Landrail - Iyi ndi mbalame yapakatikati yomwe ili ngati dongosolo la kireni komanso banja laling'ono la abusa. Dzina lachi Latin la mbalameyi ndi "crex-crex". Dzina lodabwitsali adapatsidwa mbalameyi chifukwa chakulira kwake. Crake adayikidwa koyamba mu 1756 ndi Karl Linnaeus, koma chifukwa cha zolakwika zazing'ono pofotokozera, kwakanthawi amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyi ndi ya banja la nkhuku.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Corncrake
Chimanga cha chimanga chidasankhidwa zaka 250 zapitazo, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti mbalameyi idakhala ku Eurasia kuyambira nthawi zakale. Nkhani zodalirika zoyamba zakusaka chimanga cha chimanga zidayamba m'zaka za zana lachiwiri BC, pomwe mbalameyi idakhala ku Europe konse kupatula zigawo zakumpoto kwambiri. Crake ndi ya banja lalikulu la mbalame zonga kireni, koma mosiyana ndi nthumwi zambiri za banjali, imatha kuthamanga ndikuuluka mofananamo.
Kanema: Chimanga
Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi ili ndi zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zamtundu uwu:
- kukula kwa mbalame kumayambira masentimita 20-26;
- kulemera sikudutsa magalamu 200;
- mapiko a pafupifupi masentimita 50;
- molunjika komanso kusintha khosi lokwanira;
- mutu wawung'ono wozungulira;
- mlomo wachidule koma wamphamvu komanso wosongoka;
- miyendo yolimba, yolimba ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu;
- liwu losazolowereka, lachilendo, lodziwika bwino m'madambo ndi nkhalango.
Corncrake imakutidwa ndi nthenga zazifupi komanso zowirira zofiirira zakuda zokhala ndi mawanga akuda obalalika thupi lonse. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana kukula, koma mutha kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Mwa amuna, chotupacho (kutsogolo kwa khosi) chimakutidwa ndi nthenga zotuwa, pomwe chachikazi ndi chofiyira mopepuka.
Palibe kusiyana kwina mbalame. Mbalameyi imasungunuka kawiri pachaka masika ndi nthawi yophukira. Mtundu wa masika ndi wowala pang'ono kuposa nthawi yophukira, koma nthenga za nthawi yophukira ndizovuta, popeza nthawi ino ya chaka mbalameyi imathawa ulendo wautali kumwera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimanga cha chimanga chikuwoneka bwanji
Maonekedwe a chimanga chimadalira mawonekedwe ake.
Ponseponse, asayansi a mbalame amasiyanitsa magulu awiri akulu a mbalame:
- crake wamba. Mbalame zamtundu wachikhalidwe zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia. Mbalame yodzichepetsako komanso yofulumira imakhala padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera kunyanja zotentha za Portugal mpaka ku Trans-Baikal steppes;
- Chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa. Mbalame yamtunduwu imasiyana mosiyana ndi chimanga chamtundu wamba pamawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi. Choyamba, crake yaku Africa ndiyosiyana kukula. Ndiocheperako kuposa mnzake waku Europe.
Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwake kwa mbalame sikupitilira magalamu 140, ndipo kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 22. Mwakuwoneka, crake waku Africa amafanana kwambiri ndi thrush wokhala ndi mlomo wakuthwa komanso maso ofiira. Chifuwa cha mbalameyi chimakhala ndi utoto wabuluu, ndipo mbali ndi mimba zimawoneka, ngati mbidzi. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'maiko angapo aku Africa nthawi imodzi ndipo nthawi zina zimapezeka ngakhale kumalire ndi chipululu chachikulu cha Sahara. Chofunikira kwambiri mwa mbalamezi ndikuti zimatha kuyendayenda pambuyo pa chinyezi chomwe chimatuluka, ndipo ngati nyengo yadzuwa ifika, chimanga chimathamangira pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi madzi ena.
Kulira kwa chimanga cha ku Africa kukugwirizana ndi kulira kwa "kry" ndikufalikira kutali kudera la savannah. Mbalame yaku Africa imakonda ikagwa mvula ndipo imakonda kusaka nthawi yamadzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri dzuwa lisanatuluke. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalameyi silingalole kutentha kwambiri ndikuyesera kupumula masiku otentha. Nthawi zambiri, ma corncrakes aku Africa amakonza nkhondo zenizeni ndi mbalame za mitundu ina madera ndi madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chiwerengero cha chimanga chofala pafupifupi 40% ya mbalame zonse, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera.
