Partridge yoyera amakhala kumpoto kwakutali, komwe kumathandiza kwambiri kuti mitundu iyi isawonongedwe ndi anthu. Amatha kupirira ngakhale chisanu choopsa kwambiri ndikudya nthambi zowundana m'miyezi yomwe nyama zina zimachoka kumpoto kapena kubisala. Kusodza kwa ptarmigan kumachitika, koma ndi zoletsa kuti zisasokoneze kuchuluka kwawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Partridge yoyera
Pali malingaliro angapo onena za momwe mbalamezo zidachokera komanso kwa omwe adachokera. Nthawi zina mbalame yoyamba imadziwika kuti protoavis, kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Triassic - ndiye kuti idakhala padziko lapansi zaka 210-220 miliyoni zapitazo. Koma asayansi ake amatsutsana ndi zomwe ali ndipo ngati ma protoavis akadali mbalame, zidachitika patangopita nthawi pang'ono.
Udindo wa Archeopteryx ndiosatsutsika, zomwe zidapezeka zaka 150 miliyoni: izi ndi mbalame ndipo, malinga ndi asayansi, siyomweyi - makolo ake oyandikira kwambiri sanapezekebe. Pofika nthawi ya Archeopteryx, ndege zinali zitatha kale kudziwa mbalame, koma poyambirira sanali kuthawa - pali malingaliro angapo onena za momwe luso limeneli linakhalira.
Kanema: Partridge yoyera
Iliyonse yolondola, izi zidatheka chifukwa chakukonzanso pang'onopang'ono kwa thupi: kusintha kwa mafupa ndi kukula kwa minofu yofunikira. Pambuyo pa kuwonekera kwa Archeopteryx, kwa nthawi yayitali kusinthika kwa mbalame kunayamba pang'onopang'ono, mitundu yatsopano idawonekera, koma zonse zidatha, ndipo zamakono zidayamba kale m'nthawi ya Cenozoic, kutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene.
Izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa mbalame zam'banja la pheasant - ndiye kuti magawo oyera amalowa. Zotsalira zakale zamitundu iwiri yakale yomwe ili m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono (Perdix) - margaritae ndi palaeoperdix apezeka. Woyamba amakhala ndi Pliocene ku Transbaikalia ndi Mongolia, wachiwiri kumwera kwa Europe kale ku Pleistocene.
Ngakhale a Neanderthals ndi a Cro-Magnons adapeza nthumwi za mitundu ya Palaeoperdix; magawo awa anali odziwika pazakudya zawo. Phylogenetics of partgesges sizimveka bwino, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti mitundu yamakono idawonekera posachedwa, ili ndi zaka mazana, kapena makumi khumi zakubadwa. Ptarmigan adafotokozedwa mu 1758 ndi K. Linnaeus, ndipo adalandira dzina loti Lagopus lagopus.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe ptarmigan amaonekera
Thupi la ptarmigan limafikira masentimita 34-40, ndipo limalemera magalamu 500-600. Chofunikira chake ndikusintha kwamitundu yolimba kutengera nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira imakhala pafupifupi yoyera, nthenga zokha zakuda kumchira. M'chaka, nyengo yokhwima imayamba, nthawi ino mwa amuna, kuti zikhale zosavuta kukopa chidwi cha akazi, mutu ndi khosi zimasanduka zofiirira, zoyimirira motsutsana ndi zoyera.
Ndipo pofika chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi nthenga zakuda, kukhala zofiira, mawanga osiyanasiyana ndi mikwingwirima imayenda nawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira, nthawi zina amakhala ndi malo akuda kapena oyera. Akazi amasintha mtundu wawo kuposa amuna, ndipo zovala zawo zachilimwe ndizopepuka pang'ono. Komanso, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonetseredwa kukula - ndi ocheperako pang'ono. Ma partgeges aana amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wawo wosiyanasiyana, atabadwa amakhala amtundu wakuda wagolide ndipo amakhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi oyera. Kenako, mawonekedwe akuda kwambiri nthawi zambiri amawonekera.
Pali ma subspecies 15, ngakhale kunja samasiyana pang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala nthenga ndi kukula kwake chilimwe. Pali mitundu iwiri ya subspecies yomwe imakhala ku Great Britain ndi Ireland: ilibe chovala chachisanu konse, ndipo nthenga zouluka ndi zamdima. M'mbuyomu, asayansi ena amawaona ngati mitundu ina, koma kenako zidapezeka kuti sizili choncho.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalameyi imatha kuswana ndi grouse yakuda, ndipo m'malo omwe misewu yake imadutsana, nthawi zina zimachitika, pambuyo pake pomwe pamakhala mitundu ina. Amakhala ofanana ndi magawo oyera, koma mtundu wawo wakuda umawonekera kwambiri, ndipo milomo yawo ndi yayikulu.
