Tarpans - mtundu wa ma Mustang a ku Eurasia. Amakhala pafupifupi kontinenti yonse, akumazolowera ngakhale mikhalidwe yovuta ya moyo ku Western Siberia. Akavalo akuluakulu apakatikatiwa adakhala mbadwa za mitundu ina yamakono ya mahatchi oweta.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tarpan
Tarpans ndi makolo akale omwe sanathenso masiku ano. Kwenikweni mawu oti "tarpan" amatanthauziridwa kuti "kuwuluka mtsogolo", omwe amalankhula za lingaliro loyamba la anthu akamayang'ana mahatchi awa. Awa anali akavalo amtchire, omwe amaweta zoweta ndikuweta kuti apeze mitundu yatsopano.
Tarpan anali ndi ma subspecies awiri:
- Zinyalala zankhalango zimakhala m'nkhalango. Anali ndi matupi okongoletsa komanso miyendo yayitali yopyapyala, koma nthawi yomweyo anali amfupi msinkhu. Malamulowa amalola mahatchi kuthamanga kwambiri, kuthawa adani;
- ma stepppp anali mahatchi olimba komanso othina. Sankafuna kuthamanga, koma ankangoyendayenda mozungulira malo athyathyathya. Chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yamphamvu, amatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo pafupi ndi mitengo, mpaka kufikira masamba obiriwira panthambi.
Panali mitundu iwiri yokhudzana ndi chiyambi cha tarpan. Choyamba chinali chakuti ma tarpan ndi mahatchi oweta oweta. Nthawi ina adathawa ndikuweta bwino mwa kubereketsa, zomwe zidawoneka bwino patarpan.
Kanema: Tarpan
Chiphunzitso cha akavalo amtchire chidatsutsidwa mosavuta ndi Joseph Nikolaevich Shatilov, wazachilengedwe komanso wasayansi yemwe amawona akavalo awa. Adawunikira kuti ma tarpans alibe matenda amtundu womwe amakhala ngati nyama zikawoloka; adazindikiranso magawo awiri a tarpan, omwe amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Tarpa woweta amakhala mofananira ndi kavalo wamba wamba: amanyamula katundu ndikuchitira anthu modekha. Koma anthu sanakwanitse kuyenda mozungulira tarpan - mbadwa zake zokha, owoloka ndi mahatchi oweta, adachita izi.
Pakadali pano, mitundu ingapo yamahatchi imadziwika, pakupanga komwe ma tarpani adachita nawo:
- Ponyoni waku Iceland;
- Pony Dutch;
- Pony ya ku Scandinavia.
Mitundu yonse ya mahatchiyi imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, wamfupi komanso thupi lamphamvu, ndizomwe ma tarpans amasiyana.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi tarpan imawoneka bwanji
Maonekedwe a tarpans amatha kuweruzidwa pokha pokha ndi zithunzi komanso zotsalira zawo. Awa ndi akavalo afupiafupi, osafota osapitirira masentimita 140, - uku ndiko kukula kwa ponyoni yamphamvu. Thupi lotalikiralo limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 150. Makutu a tarpan anali amfupi, oyenda, okhala ndi mutu wawukulu ndi khosi lalifupi.
Mutu wa tarpan unali wosiyana - unali ndi mawonekedwe osaka nyama. Chovala chake chinali chokulirapo, anali ndi chovala chamkati cholimba - ndi momwe nyama zimapiririra chisanu. Chovalacho chinali chofewa, chokhala chopindika pang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira imakula, nthawi yachilimwe mahatchi amakhetsa.
Mchira ndi wautali wautali, wandiweyani, wakuda, ngati mane. M'chilimwe, akavalo amapeza utoto wofiyira, wabulauni, wachikaso wofiirira. M'nyengo yozizira, akavalo amawala, amakhala ofiira kapena amisala. Mzere wochepa thupi wakuda, mawonekedwe a akavalo amtchire, amayenda kumbuyo kuchokera m'khosi kupita ku croup. Muthanso kuwona mikwingwirima pamiyendo yomwe imawoneka ngati mikwingwirima ya mbidzi.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyesera kubwezeretsanso tarpan pobwezeretsanso mtunduwu kumatha kuwoneka kovuta - obereketsa sangathe kubzala mane mane nthawi yomweyo ngati mphuno yakumbuyo.
