimafinya tsitsi.
Mimba ya nsabwe ili ndi magawo eyiti mpaka 10 owoneka. Pali mitundu iwiri yamatenda opumira (ma spiracles) ndi awiri opitilira m'mimba awiri. Ziwalo zoberekera zokhazikika za amuna zimapereka mawonekedwe ofunikira amitundu. Mkazi alibe chimbudzi chosiyana, koma ma lobes osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka m'magawo awiri omaliza amitundu ina atha kukhala ngati otsogolera mazira nthawi yovundikira.
Ngalande yolipirayo imakhala ndi kholingo, mkaka wopangidwa bwino, hindgut yaying'ono, ma tubules anayi a malpighian, ndi rectum yokhala ndi ma papillae asanu ndi limodzi. Poyamwa nsabwe, mimbayo imadutsa mkati mwa mkaka waukulu, uli ndi chotupa kapena wopanda. Palinso pampu yolimba yolumikizidwa kummero yolowetsa magazi.
Kodi nsabwe zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mbalame ndi zinyama zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsabwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitundu isanu kapena isanu ya nsabwe. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi zosintha zina zomwe zimaloleza kukhala m'malo ena amoyo waomwe akukhalamo. Pakati pa nsabwe zotchedwa avian, mitundu ina imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana mthupi kupuma, kudyetsa, ndi kuyikira mazira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nsabwe sizingakhale kwakanthawi kochepa kuchokera komwe zimawasamalira, ndipo kusintha kwake kumathandizira kuti muzilumikizana kwambiri. Khoswe amakopeka ndi kutentha thupi ndipo amanyansidwa ndi kuunikako, komwe kumakakamiza kuti kukhale kotentha ndi mdima mu nthenga kapena mankhusu ake. Iyeneranso kukhala yokhudzidwa ndi fungo laomwe akukulandirani komanso mawonekedwe a nthenga ndi tsitsi zomwe zimakuthandizani kuti muziyenda.
Khoswe angasiye wom'gwirayo kwakanthawi kuti asamukire ku mtundu wina wamtundu womwewo kapena ku mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kwa nyama yodya nyama. Nthawi zambiri nsabwe zimakonda kulumidwa ndi nsabwe zouluka (Hippoboscidae), zomwe zimawononganso mbalame ndi zinyama, komanso tizilombo tina, timene timatha kusamutsira kumalo atsopano.
Komabe, sangathe kukhazikika pamlendo watsopano chifukwa chakusemphana ndi mankhwala kapena kwakuthupi ndi omwe akukhala nawo malinga ndi chakudya kapena malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, nsabwe zina zoyamwitsa zimatha kuikira mazira paubweya woyenera.
Kufalikira kwa kufalikira kuchokera ku mtundu wina wa nyama kupita ku ina kumabweretsa kusanja kapena kuchepa, momwe mtundu wina wa nsabwe umapezeka mumtundu umodzi wokha kapena gulu la mitundu yofanana. Zikuwoneka kuti mitundu ina yazinyama idasinthika chifukwa chodzipatula chifukwa kunalibe njira yoti nsabwe zingafalikire.
Ziweto ndi nyama kumalo osungira nyama nthawi zina zimakhala ndi nsabwe zochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, pomwe ma pheasants ndi ma partges nthawi zambiri amakhala bwino pakati pa nsabwe za nkhuku. Heterodoxus spiniger, kachilombo ka agalu owetera kumadera otentha, ayenera kuti anapezeka posachedwapa kuchokera ku marsupial waku Australia.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsabwe zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe tizilombo timadyera.
Kodi nsabwe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsabwe
Nsabwe zoyamwa zimadya magazi okha komanso zimakhala ndi ziwalo zam'kamwa zomwe zimasinthidwa bwino. Masingano abwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuboola khungu, pomwe katemera wa timbewu timayikidwa kuti tipewe kugundana magazi akalowa mkamwa. Singano zimabwezeretsedwanso m'mutu pamene nsabwe sidya.
Mbalame zomwe zimatafuna nsabwe zimadya:
- nthenga;
- magazi;
- madzi amadzimadzi.
Amalandira madzi ndikulumata khungu, kapena, monga nsabwe za mbalame, kuchokera kumtunda wa nthenga yomwe ikukula. Nsabwe zomwe zimadya nthenga zimatha kugaya keratin kuchokera nthenga. Zikuwoneka kuti nsabwe zotafuna mammalia sizidyetsa ubweya kapena tsitsi, koma zinyalala zakhungu, zotulutsa komanso, mwina, nthawi zina magazi ndi madzi amthupi.
