Kubwerera ku nthawi zakale njiwa ankaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha chikondi, chiyero, mtendere. Mbalame yokongolayi yokhala ndi chidwi chopezeka ingapezeke osati mumsewu wokha, komanso m'nyumba ya anthu - idatenga malo amodzi mwamsanjidwe wa ziweto. Chifukwa chakunja kwake kokongola, njiwa-nkhunda imachitika pafupipafupi pamipikisano yonse komanso ziwonetsero za nkhunda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gorlitsa
Nkhunda ya mtundu wa mbalame ndi mtundu wina wa mbalame zochokera kubanja laling'ono la nkhunda. Dzinalo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Greek wakale kuti "nkhunda yokhala ndi mkanda."
Banja laling'ono la nkhunda limaphatikizapo mitundu 16 yosiyana siyana ndipo zisanu zokha mwa izo zimapezeka mdera la Russia:
- nkhunda yolira;
- wamba;
- wachidule;
- chachikulu;
- nkhunda yaing'ono.
Kanema: Gorlitsa
Mitundu yonse 16 imapanga gulu la mbalame zofananira. Achibale apafupi kwambiri a nkhunda ndi nkhunda anali dodo, omwe adatha m'zaka za zana la 17 chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu. Kwa nthawi yonseyi, ofufuza apeza zotsalira zochepa za mbalamezi. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhunda, monga nkhunda zonse, zimakhala ndi ubale wapabanja ndi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe ndi mchenga. Komabe, pambuyo pake, atasanthula mwatsatanetsatane unyolo wosinthika, ofufuzawo adavomereza kuti chifukwa chomwe mbalamezi zimafanana ndi kusinthika kosinthika, zizolowezi zofananira zofananira, osati kusintha kwazonse.
Nkhunda, nkhunda zakutchire zowetedwa zaka zoposa 5,000 zapitazo. Mitundu ina idapangidwira zokongoletsera zokha, pomwe ina idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mbalamezi kunapezeka m'malemba opatulika pofotokoza za kusefukira kwamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mwana wa nkhunda yoseketsa ndi mbalame yolekeka ndipo samadziwika m'chilengedwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhunda imawonekera
Nkhunda ya nkhunda ndi mbalame yomwe imafanana kwambiri ndi nkhunda wamba, koma yokongola kwambiri, yokhala ndi mtundu wamtundu uliwonse. Kutengera kusiyanasiyana, kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumatha kufikira masentimita 23-35, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 120-300. Njiwa imasiyana ndi nkhunda osati chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kokha, komanso mchira wake wozungulira ndi miyendo yofiira.
Nthenga za kumtunda kwa nkhunda wamba ndizofiirira, nthenga zina zimakhala zoyera, m'mbali mwake. Khosi la mbalameyi limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera, yomwe imafanana kwambiri ndi mkanda. Nkhunda za Turtle ndi mbalame Zatsopano za Palatine ndipo nsagwada zawo zakumtunda zimatha kuyenda momasuka motsata chigaza chonse. Mtundu wa diso umaphatikizidwa ndi nthenga, ukhoza kukhala wakuda kapena wakuda wakuda.
Mawonekedwe a mitundu ina ya nkhunda:
- njiwa yayikulu ndiyimilira yayikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Kutalika kwa thupi la achikulire ndi 34-35 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi magalamu 300. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira nkhunda yayikulu ndi thupi lake lofiirira kumtunda komanso pamimba pinki. Mkanda wakuda ndi woyera umasamutsidwa kwambiri kumbuyo;
- ringed - mtundu uwu uli ndi mchira wautali, womwe ungafanane ndi theka lathunthu la thupi ndikufikira masentimita 14-16. Mtundu wonyezimira wa pinki wamutu, khosi ndi chifuwa umaphatikizidwa ndi imvi kumbuyo. Mkanda wa nkhunda yolira ndi wowala kwambiri;
- diamondi - amakhala ku Australia kokha, ndipo ku Russia amasungidwa kunyumba kokha. Zosiyanazi ndizochepa kukula - pafupifupi masentimita 20 zolemera zosaposa 50 magalamu. Nthengawo ndi phulusa labuluu ndikumwazikana kwa mawanga oyera, ndipo mbali yakunja yamapiko ake ndi utoto wakuda;
- mawonekedwe azakugonana sakhala ofanana ndi nkhunda, nthawi zina amuna amakhala akulu kukula.
Kodi nkhunda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya Kamba ku Russia
Nkhunda za nkhunda zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Amakhala ku Eurasia, Africa, mitundu ina idabweretsedwa ku Australia, America ndipo idakhazikika kumeneko. Pazaka 100 zapitazi, nkhunda yolumikizidwa idakulitsa kwambiri malo ake ndikupitilizabe kutenga madera atsopano, posankha malo owonekera.
