Katran Ndi shaki yaying'ono komanso yosavulaza yomwe imakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi kuchokera kumpoto kwa Europe kupita ku Australia. Ili ndi mtengo wamalonda ndipo imawedza kwambiri: ili ndi nyama yokoma, ndipo mbali zina zake zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Katran
Makolo a shark amawerengedwa kuti ndi ma hibodus, omwe amapezeka nthawi ya Devoni. Nsomba za Paleozoic sizinali ngati nsombazi zamakono, chifukwa chake si asayansi onse omwe amadziwa ubale wawo. Anazimiririka kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Paleozoic, koma mwina adadzetsa Mesozoic, omwe amadziwika bwino ndi amakono.
Ndiye stingray ndi nsombazi anagawa, calcification wa vertebrae zinachitika, chifukwa cha amene anali wothamanga kwambiri ndi owopsa kuposa kale. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nsagwada, adayamba kutsegula pakamwa pawo, malo omwe amapezeka muubongo omwe amachititsa kuti azimva fungo labwino.
Kanema: Katran
Mesozoic, nsombazi zinakula, ndiye oimira oyamba a katraniforms anawonekera: izi zinachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic, zaka 153 miliyoni zapitazo. Ngakhale kutha komwe kunachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi sikunagwedeze malo a shark, m'malo mwake, adachotsa ochita nawo mpikisano wamkulu ndikuyamba kulamulira nyanja mosagawanika.
Zachidziwikire, gawo lalikulu la mitundu ya shark nawonso idazimiririka, pomwe ina idayenera kusintha - ndipamene, munthawi ya Paleogene, pomwe mapangidwe amitundu yambiri yamasiku ano, kuphatikiza ma katrans, adatha. Malongosoledwe awo asayansi adapangidwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758, adalandira dzina lenileni la Squalus acanthias.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale katrana ndi yotetezeka kwa anthu, iyenera kuigwira mosamala kuti isadzivulaze paminga yawo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pali poizoni wofooka pamapazi aminga - sichitha kupha, komabe, kumverera kosasangalatsa kumaperekedwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe Katran amawonekera
Makulidwe awo ndi ochepa - amuna akulu amakula mpaka 70-100 cm, akazi amakhala okulirapo pang'ono. Katran yayikulu kwambiri imakula mpaka masentimita 150-160. Kulemera kwa nsomba yayikulu ndi 5-10 kg. Koma ndizoopsa kwambiri kuposa nsomba zina za msinkhu wofanana.
Thupi lawo limakhazikika, malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo, mawonekedwe ake ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa nsomba zina. Kuphatikiza ndi zipsepse zolimba, mawonekedwe awa amapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwambiri kudula madzi, kuyendetsa bwino ndikupeza liwiro lalikulu. Kuwongolera mothandizidwa ndi mchira, mayendedwe ake amalola kusalaza bwino gawo lamadzi, mchira womwewo ndi wamphamvu.
Nsombazo zimakhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu zam'mimba ndi m'chiuno, ndipo msana umakula m'munsi mwake: woyamba ndi wamfupi, ndipo wachiwiri ndiwotalika kwambiri komanso wowopsa. Mphuno ya katran imaloledwa, maso ali pakati pakati pa nsonga yake ndi chidutswa choyamba cha branchial.
Masikelo ndi olimba, ngati sandpaper. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa, wosawoneka m'madzi, nthawi zina wokhala ndi chinyezi chachitsulo. Kawirikawiri, mawanga oyera amawonekera pathupi la katran - amatha kukhala ochepa kapena mazana okha, ndipo onsewo ndi ochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi amathothomathotho, komanso akulu.
Mano ali ndi chimodzimodzi ndipo amakula m'mizere ingapo, chimodzimodzi nsagwada zakumtunda komanso zapansi. Ndi akuthwa kwambiri, motero mothandizidwa nawo, katran imatha kupha nyama mosavuta ndikuidula. Kukula kwake kumakhalabe chifukwa chakusintha kwa mano kwatsopano.
Pakati pa moyo wake, katran imatha kusintha mano opitilira chikwi. Zachidziwikire, ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu, koma apo ayi sizocheperako kwa iwo, ndipo ndizowopsa ngakhale kwa anthu - ndibwino kuti ma katrans iwowo sangakonde kuwaukira.
Kodi Katran amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Shark Katran
Amakonda madzi ozizira komanso otentha kwambiri, amakhala mmalo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ndikothekanso kusiyanitsa malo angapo okhala ma katrans, omwe samalumikizana - ndiye kuti, magulu angapo amakhala mwa iwo, osiyana wina ndi mnzake.
izo:
- kumadzulo kwa Atlantic - kumayambira kugombe la Greenland kumpoto komanso m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa America konse mpaka ku Argentina komwe kumwera;
- kum'mawa kwa Atlantic - kuchokera pagombe la Iceland mpaka kumpoto kwa Africa;
- Nyanja ya Mediterranean;
- Nyanja Yakuda;
- madera am'mbali mwa nyanja kuchokera ku India kumadzulo kudzera ku Indochina kupita kuzilumba za Indonesia;
- kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean - kuchokera ku Bering Sea kumpoto kudzera ku Yellow Sea, kugombe la Philippines, Indonesia ndi New Guinea mpaka Australia.