Ziphuphu zimayamba makamaka m'nyengo yozizira ndipo zimafika pachimake kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira komanso kumayambiriro kwa masika. Kutentha kwa khungu kumalumikizananso ndi kuopsa kwa nsabwe. Kuchuluka kwa nsabwe kumachepa nthawi yotentha. Kusadya bwino m'nyengo yozizira kumafooketsa chitetezo chachilengedwe cha ng'ombe motsutsana ndi nsabwe. Chovala chofewa komanso chonyowa m'nyengo yozizira chimapangitsa kuti nsabwe zizikhala bwino.
Chakudya chimapezeka mwachangu mchaka pomwe ziweto zimayamba kudya msipu watsopano. Chovala chofupikirapo komanso kutentha kwa dzuwa kumachepetsa chinyezi cha khungu, ndipo kudyetsa kwaulere kumadzetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu m'malo okhala nthawi yozizira, zomwe zimachepetsa kufalikira. Zotsatira zake, nsabwe zimafalikira modzidzimutsa nthawi yachilimwe. Komabe, nsabwe zochepa nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala ndi moyo m'zinyama zina, zomwe zimayambitsanso gulu lonse likabwerera ku dzinja nthawi yozizira yotsatira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsabwe zoyera
Nsabwe zimathera moyo wawo wonse pamakamu omwewo: kufalitsa kuchokera kwa alendo kupita kwa wina kumachitika kudzera kukhudzana. Kufala kochokera m'gulu la ziweto kumachitika pofika nyama yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka, koma ntchentche nthawi zina zimathanso nsabwe.
Kufikira ku 1-2% ya ziweto m'gulu zimatha kunyamula nsabwe zochuluka, ngakhale nthawi yotentha pamene kutentha kumachepetsa nsabwe. Nyama zoterezi zimayambitsanso matenda ena nthawi yozizira. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ng'ombe kapena ng'ombe yosauka bwino. Malo ogona m'nyengo yachisanu amakhala ndi malo abwino osunthira nsabwe pakati pa ziweto.
Chosangalatsa: Matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha nsabwe anali obwera chifukwa cha njala, nkhondo, ndi masoka ena asanafike mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ophera tizilombo, nsabwe zam'mutu zimagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo zimayambiranso m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwa nsabwe kungayambitse khungu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpira wakunja kumatha kubweretsa matenda ena. Ziweto zimathanso kuswedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zikopa ndi ubweya wawo, ndipo nyama ndi dzira zimachepetsa. Mbalame zodzaza kwambiri, nthenga zimawonongeka kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa nsabwe za agalu ndiye pakati pa kachilombo ka tapeworm, ndipo khoswe wa mbewa ndiye amene amafalitsa mbewa typhus pakati pa makoswe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Louse wakuda
Kupatula nsabwe m'thupi la munthu, nsabwe zimathera moyo wawo wonse, kuyambira dzira kufikira wamkulu, pagulu. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa amuna ndipo nthawi zambiri amawachulukitsa pagulu limodzi. Mu mitundu ina, amuna ndi osowa, ndipo kubereka kumachitika ndi mazira osakwaniritsidwa (parthenogenesis).
Mazira amaikidwira limodzi kapena mophatikana, nthawi zambiri amadziphatika ndi nthenga kapena tsitsi.Louse wa munthu amayikira mazira pachovala pafupi ndi khungu. Mazirawo amatha kukhala opangidwa ndi ma ovoid, oyera oyera pakati pa nthenga kapena tsitsi, kapena atha kujambulidwa kwambiri kapena kukongoletsedwa ndi zotulutsa zomwe zimathandizira kulumikiza dzira kapena kusinthana ndi gasi.
Mphutsi mkati mwa dzira itakonzeka kuti iwoneke, imayamwa mpweya kudzera mkamwa mwake. Mpweya umadutsa mumtsinje wodyetsa ndipo umadziunjikira kuseri kwa mphutsi mpaka kukakamizidwa kokwanira kufinya chivindikiro cha dzira (gill callus).
Mu mitundu yambiri, mphutsi imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe amaphatikizira m'chigawo chamutu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsegula fupa la branchial. Mphutsi yomwe ikubwera imawoneka ngati yayikulu, koma ndiyocheperako ndipo siyamitundu, imakhala ndi ubweya wocheperako, ndipo imasiyana mikhalidwe ina.