Kodi ptarmigan amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Partridge yoyera ku Russia
Mbalameyi imakhala m'madera ozizira a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - kumpoto kwa taiga ndi tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra.
Amagawidwa m'malo awa:
- Canada;
- Alaska;
- Greenland;
- United Kingdom;
- Chilumba cha Scandinavia;
- kumpoto kwa Russia kuchokera ku Karelia kumadzulo mpaka ku Sakhalin kum'mawa.
Kumpoto, magawo amagawidwa mpaka pagombe la Arctic Ocean, omwe amakhala pazilumba zambiri za Arctic kufupi ndi Eurasia komanso kufupi ndi North America. Amakhalanso kuzilumba za Aleutian. Ku Europe, mitunduyi yakhala ikuchepa pang'onopang'ono kwazaka mazana angapo: koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18, magawo oyera adapezeka mpaka pakati pa Ukraine kumwera.
Ku Far East, kuchepa kwamitunduyi kumadziwikanso: zaka 60 zapitazo, mbalamezi zidapezekabe m'magulu ambiri pafupi ndi Amur yomwe, tsopano malire ogawa adatsikira kumpoto. Nthawi yomweyo, atha kupezeka ku Sakhalin konse, zomwe sizinali choncho m'mbuyomu - izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuti nkhalango zakuda zonenepa zidadulidwa pachilumbachi.
Amakonda kukhazikika m'mbali mwa mitsinje ya moss. Nthawi zambiri amakhala kumapiri, ngakhale ataliatali, koma osakwera kuposa lamba wotsika kwambiri. Amatha kupanga chisa m'malo otseguka, pafupi ndi tchire - amadyetsa.
Kuchokera kumadera ozizira kwambiri kumpoto, monga zilumba za Arctic, mbalame zimapita kumwera m'nyengo yozizira, koma osati patali. Omwe amakhala m'malo otentha samathawa. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikukhala pafupi ndi iwo nyengo yachisanu, ndipo akasupe akafika amangobwerera momwemo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe ptarmigan amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi ptarmigan amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ptarmigan
Masamba ndiwo chakudya cha ptarmigan - chimakhala ndi 95-98%. Koma izi zimangokhudza wamkulu, popeza anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo - izi zimafunikira kuti zikule mwachangu.
Wamkulu amadya:
- masamba;
- mbewu;
- zipatso;
- impso;
- nthambi;
- nsapato za akavalo;
- bowa;
- tizilombo;
- nkhono.
M'nyengo yozizira, kudyetsa ma partridge kumakhala kosasangalatsa, kumakhala ndi mphukira ndi masamba a mitengo: msondodzi, birch, alder; mbalame zimadyanso mphalapala, koma pang'ono. Mu Novembala-Disembala, chipale chofewa chikakhala chosaya, amadyetsa mwakhama zimayambira za mabulosi abulu. Pamene chipale chofewa chimakula, nthambi zazitali kwambiri zamitengo zimawonongedwa. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azidyera nthawi yonse yozizira. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, chipale chofewa chikasiya kukula, chakudya chawo chimatha mofulumira. Ino ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri mbalame kusinthana ndi mphukira zowuma komanso zowuma - ndizovuta kwambiri kugaya komanso chakudya chochepa.
Chifukwa chake, ngati kasupe wozizira amakoka, ma partridges amataya thupi kwambiri. Kenako sangakhale ndi nthawi kuti achire, kenako osayika clutch. Pamagamba osungunuka akawoneka, chakudya chambiri chimakhala chopezeka kwa iwo: masamba, Veronica ndi zipatso za cowberry, mahatchi amawoneka pansi pa chisanu.
Ndiye zitsamba zatsopano zimawonekera, ndipo zovuta zonse ndi zakudya zimatsalira. M'nyengo yotentha, zakudya zimasiyanasiyana, zimaphatikizapo udzu, zipatso, mbewu, moss, maluwa, ndi khola amathanso kudya bowa. Pofika Ogasiti, amayamba kudya zipatso zowonjezereka: ichi ndiye chakudya chokoma kwambiri kwa iwo. Amadya makamaka mabulosi abulu, mabulosi abulu, lingonberries ndi chiuno chonyamuka. Cranberries imasiyidwa nyengo yozizira ndipo imadyedwa mchaka.