Manewo ndi ofanana ndi manejala wa akavalo a Przewalski - kuchokera ku tsitsi lakuda lolimba, atayima. Nkhalango tarpan ndizosiyana pang'ono ndi steppe pakukula ndi malamulo, koma ambiri akavalo anali ofanana kwambiri.
Kodi tarpan amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Horse Tarpan
Tarpan amakhala m'mapiri, nkhalango, chipululu ndi madera a nkhalango ku Eurasia. Izi zitha kunenedwa, ponena za zojambula zamiyala, zomwe zimawonetsa akavalo amtchire apakatikati okhala ndi mikwingwirima ya mbidzi pamapazi awo.
Kuyambira nthawi yakale ya Greece, ma tarpans akhala m'malo awa, monga titha kunenera kuchokera ku zolembedwa:
- Poland;
- Denmark;
- Switzerland;
- Belgium;
- France;
- Spain;
- madera ena ku Germany.
Anthu aku Tarpan adachulukirachulukira, kufalikira ku Belarus ndi Bessarabia, okhala m'mapiri pafupi ndi Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov mpaka kugombe la Caspian. Titha kunena kuti ma tarpans amakhalanso ku Asia, Kazakhstan ndi Western Siberia.
Chosangalatsa: Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti anafika kumpoto kwenikweni, koma akavalo sanazike mizu pamalo ozizira kwambiri.
Ma Tarpan sanathe kukhazikika m'malo omwe anthu anali odziwa zaulimi, motero mahatchiwo adakankhidwira m'nkhalango. Umu ndimo momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta tarpan tidawonekera - nkhalango, ngakhale koyambirira akavalo amangokhala m'mapiriwo. Anthu aku Tarpan amakhala ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, pomwe ku Europe adafafanizidwa ku Middle Ages, komanso kumadera akum'mawa kwa Europe - kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.
Kodi tarpan idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Akutha Tarpans
Tarpan ndi herbivore, monga akavalo onse. Iwo ankadya udzu wouma ndi wobiriwira, womwe nthawi zonse unkakhala pansi pa mapazi a nyama. Chifukwa chakuti akavalo ali ndi misa yayikulu, ndipo udzu uli ndi zopatsa mphamvu zochepa, akavalo amayenera kudya usana ndi usiku.
Ngati masana kunalibe zovuta pazakudya, ndiye usiku ena mwa akavalo ena anali atayimirira mutu wawo, ndipo ena amadya. Akavalo anasintha kuti azidzaza mimba zawo. Chifukwa chake adaonetsetsa kuti ng'ombezo zili ndi chitetezo - mahatchi atakweza mitu yawo amatha kuwona ngozi yomwe ikubwera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Monga mphalapala, ma tarpa amatha kudya mwangozi mbewa kapena mbewa zakutchire mwa kungozinyambita pamodzi ndi udzu.
Ma Tarpan amadyanso zakudya izi:
- Moss ndi ndere. Nthawi zina akavalo amakhoza kudzikokera okha ku nthambi za mitengo poyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti adule masamba aang'ono;
- mizu ndi mbewu m'nyengo yozizira, pakakhala chakudya chochepa - akavalo amakumba chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa;
- Ma Tarpans nthawi zina amadyetsanso malo olimapo, kumadya masamba ndikunyamula zipatso zochepa. Chifukwa cha ichi, ma tarpans adawomberedwa kapena kuyendetsedwa kumadera ena.
Tarpans ndi akavalo olimba kwambiri. Amatha kusadya kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikutenga madzi pachakudya chazomera kapena matalala. Chifukwa cha izi, anali okongola ngati mahatchi oweta, koma anali ovuta kuwaphunzitsa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tarpan
Anthu a ku Tarpan ankakhala m'gulu la anthu 6-12. Pakati pa ziweto nthawi zonse pamakhala yamphongo yolamulira, yomwe ili ndi ufulu wokwatirana ndi ana amphongo onse, ndi ana angapo a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Akavalo ali ndiudindo wowonekera bwino womwe amatsatira kuti asunge bata.
Chifukwa chake pakati pa mares pali mawonekedwe omveka: ma alpha mare akale, ana ang'onoang'ono ndi ana. Udindo umasankha kuti ndani ayenera kuyamba kupita kumalo othirira, yemwe amadya gawo latsopanolo; nawonso maresi amasankha komwe ziweto zidzapita. Udindo wa khola la tarpan ndi locheperako - umangotenga zazikazi panthawi yoswana ndikuteteza gulu laziwopsezo.