Koma mbalamezi ndizofanana kwambiri kuposa kusiyana. Makamaka, ngakhale ali ndi mapiko amphamvu, chimanga cha chimanga chimangokhala chaphokoso mlengalenga. Mbalamezi zimadzikweza mlengalenga (monga lamulo, pokhapokha pakawopsa kwambiri), zimauluka mamitala angapo ndikutsikanso pansi. Komabe, kusakhazikika ndikuchedwa mlengalenga kumalipidwa bwino ndi chimanga chothamanga ndikuthamanga pansi. Mbalameyo sikuti imangothamanga mokongola, imasokoneza njanji, komanso imabisala mwaluso, kotero osaka alibe mwayi wopeza malo awo abodza.
Zotsatira zake, palibe amene amasaka mbalamezi. Amaponyedwa pansi pokhapokha akafuna nyama zina. Nthawi zambiri, chimanga chachiwombankhanga chimaponyedwa pakasaka zinziri kapena abakha, mwangozi ndikukweza mbalame zosamvetsetseka pamapiko. Chifukwa cha kuthawa kovuta, nthano yakhala ikunena kuti chimanga chimapita nthawi yozizira pansi. Mwachilengedwe, izi sizowona. Ngakhale mbalame zimakhala zovuta mlengalenga, khalidwe lawo limasintha paulendo wautali. Corncrake yosalala bwino ndikumapepheza mapiko awo ndikuphimba makilomita masauzande ambiri m'miyezi yophukira. Komabe, mbalame zimalephera kukwera pamwamba ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa zikagundidwa ndi zingwe zamagetsi kapena nsanja zazitali.
Kodi chimanga chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Corncrake ku Russia
Ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka ngati zopanda ulemu, mbalamezi ndizosankha posankha malo okhala. Ngati ngakhale zaka 100 zapitazo mbalame zimamva bwino ku Europe ndi Asia, zinthu zasintha kwambiri. Chimanga chambiri chimakhala mdera la Russia wamakono. Mbalamezi zasankha msewu wapakatikati ndipo sizimangokhala m'malo osungidwa okha, komanso kufupi ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono amchigawo.
Mwachitsanzo, chimanga chambiri chimakhala ku Meshchera National Park, kumapiri osefukira a Oka ndi Ushna. Chimodzimodzinso chimanga chimakhala m'nkhalango ya taiga, yomwe ili ndi anthu ochepa mdzikolo. Kuyambira Yekaterinburg kupita ku Krasnoyarsk, ziweto za chimanga chimayerekezedwa ndi anthu mazana angapo.
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, mbalameyi yakhala ikuwoneka m'mphepete mwa Angara komanso m'munsi mwa Mapiri a Sayan. Kawirikawiri, chimanga cha chimanga chimasankha malo omwe kale amadulapo mitengo kuti apange chisa, omwe amakhala okwanira kumadera a taiga ku Russia. Mbalame zokhala ku Africa zimayesetsanso kukhala pafupi ndi madzi ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu. Mwachitsanzo, m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Limpopo, pali chimanga chambiri, chomwe chimakhala bwino m'malo otentha komanso ouma.
Chodziwikiratu ndichakuti mbalame zimaswana bwino m'malo otetezedwa, zimazolowera msanga minda ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakonda kusaka m'minda ndi mbatata kapena masamba.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chimanga chimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chakumwa chimadya.
Kodi chimanga chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Corncrake
Mbalameyi ndi yamphongo kwambiri. Ndipo ngati mbalame zambiri zimadya chomera kapena chinyama, ndiye kuti chimanga chomwe chimapambananso chimakhala chokwanira kudya zonse ziwiri.
Nthawi zambiri, othamanga nthenga amakonda kusaka tizilombo totsatirazi:
- ziphuphu;
- mitundu yonse ya nkhono;
- ziwala ndi dzombe;
- mbozi ndi mphutsi;
- ziphuphu;
- agulugufe.