Ma metamorphoses mu nsabwe ndi osavuta, mu mphutsi zimasungunuka katatu, magawo atatu aliwonse pakati pa molts (instars) amakula ndikukula ngati wamkulu. Kutalika kwa magawo osiyanasiyana amakulidwe kumasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu komanso mkati mwa mitundu iliyonse kutengera kutentha. Mu nsabwe ya munthu, gawo la dzira limatha kuyambira masiku 6 mpaka 14, ndipo kutsegulira mpaka magawo akulu kumatha masiku 8 mpaka 16.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuzungulira kwa moyo wa nsabwe kumatha kukhala kofanana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi za wolandira. Mwachitsanzo, mbewa yonyamula njovu imayenera kumaliza moyo wake m'milungu itatu kapena isanu, kawiri pachaka, momwe chisindikizo cha njovu chimakhala pagombe.
Adani achilengedwe a nsabwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nsabwe zimawonekera
Adani a nsabwe ndi anthu omwe amalimbana nawo. Mitundu yayikulu yakudyera ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo (makamaka ma organophosphates, ma pyrethroid opangira ndi ma amidine) ndi ma lacides othandiza kwambiri ng'ombe. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo samapha mazira a nsabwe (nits), ndipo zotsalira zake sizikhala zokwanira kuwonetsetsa kuti nsabwe zosakhazikika zimaphedwa pakuthyola.
Mitundu yambiri imathandizira kuyendetsa nsabwe mu ng'ombe, kuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:
- ma pyrethrins oyanjana;
- kupanga pyrethroids;
- cyfluthrin;
- chilolezo;
- zeta-cypermethrin;
- cyhalothrin (kuphatikizapo gamma ndi lambda cyhalothrin, koma ng'ombe zokha).
Mitundu yambiri ya pyrethroids ndi lyophilic, yomwe imathandizira kupanga njira zothirira ndikugawana bwino. Ma pyrethrins achilengedwe amachepa mwachangu, pomwe ma pyrethroids opanga monga flumethrin ndi deltamethrin amakhala okhazikika komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, koma sizimakhudza magawo onse azisamba.
Organophosphates monga fosmet, chlorpyrifos (yokhayo ya ng'ombe ya mkaka yopanda mkaka), tetrachlorvinphos, coumaphos ndi diazinone (zokhazokha za ng'ombe zamkaka zosadya) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito polimbana ndi nsabwe.
Mankhwala monga macrocyclic lactones, ivermectin, eprinomectin ndi doramectin amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa nsabwe mu ng'ombe. Ma jekeseni a jekeseni a jakisoni amathandizanso kulumidwa ndi nsabwe pamene amafikira tiziromboti kudzera m'magazi a alendo. Koma kulamulira kutafuna nsabwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosakwanira. Njira zamankhwala ndizothandiza kuthana ndi nsabwe, pomwe mitundu ya jakisoni imagwira ntchito makamaka motsutsana ndi nsabwe zoyamwa magazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Louse
Pali mitundu yodziwika pafupifupi 2,900 ya nsabwe zotafuna kapena zoluma, zina zambiri zomwe sizinafotokozeredwe, ndi mitundu pafupifupi 500 ya nsabwe zoyamwa. Nsabwe sizinapezeke mu platypus kapena m'malo ochitira masewera ndi armadillos, ndipo palibe mbiri yodziwika ya mileme kapena anamgumi. Kuchuluka kwa nsabwe kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu komanso zimadalira nyengo.
Nyama zodwala ndi mbalame zokhala ndi milomo yowonongeka, mwina chifukwa chakusowa ndi kuyeretsa, zitha kukhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu modabwitsa: opitilira 14,000 adanenedwa nsabwe pa nkhandwe yodwala komanso oposa 7,000 pa cormorant wokhala ndi mulomo wowonongeka.
Chiwerengero cha nsabwe chomwe chimapezeka pa malo okhala athanzi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kusamalira ndi kusamalira wocherezayo, nsabwe ndi mazira amatha kuwongoleredwa ndi nthata zolusa, malo osambira fumbi, kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso chinyezi chokhazikika.
Kufalikira kwa nsabwe kumafala kwambiri nyama zazing'ono, zakale kapena zofooka, kapena nyama zosungidwa m'malo opanda ukhondo. Kutafuna nsabwe kumakhala kofala kwambiri kwa agalu ndi amphaka padziko lonse lapansi. Bulu wina wotafuna, Heterodoxus spiniger, amapezeka agalu m'malo otentha monga Philippines. Matenda oyamwa omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amakhala ozizira, omwe amakhudza kwambiri nsabwe.
Mbewa Ndi tiziromboti tofalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Mitunduyi imakhala yachindunji kwa wolandirayo ndipo imagawika nsabwe zoluma ndi zoyamwa. Kusiyanitsa kwa mutu wa morpholoji, mitundu ya alendo komanso nthawi zina malo omwe akukhalamo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira kuzindikira nsabwe kuti zidziwike. Kufalikira kwa nsabwe kumatchedwa nsabwe zam'mutu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/19/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.08.2019 pa 21:55