Ma Tarpan anali akavalo amanyazi omwe amakonda kuthawa. Ngati nyama zolusa zingaukiridwe, akavalo amatha kufikira liwiro la 50 km / h. Akavalo amaopanso anthu, ngakhale amatha kuzolowera mawonekedwe awo ndipo amaloledwa kuwawona akutali.
Akavalo amatha kukhala achiwawa. Pali umboni kuti zoyeserera zoweta tarpan sizinapambane chifukwa chankhanza za mahatchi. Maresi anali odekha, makamaka ngati amayesa kuweta ana otsika.
Mutha kudziwa ngati tarpan yakwiya ndi momwe makutu ake alili. Hatchi imakankhira makutu ake kumbuyo, imatsitsa mutu wake, ndikuyitambasula patsogolo pawo - pamalo amenewa, tarpan imatha kuluma kapena kumbuyo. Koma, monga lamulo, ma tarpans adathawa ngakhale atawona munthu m'modzi chapafupi.
Tsiku lonse mahatchiwa amafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zina zinali zotheka kuwona momwe gulu la tarpan limathamangira kudutsa steppe - umu ndi momwe akavalo amafundira, kutaya mphamvu zomwe apeza. Nthawi zambiri, mahatchi amadyetsa modekha, nthawi zina amatukula mitu yawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tarpan Cub
Nthawi yobereketsa mahatchi idayamba koyambirira kwamasika. Nthawi zambiri amphongo amakhala okonzeka kubereka ali ndi zaka zitatu, mahatchi agulu ali ndi zaka zinayi kapena zisanu, koma akavalo ochepa amapeza mwayi wopitiliza kuthamanga. Zonse ndizokhudza maulamuliro okhwima a mahatchi.
Mu gulu la tarpan, panali ng'ombe imodzi yokha yayikulu komanso ana ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono. Munthawi yakubereketsa, nyamayo inali ndi mapiko amphongo omwe anali okonzeka kutengana. Monga mwalamulo, pagulu palibe mahatchi ena okhwima ogonana.
Ankhosa achikulirewo anawathamangitsa m'gulu la ziweto kuti apange gulu lawo. Monga lamulo, kavalo, wothamangitsidwa m'gululi, amatha kutsutsa "chisankho" cha mtsogoleriyo ndikumenya nawo nkhondo. Ma stallion achichepere sadziwa zambiri pomenya nkhondo, chifukwa chake, mtsogoleri wawo amathamangitsa akavalo achichepere mosavuta.
Mahatchi achichepere, akuchoka, nthawi zambiri amatenga mares angapo otsika, omwe "amalumikizana nawo" pakukula. Komanso, mahatchi amatha kupambana mahatchi kuchokera kumahatchi ena, ndikupanga gulu lalikulu.
Panalinso mahatchi amodzi. Nthawi zambiri, amapita kukadyera ng'ombe nthawi yoswana kuti akapeze mahatchi. Kenako mtsogoleri wa stallion adachita ziwonetsero, zomwe zinali zamagazi kwambiri komanso zankhanza. Akavalo adalumikizana khosi, ndikumenyanirana ndi kutsogolo kwawo ndi ziboda zamphondo. Pankhondo zoterezi, tarpan yofooka idavulala, nthawi zina yosagwirizana ndi moyo.
Akavalo ali ndi pakati miyezi 11. Zotsatira zake, mahatchi adabereka m'modzi, mocheperako - ana awiri, omwe m'maola ochepa anali atakonzeka kale kuyimirira. Achibwana amasewera ndipo amasungidwa koyamba ndi amayi awo, kenako ndi ana ena.
Makamaka mahatchi amphongo amodzi ndi mbidzi zinagwidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zoweta. Nthawi yomweyo, amayi awo amathanso kupita kukadyera ka mphongo kameneka, chifukwa chake anthu amalandila akavalo awiri nthawi imodzi. Amunawa amalowa modzifunira agulu la mahatchi owetera, komwe amatenga mwachangu maudindo apamwamba, popeza anali ndi moyo wosangalatsa.