Crake sanyoza tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe angatenge. Mlomo wawung'ono komanso wamphamvu wa mbalame umakupatsani mwayi wopeza mbewu, kubzala mbewu komanso mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba. Sizachilendo kuti chimanga cha chimanga chizichita ziwengo ndi kuwononga zisa za mbalame zina ndikudya zipolopolo, komanso anapiye omwe sanabadwe. Osanyoza chimanga ndi zovunda, ndikuwonjezera mitembo ya mbewa, achule ndi abuluzi pazosankha.
Ngati ndi kotheka, chimanga chimatha kuwedza, kugwira mwachangu, nsomba zazing'ono ndi tadpoles. Zakudya za mbalamezi ndizambiri, ndipo masana ambiri chimanga chimapeza chakudya chake. Nthawi ikafika yoti iwame ndi kudyetsa anapiyewo, mbalamezi zimasaka nthawi zochulukirapo kwambiri.
Kwenikweni, chakudyacho chimafotokoza zifukwa zomwe chimanga cha mbalame ndi mbalame zosamuka ndipo, ngakhale zili zovuta kuthawa, zimakakamizidwa kuyenda mtunda wawutali. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, chimanga sichikhala ndi kanthu kakudya, chifukwa tizilombo tonse timafa kapena timatha tulo. Mbalameyi imatha ulendo wautali, apo ayi imangofa ndi njala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crake, kapena mbalame yamchere
Crake ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zobisika kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ku Russia. Ngakhale kuti saopa munthu, ndipo akumva bwino panthaka, amayesetsa kuti asakope anthu. Mbalameyi ili ndi thupi losongoka komanso mutu wotambasula. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chimanga cha chimanga chiziyenda mwachangu muudzu ndi tchire, pafupifupi osakhudza kapena kusuntha nthambi.
Amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyi imangokhala kumtunda kokha, koma sizili choncho. Inde, simungamutche mbalame zam'madzi, koma amatha kuyenda pamadzi ndi nsomba. Chimake cha chimanga sichimva kukhumudwa komanso kuwopa madzi ndipo ndiwokonzeka kusambira nthawi iliyonse yabwino.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalameyi imakhala yakumasana ndipo nsonga zazikulu kwambiri pantchito ya chimanga zimawonedwa madzulo ndi m'mawa kwambiri. Masana, mbalameyi imayesetsa kubisala kuti anthu asatione, nyama komanso mbalame zina.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chimanga sichikonda kuwuluka, koma zocheperako mbalameyi imakonda kukhala panthambi zamitengo. Ngakhale oyang'anira mbalame odziwa zambiri amangokhoza kujambula chimanga pamtengo kangapo, pomwe chimabisalira alenje kapena nyama zolusa zamiyendo inayi. Mapazi a mbalameyi ndi abwino kuthamanga, koma osayenera kwambiri kukhala panthambi.
Kutha kusamuka pachimanga chimakhala chobadwa ndipo timabadwa nacho. Ngakhale mbalamezo zidakulira mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti nthawi yophukira amafunitsitsa kuti iwuluke chakumwera.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Corncrake chick
Nthawi yozizira ikatha, amuna ndiamene amabwerera kwawo koyamba. Izi zimachitika pakati pa Meyi-koyambirira kwa Juni. Amayi amabwera m'milungu ingapo. Nthawi yoyambira imayamba. Amuna amalira mofuula komanso amayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti ayitane yaikazi. Kukhatirako kumachitika nthawi yamadzulo, usiku, kapena m'mawa. Mwamuna akamakwanitsa kuitana chachikazi, amayamba kuvina mosakanikirana, ndikupemphapempha nthenga kumchira ndi mapiko ake, ndipo amapatsanso mphatsoyo ngati tizilombo tomwe tagwidwa.
Ngati mkazi alandila zoperekazo, ndiye kuti kukwatirana kumachitika. Monga lamulo, panthawi yoswana, chimanga chimakhala m'magulu a anthu 6-14 patali pang'ono wina ndi mnzake. Corncrake ndi mitala, motero magawano awiriawiri ndiwosokonekera. Mbalame zimasintha mosavuta zibwenzi ndipo ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi umuna uti womwe udachitikira.
Pakutha nyengo yoswana, yaikazi imapanga chisa chaching'ono pansi. Imabisaliridwa bwino ndi udzu wamtali kapena nthambi zamtchire ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuziwona. M'chisacho muli mazira 5-10 obiriwira, obiriwira, omwe mkazi amawasungira milungu itatu. Mwamuna satenga nawo mbali pazakudya ndipo amapita kukafunafuna bwenzi latsopano.