Ndi anapiye okha omwe amasakira tizilombo, koma amachita mochenjera kwambiri, amadyanso nkhono ndi akangaude. Ayenera kudya mapuloteni ambiri kuti akule mwachangu. Mbalame zazikulu zimangogwira zamoyo zokha, zomwe zimagwera pakamwa, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala m'malo ochepa pagawo la partridge.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ptarmigan m'nyengo yozizira
Amakhala m'magulu, amabalalika kwakanthawi pokhapokha nthawi yoswana ikayamba. Gululo lili ndi avareji ya anthu 8-12. Paulendo wopita kumwera, amapanga magulu okulirapo a magawo a 150-300. Amagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo, amapuma pakati pa tsiku, amagona usiku. Amuna amakhala achangu usiku wonse nthawi yokwatirana. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri samauluka masana, ngakhale imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Amadziwa kuthamanga msanga ndipo samawoneka pansi: nthawi yozizira imaphatikizana ndi chipale chofewa, nthawi yotentha ndimisampha ndi nthaka. Ngati mukuyenera kuthawa chirombo, amatha kunyamuka, ngakhale poyamba amayesa kuthawa.
Ngakhale amasamukira kumwera, magawo oyera amakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kupitilira apo pakati pa chipale chofewa, ndipo panthawiyi amatulutsa ngalande pansi pake ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali mmenemo: m'malo ozizira amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa pakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, amapita panja m'mawa ndikudya pafupi. Chakudya chitatha, amayamba atangothawira kumalo operekera chakudya: nthawi zambiri osapitilira mamitala mazana angapo. Amayenda pagulu laling'ono. Mukamadyetsa, amatha kudumpha mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 15-20, kuyesa kufikira masamba ndi nthambi kumtunda.
Kwa ola limodzi, amadyetsa mwachangu, pambuyo pake pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mdera la masana amapuma, kubwerera kuchipinda chawo pansi pa chisanu. Patatha maola ochepa, kudyetsa kwachiwiri kumayamba, madzulo. Zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri litatsala pang'ono kulowa. Pafupifupi, maola 4-5 amathera pakudyetsa, chifukwa chake, ngati masana ali ochepa kwambiri, muyenera kusiya nthawi yopuma. Ngati chisanu chili cholimba kwambiri, mbalame zimatha kukhala pansi pa chipale chofewa kwamasiku angapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kutentha kwa thupi kwa Partridge ndi madigiri 45, ndipo kumakhalabe choncho ngakhale chisanu choopsa kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Partridge yoyera
M'chaka, amuna amayesera kugona pansi kwa akazi m'njira zosiyanasiyana: amatenga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, amachita ndege yapadera ndikufuula. Mutha kuwamva patali, ndipo amatha kuyankhula tsiku lonse pafupifupi popanda zosokoneza. Amazichita m'mawa kwambiri komanso madzulo. Akazi achichepere. Mikangano imatha kuchitika pakati pa amuna mdera labwino kwambiri, ndipo amamenya nkhondo mwankhanza kwambiri, nthawi zina kumenyanako kumatha ndikufa kwa m'modzi mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Kutsimikiza kwa awiriawiri kumapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali: nyengo ikusintha.
Kutentha kumatha, nthawi zambiri theka lachiwiri la Epulo kapena Meyi, awiriawiri amakhala atakhazikika nyengo yonseyo. Mkazi akugwira ntchito yomanga chisa - ndikungokhumudwa pang'ono. Adaziyala ndi nthambi ndi masamba kuti apange zofewa, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu tchire, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira.
Chisa chikamatha, amatenga mazira 4-15, nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho umakhala wachikasu wotumbululuka mpaka wachikaso chowala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawanga ofiira, mawonekedwe a mazirawo amakhala owoneka ngati peyala. Ndikofunikira kuwamasulira kwa milungu itatu, ndipo nthawi yonseyi yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndikuteteza chisa: sichitha kuteteza kuzilombo zazikulu, koma imatha kuthamangitsa mbalame ndi makoswe. Munthu akafika pachisa, ptarmigan sachita chilichonse ndikumulola kuti ayandikire chisa chomwecho.
Akaswa anapiye, makolowo amawatengera kumalo otetezeka, nthawi zina ana 2-5 nthawi yomweyo amalumikizana ndikukhala limodzi - izi zimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwa anapiye. Kwa miyezi iwiri amakhala pafupi ndi makolo awo, panthawiyi amakula pafupifupi mbalame yayikulu, ndipo amatha kudzidyetsa kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo. Amafika pokhwima pogonana nyengo ikubwerayi.
Adani achilengedwe a ptarmigan
Chithunzi: Momwe ptarmigan amaonekera
Nyama zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuluma mu khasu loyera: pafupifupi chilichonse chachikulu, ngati chingachigwire. Chifukwa chake, pali zoopsa zambiri m'chilengedwe chake, koma nthawi yomweyo, zilombo zambiri zomwe zilibe chakudya chawo. Ndiye kuti, amangoigwira nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo samayisaka, chifukwa chake samawononga manambala.