Malo okhala nkhunda amatengera mtundu wake: owoneka bwino, okhala ndi zingwe, nkhunda zazikulu ndi mitundu ina yambiri amakonda kukhazikika m'mapaki amzindawu, m'mabwalo, m'zipinda zanyumba zoyandikira pafupi ndi anthu, koma amapezeka m'nkhalango. Kwa nkhunda yaying'ono, mzindawu ndi malo okhawo, saopa anthu, ndikosavuta kuweta.
Emerald, njiwa yotsekemera yamtchire, anthu aku Africa amakhala nkhalango zowirira zokha kapena zosakanikirana ndi midzi. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mbalamezi zizikhala ndi mwayi wopeza madzi amtundu uliwonse kwaulere. Oimira kumpoto kwa nyengo yozizira ku Africa, makamaka ku Sahara ndi dera la Sudan. Nkhunda zomwe zimakhala kumayiko otentha sizimayenda chaka chilichonse ndikukhala moyo wongokhala.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina ya nkhunda zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala anthu nthawi zambiri zimaika zisa zawo pamaloboti apamtunda, pamitengo pakati pamisewu yodzaza ndi anthu mumzinda ndipo sizowopa phokoso lamsewu.
Kodi nkhunda imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhunda ya mbalame
Pakati pa nkhunda pali zamasamba zokha ndipo amakonda zakudya zosakanikirana.
Zakudya zachizolowezi za mbalamezi zimaphatikizaponso:
- mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo, kuphatikizapo tiziromboti tomwe timakhala tangozi kwa anthu ndi nyama;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, mphutsi za tizilombo;
- hemp, tirigu, mbewu za buckwheat;
- mbewu za alder, birch, mitengo ina ndi zitsamba.
Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi ndi mpendadzuwa. Akamba akhoza kuvulaza mbewu kwambiri, ndikuthothola mbewu zonse m'mabasiketi amtundu wothira mafuta. Mbewu zina zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi mbalame zokhazokha padziko lapansi, popanda kusokoneza zomerazo. Ngakhale kuti nkhunda nthawi zina zimatha kulimbana ndi mbewu za mpendadzuwa, zimathandizanso alimi pozula mbewu za namsongole zomwe "zimatsamwitsa" mbewu.
Poberekera mu khola lotseguka, mbalame ndizodzichepetsa pazakudya ndipo sizimasiyana mosusuka, koma zimafunikira madzi okwanira okwanira kuti amwe tsiku lililonse, chifukwa popanda izo sangathe ngakhale tsiku limodzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pakati pa anthu achisilavo, mawonekedwe a nkhunda ziwiri pafupi ndi nyumba zimawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro chabwino, cholonjeza yankho lachangu pamavuto onse omwe alipo. Nkhunda nawonso anali oyamba kutumiza mbalame, osati nkhunda wamba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Common Turtle Njiwa
Mbalame za paradiso izi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cha chikondi ndi kukhulupirika pazifukwa. Atapanga banja, ma turtlenecks amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa wokondedwa wawo moyo wawo wonse. Mitundu ina ya mbalamezi, atamwalira "wokwatirana naye", samalumikizana ndi anzawo ndikukana kupitiliza mtunduwo.
Nkhunda zimasiyanitsidwa nthawi zonse posankha malo oti aziikira mazira. Amabwereranso ku chisa chimodzi chaka ndi chaka, koma malinga kuti adaniwo sangathe kufika pamenepo. Makolo onse amaswa anapiye. Mitundu ya akamba osamukasamuka kumapeto kwa chirimwe kapena koyambirira kwa Seputembala amasamukira ku kontrakitala wa Africa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu khumi ndi awiri, ndipo amabwerera kokha Meyi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhunda zonse zimalankhula kwambiri. Amalira nthawi zonse, kuyenda, kuseka, kumveka mosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zonse amachita mokweza kwambiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa zotsalira kunyumba kwawo.
Gorlinki amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikapanikizika. Mukawopsyeza mbalame yomwe ikukhala mu aviary, idzagunda khola ndi mphamvu kotero kuti kuvulala sikungapeweke. Sangatulutsidwenso mu khola kuti aziuluka momasuka mchipindacho, chifukwa chifukwa chapanikizika amayamba kuwuluka mwachangu kwambiri ndikuphwanya mipando ndi makoma. M'malo awo achilengedwe, mbalame zimakhala bata.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhunda Yotsekedwa
Mu nyengo imodzi, njiwa imatha kupanga nkhwangwa zingapo za mazira 1-2, makamaka anthu omwe amakhala m'malo otentha. Nthawi yokhala ndi mbalamezi ndi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti maanja ena ali kale akusasira mazira, pomwe ena akungoyamba kumanga chisa. Mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mikanda ya nkhalango, m'mapaki.