Adani achilengedwe a Tarpan
Chithunzi: Kodi tarpan imawoneka bwanji
Chifukwa ma tarpans amakhala kumadera ambiri, amakumana ndi zilombo zosiyanasiyana. Kukhala m'mapiri kunawapangitsa kukhala nyama zosavuta nthawi imodzi, koma nthawi yomweyo ma tarpans amadalira kuthamanga kwawo komanso kumva kwawo, komwe kumawakhumudwitsa kawirikawiri. Monga mwalamulo, akavalo amawona zoopsa kuchokera kutali ndipo amapereka mbendera kwa gulu lonse.
Nthawi zambiri, ma tarpans amakumana ndi olanda awa:
- mimbulu. Mapaketi a mimbulu anali adani achilengedwe ovuta kwambiri pamahatchi. Mimbulu, monga mahatchi, imakhala ndi gulu labwino lomwe limawalola kupanga njira zowukira. Gulu la mimbulu linaukira gululo, linamenya ana ang'onoang'ono kapena akavalo achikulire kuchokera pamenepo, kenako ndikuwathamangitsira mimbulu ina;
- Zimbalangondo. Zoyambazi zimatha kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu, koma sizimagwira ma tarpans. Akavalo ndiwosunthika komanso othamanga, komanso amamveka mosavuta ndikununkhira chimbalangondo chomwe sichimadziwa kuzembera pagulu;
- nkhumba, amphaka ndi amphaka ena akuluakulu anali osavuta kusaka ana. Amphakawo anakwera mwakachetechete kwa ozunzidwawo, atagwira ana okulirapo ndikuwatenga mwachangu.
Omwe anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu polumikizana ndi adani anali ma tarpani a m'nkhalango. Nkhalangoyi si malo achilengedwe a mahatchi amenewa, chifukwa choti kusinthasintha kwa malo othinawo kumangofunika kwambiri. Adasandulika mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo, osakhala ndi nthawi yoti athawe kwa adani awo.
Koma ma tarpani ankadziwa momwe angadzitetezere. Galu wamphongo nthawi zambiri ankazindikira nyama zokwawa ndipo, ngati alamu atachedwa mochedwa, amatha kupita kukaukira kuti asokoneze omwe akuukirawo ndikugula nthawi yang'ombe. Njirayi idatsimikizira kuti ma tarpans apulumuka kwambiri pakati pa adani achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Horse Tarpan
Ma Tarpan atheratu chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.
Pali zifukwa zingapo zakutha:
- kupititsa patsogolo malo omwe ma tarpans amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe;
- Anthu aku Tarpans adawononga mbewu zaulimi kumayiko omwe adangotukuka kumene, ndichifukwa chake adasakidwa mwachangu - adawombera akavalo, osatha kuweta;
- chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu, chakudya cha tarpan chidachepetsedwa - nthawi yozizira akavalo samatha kupeza chakudya, ndichifukwa chake amafa ndi njala kapena amapita kumadera olima, komwe adawomberedwa;
- chidani cha anthu cha tarpan chidalinso kuti mahatchi nthawi zambiri amatulutsa aziweto zoweta;
- nyama ya tarpan imadziwika kuti ndi yokoma, zomwe zimathandizanso kuwombera akavalo. Anthu aku Tarpan anali ovuta kugwira ndi lasso chifukwa chothamanga, chifukwa chake mfuti inali njira yabwino yopezera tarpan.
Kuyesera kutsitsimutsa mtundu wa tarpan kunayambika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ku Poland. Pofuna kuphatikiza, Konik yaku Poland idagwiritsidwa ntchito - mtundu wa akavalo pafupi kwambiri ndi Tarpan. Sizinali zotheka kutsitsimutsa Tarpan, koma akavalo aku Poland adapeza kupirira ndi mphamvu, kukhala mahatchi otchuka.
Mbadwa za akavalo a tarpan adamasulidwa ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha mu 1962. Awa anali mahatchi pafupi kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwakunja ndi tarpan. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa utsogoleri mdziko muno, ntchito yotsitsimutsa ya tarpan idayambitsidwa, ndipo mahatchi ena adagulitsidwa, ndipo ena amangofa.
Tarpan ili ndi malo ofunikira m'chilengedwe, chifukwa chake, pulogalamu yobwezeretsa mitunduyo ikuchitikabe mpaka pano. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti kubwezeretsa tarpans kuthengo kudzathandiza kuchepetsa chilengedwe. Tikukhulupirira kuti posachedwa mahatchi awa azikhalanso m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 14.08.2019 pa 21:38