Pali nyama ziwiri zokha zomwe zimakonda kusaka nkhwangwa: gyrfalcon ndi nkhandwe. Zakale ndizoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa munthu sangathe kuzithawa mlengalenga: zimauluka bwino komanso mwachangu. Partridge imatha kungowasiya m'makona achisanu, koma nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri ilibe pobisalira.
Chifukwa chake, ma gyrfalcons ndi othandiza kwambiri motsutsana ndi maphata, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi anthu kusaka mbalame zotere. Komabe, pali ma gyrfalcons ochepa m'chilengedwe, ndipo ngakhale iliyonse ya iyo imafunikira nyama zambiri kuti idyetse, imapwetekabe anthu omwe amakhala mu kholingo. Ankhandwe aku Arctic ndi nkhani ina. Pali ambiri mwa ziwombankhangazi m'malo okhala zipilala, ndipo amasaka mwadala, chifukwa chake ndi omwe amakhudza kwambiri mitundu ya zamoyozo.
Mndandandandawu, ma lemmings amakhalanso ndi malo ofunikira: zonse zimayamba ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwawo, pambuyo pake pali nkhandwe zambiri ku Arctic zowasaka, kuchuluka kwa mandimu kumachepa chifukwa chowonongera, nkhandwe za Arctic zimasinthira magawo, zomwe zimakhalanso zochepa, chifukwa, chifukwa cha kuchepa kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe ku Arctic kukucheperachepera. Ma lemmings, kenako ma partges, amatulutsa mwakhama, kuzungulira kumayambiranso.
Kwa anapiye a ptarmigan, pali zoopsa zambiri: amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mbalame monga herring gull, glaucous gull, skua. Amawononganso zisa ndikudya mazira. Anthu, komabe, si mdani wofunikanso kwambiri wamaguluwa: alipo ochepa mwa malo omwe mbalameyi imakhalako, ndipo ngakhale imasakidwa, gawo laling'ono lokhalo lamkati limatha chifukwa cha iyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Partridge yoyera
Partridge ndi imodzi mwazinthu zosafunika kwenikweni. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito posaka mafakitale, ngakhale amaloledwa kokha m'nkhalango komanso kumayambiriro kwa dzinja. Malamulowa ndiofunikira kuti asafooketse kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndikupewa kuchepa kwake. M'malo ena, kusaka ndikothekanso, koma makamaka pamasewera komanso kugwa - kuwombera mbalame kumayendetsedwa mosamalitsa. Komabe, ngakhale kuti pakadali pano palibe chomwe chikuwopseza mitunduyi, kuchuluka kwa ptarmigan kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, monganso kuchuluka kwawo.
Chiwerengero chonse cha ptarmigan ku Russia chikuyerekeza pafupifupi 6 miliyoni - chiwerengerochi chiwerengedwa mtengo wapachaka. Chowonadi ndichakuti zimatha kusiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka, kuzungulira kumatha zaka 4-5, ndipo munthawi yake anthu amatha kutsika ndikuwonjezeka kwambiri.
Kuzungulira uku kumachitika ku Russia, mwachitsanzo, ku Scandinavia ndikofupikirako, ndipo ku Newfoundland kumatha zaka 10. Chofunikira pachikhalidwe chosavomerezeka pa kuchuluka kwa ma partges sikuti ndi kuwedza kapena nyama zolusa, koma nyengo. Ngati kasupe kali wozizira, ndiye kuti magawo ambiri sangakhale konse chisa. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri mumtambo wa hummocky, kumatha kufikira 300-400, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka awiri awiriwa pa hekitala. Kupitilira kumpoto, imagwa kangapo, mpaka 30-70 awiriawiri pa hekitala.
Mu ukapolo, ptarmigan sichimakhala choweta, chifukwa amawonetsa kupulumuka kochepa m'mlengalenga. Kuyambitsa sikukuchitikanso: ngakhale magawo atatulutsidwa kupita kumadera omwe kale amakhala nawo, amangouluka mosiyanasiyana ndipo samapanga ziweto, zomwe zimawononga moyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ofufuza akuti kuchepa kwa mitundu ya mbalame ku Eurasia ndikutentha. M'mbuyomu, kuzizira kumatha mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe, kenako kutenthedwa kwambiri, zinali zosavuta kuti mapaji azitha kuziona, chifukwa zimatenga mphamvu zochepa kuluma nthambi zachisanu. Mukafunika kuluma nthambi zosungunuka, pomwe chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa sichitha kwa nthawi yayitali, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pamagawo.
Partridge yoyera imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe ndizosangalatsa pamoyo wawo - mosiyana ndi ambiri, zimakonda kusintha kuti zikhale mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri momwe zimakhala zovuta kukhalamo. Chifukwa cha ichi, adakhala cholumikizira chofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe, chopanda chomwe chingakhale chovuta kwambiri kuzilombo zina kuti zizipezere chakudya.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/15/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 15.08.2019 pa 23:43