Zisa zawo zathyathyathya osati zolimba nthawi zambiri zimapezeka panthambi za mitengo, pakati pa mizu yawo, kuthengo, koma pakhoza kukhala malo osayembekezereka - choyikapo nyali, mpanda kapena magetsi. Pakumanga kwawo, nkhunda zimagwiritsa ntchito mitengo, udzu, ndipo mumzinda zimatha kukhala waya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zisa za akamba samangidwa chaka chilichonse, posankha kugwiritsa ntchito chimodzi kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana. Pachaka chilichonse chodyera masana, zisa zimakhala zolimba, chifukwa zitosi za nkhuku zimakhala ngati simenti.
Nkhunda zingapo zomwe zakwatirana zimasanganirana mazirawo kwa masiku 14-16. Anapiye amawoneka opanda thandizo. Makolo amawasamalira kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amawateteza mosadzikonda, osasiya chisa mpaka kumapeto, ngakhale pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Anawo amakula pamapiko nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa sabata lachitatu la moyo, kenako anapiye amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Amakhamukira pagulu la anthu 8-10 ndipo amakhala okonzeka kuswana chaka chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhunda
Chithunzi: Kodi chiwombankhanga chikuwoneka bwanji
Mwachilengedwe, nkhunda zimakhala zaka 6-7 ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafera mu zikhomo kapena nsagwada za adani.
Ali ndi adani ambiri:
- pafupifupi mbalame zonse zodya nyama;
- nkhandwe, agalu, amphaka ndi zilombo zina zomwe zimatha kusaka akulu ndi nyama zazing'ono, zimawononga zisa.
Mitundu ina ya nkhunda imasakidwa. Ana ambiri amafa sabata yoyamba atabadwa. Nthawi zambiri amagwa m'zisacho, ndipo popeza samatha kuwuluka, amasanduka nyama ya wina ndipo makolo awo sangathe kuwathandiza chilichonse. Ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nyama zazing'ono zomwe nkhunda zambiri sizimagwira imodzi, koma ndigulu zingapo pachaka.
Munthu amathanso kutchedwa mdani wa mbalame za paradaiso. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mitundu ina ya nkhunda yakhala ikusakidwa mwakhama, makamaka m'malo awo ozizira, momwe zimawuluka ambiri. Zochita zachuma za anthu zimakhudzanso anthu awo. Minda imasamaliridwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ndipo popeza tirigu ndi omwe amadya mbalamezi, ndiye oyamba kuvutika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'mikhalidwe yopangidwa mwaluso, nkhunda zitha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka makumi awiri ndikupatsa ana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya mphungu
Pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, akamba a nkhunda ku Russia akuyerekezedwa ndi akatswiri a mbalamezi ndi anthu 1.7-2.9 miliyoni, ndipo lero chiwerengero chawo chatsika kupitirira theka. M'madera ena mdzikolo, amapezeka mbalame zingapo zokha. Ngakhale kuchepa kwa chiwembucho mwachangu kwambiri, sikunaphatikizidwebe mu Red Book of Russia, koma kumatetezedwa m'malo angapo. Akatswiri akuchenjeza anthu, poyesa kutchula vutoli. Nkhunda ya Turtle idalengezedwanso kuti ndi mbalame ya 2019.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbalame, kuti ateteze anthu, nkhunda zimayenera kuswana anapiye ambiri momwe zingathere, ndipo chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa malo abwino m'malo awo okhala. Mitunduyi iyenera kutetezedwa mwamphamvu kumadera ozizira mdera la Russia, ndipo kuletsa nkhunda kuwombera kuyenera kuyambitsidwa mpaka kuchuluka kwawo kutachepa pamlingo wowopsa chonchi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Olonda mbalame alengeza zakusavomerezeka kuwoloka mitundu yakuthengo ya nkhunda ndi nkhunda zapakhomo, chifukwa ubalewo ungabweretse kusintha kowopsa ndi zotsatira zakupha. Mbalamezi zimapanga magulu awiri okha ndipo palibe chifukwa chosokonezera izi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yayitali ya nkhunda yakutchire ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa nkhunda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anapiye awo amatha kusintha machitidwe onse abwinobwino, omwe ndi osafunikira.
Nkhunda Ndi mbalame yodabwitsa yokhala ndi mbiri yabwino yakale. Anali ndi ulemu wapadera kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, koma lero nyama yokonda mtendere iyi ili pachiwopsezo. Njiwa yakhala pafupi ndi munthu, ndipo ngati izi zipitilira kutengera mbadwo wathu komanso kuyesetsa kwathu kuteteza.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/17/2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.08.2019 pa 21:42