Anapiye amabadwa patatha masiku 20. Amakutidwa kwathunthu ndi madzi akuda ndipo pambuyo pa masiku atatu amayi akuyamba kuwaphunzitsa kuti apeze chakudya. Zonsezi, amayi amapitilizabe kudyetsa anapiye kwa mwezi umodzi, kenako amayamba kukhala pawokha, kenako nkuchoka pachisa. Pazotheka, chimanga chimatha kubereka ana awiri nyengo iliyonse. Koma imfa ya anapiye kuchokera koyamba kapena nyengo yovuta kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe imatha kukankhira kukwatirana.
Adani achilengedwe a chimanga
Chithunzi: Chimanga cha chimanga chikuwoneka bwanji
Chimanga chachikulire sichikhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Mbalameyi imasamala kwambiri, imathamanga kwambiri ndipo imabisala bwino, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuigwira. Mbalame zazing'ono zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Mpaka anapiye atha msanga ndikuphunzira kuthamanga mwachangu, nkhandwe, ziphuphu, kapena agalu amphaka amatha kuwagwira. Ngakhale amphaka oweta kapena agalu oweta amatha kuwononga chisa kapena kudya anapiye.
Koma chimanga cha ku Africa chili ndi adani ambiri. Padziko lonse lakuda, ngakhale mbalame yayikulu imatha kugwidwa ndi mphaka wamtchire, ma serval ndi akabawi akuda. Njoka zadyera sizingakane kudya mazira kapena ana. Amphaka amtchire monga servers amayendayenda pambuyo pa ziweto za chimanga, chifukwa ndiwo ambiri mwa nyama zawo.
Komabe, anthu ndi omwe amawopseza kwambiri mbalamezi. Dera la gawo la zochitika zaumunthu likukula chaka chilichonse. Kutsetsereka kwa madambo, kutsetsereka kwa mitsinje, kulima minda yatsopano - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti chimanga cha chimanga chilibe malo okhala komanso kuchuluka kwa mbalame zikuchepa m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia. Mbalame zokhazikika zimasungidwa m'malo otetezedwa ndi nkhokwe zokha.
Mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zimawononga kwambiri anthu. Nthawi zina mbalame zimatha kuwuluka pamwamba pawo ndipo zimawotchedwa ndi mawaya. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti 30% ya nkhosa zomwe zikusamukira ku Africa zimafera m'mawaya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Corncrake
Palibe chomwe chingawopseze kugwedezeka kwa chimanga mdera la Russia. Iyi ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimakonda kwambiri mbalame zamtundu wa crane. Kwa 2018, kuchuluka kwa anthu ali mgulu la mbalame 2 miliyoni, ndipo kutha kwa chimanga sikutsimikizika kuti kungaopseze.
Koma m'maiko aku Europe, chimanga cha chimanga sichofala. Mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa Europe, kuchuluka kwa mbalame sikupitilira 10 zikwi, koma sikutheka kuwerengera molondola, chifukwa mbalameyi imangoyendayenda, ikuyenda kuchokera kumadera kupita kudera lina kukafuna chakudya.
Zomwe zili ndi chimanga cha ku Africa sizabwino kwenikweni. Ngakhale kuli anthu ambiri, chimanga cha ku Africa chimasungidwa padziko lonse lapansi, popeza pali chiopsezo chotsika kwambiri. Ku Kenya, kusaka chimanga ndi koletsedwa konse, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame kwatsika mpaka kuzinthu zowopsa.
Kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa anthu aku Africa omwe agwidwa ndi chimanga kumachitika chifukwa chaukadaulo wapamwamba waulimi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola ziwiri pachaka. Kukolola koyambirira (koyambirira kwa Juni) kumabweretsa chifukwa chakuti mbalame zisafuna nthawi yopanda mazira kapena kulera ana. Ziphuphu ndi achinyamata amafera pansi pa mipeni ya makina azolimo, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa anthu pachaka.
Landrail amakhala kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri. Nthawi yayitali ya chimanga ndi zaka 5-6, ndipo akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amaopa kuti posachedwa mbalamezi zikumana ndi dzenje lachiwerengero cha anthu komanso kutsika kwakukulu kwa anthu, zomwe zingowonjezeka mtsogolomo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/17/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/18/2019 pa 0:02