Monga mukuwonera pamwambapa, amakonda kusambira munyanja ndikukhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, osasuntha mtunda wautali kuchokera kunyanja. Ngakhale zili choncho, malo omwe amagawidwa ndi otakata kwambiri, amakhala ngakhale m'madzi ozizira kwambiri a Nyanja ya Barents.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala mdera lomwelo, koma nthawi zina amasamukira kutali: amatha kugonjetsa makilomita zikwi zingapo. Amayenda m'magulu, kusamuka kumakhala nyengo: ma katrans akufunafuna madzi otentha kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala mozama, madzi osanjikiza amoyo wawo ndi kusaka amakhala pansi. Amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 1,400. Simawoneka kawirikawiri pamtunda, izi zimachitika makamaka masika kapena nthawi yophukira, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala madigiri 14-18.
Posankha kuya, nyengo imatsatiridwa: m'nyengo yozizira amapita kutsika, mpaka pamlingo wamamita mazana angapo, popeza madzi amakhala ofunda ndipo pali masukulu a nsomba monga anchovy ndi mackerel ya akavalo. M'chilimwe, nthawi zambiri amasambira mozama kwa mamitala makumi angapo: nsomba zimatsikira pamenepo, zimakonda madzi ozizira, monga kuyera kapena kuphukira.
Amatha kukhala mwamtheradi m'madzi amchere, koma kwakanthawi amatha kusambira m'madzi amchere - nthawi zina amapezeka mkamwa mwa mitsinje, makamaka izi zimachitika kwa anthu aku katran aku Australia.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe katran shark imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone ngati zili zowopsa kwa anthu kapena ayi.
Katran amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Black Sea katran
Monga shaki zina, zimatha kudya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chinawawona - komabe, mosiyana ndi abale awo okulirapo, nsomba ndi nyama zina zimakhala zazikulu komanso zamphamvu kwa iwo, chifukwa chake muyenera kusiya kuzisaka.
Menyu mwachizolowezi, katrana nthawi zambiri amawonekera:
- nsomba zamathambo;
- nkhanu;
- sikwidi;
- anemones a m'nyanja;
- nsomba;
- shirimpi.
Ngakhale ma katran ndi ang'ono, nsagwada zake zidapangidwa mwanjira yoti zizitha kusaka nyama zazikulu. Nsomba zapakatikati ziyenera kusamala, choyambirira, osati za sharki zazikulu, koma za katrans - nyama zolusa komanso zopatsa chidwi zomwe sizikhutitsidwa. Ndipo osati ang'onoang'ono okha: amatha kupha ngakhale ma dolphin, ngakhale atha kukula kwambiri. Ma Katrans amangolimbana ndi gulu lonselo, ndiye kuti dolphin sangathe kulimbana nawo.
Ma cephalopods ambiri amafa m'mano a katrans, omwe amakhala ochulukirapo kunyanja kuposa nyama zina zazikulu zam'madzi. Ngati nyama yayikulu sigwidwa, katran ikhoza kuyesa kukumba kena kake pansi - itha kukhala nyongolotsi kapena anthu ena okhalamo.
Amathanso kudya ndere, ndikofunikira kupeza zina zamchere - komabe amakonda kudya nyama. Itha kutsatiranso masukulu a nsomba za forage masauzande makilomita kuti adye.
Amakonda katrans ndipo amadya nsomba zogwidwa mu maukonde, kotero asodzi amaphonya gawo lalikulu chifukwa cha iwo m'madzi momwe mumakhala ambiri. Ngati katran ija idagwera muukonde, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri imatha kuiphwanya - ndiyolimba kwambiri kuposa nsomba zanthawi zonse zomwe khoka limapangidwira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Katran ku Black Sea
Katrans amakhala pagulu, amatha kusaka masana komanso usiku. Ngakhale, mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri, amatha kugona: kuti apume, nsombazi zimayenera kusuntha nthawi zonse, ndipo mu katrans minofu yosambira imalandira zizindikilo kuchokera kumsana wam'mimba, ndipo imatha kupitiliza kuwatumiza nthawi yogona.
Katran sikuti imangothamanga kwambiri, komanso yolimba ndipo imatha kuthamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali ngati sizinali zotheka kuigwira nthawi yomweyo. Sikokwanira kubisala kumalo ake owonera: katran imadziwa komwe wozunzidwayo amakhala ndikuyesetsa kumeneko, kwenikweni, imanunkhiza mantha - imatha kugwira chinthu chomwe chatulutsidwa chifukwa cha mantha.
Kuphatikiza apo, Katranam sasamala zowawa: samangomva, ndipo amatha kupitiliza kuwukira, ngakhale kuvulala. Makhalidwe onsewa amapangitsa katran kukhala chilombo chowopsa kwambiri, kupatula apo, imawonekeranso m'madzi chifukwa cha utoto wake wobisika, chifukwa imatha kuyandikira kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa moyo kumakhala zaka 22-28, nthawi zina kumatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri: amafa nthawi zambiri chifukwa chosathamanga ngati achinyamata, ndipo alibe chakudya chokwanira. Ma katrans okhala ndi moyo wautali amatha zaka 35-40, pali zidziwitso kuti nthawi zina amatha kukhala zaka 50 kapena kupitilira apo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zaka za katran ndizosavuta kuzizindikira podula munga wake - mphete zapachaka zimayikidwa mkati mwake, monga mitengo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Shark Katran
Nyengo ya kukwatira imayamba mchaka. Pambuyo pa kukwatira, mazira amakula makapisozi apadera a gelatinous: mwa aliyense wa iwo atha kukhala kuyambira 1 mpaka 13. Mwathunthu, mazirawo amakhala mthupi la mkazi kwa miyezi pafupifupi 20, ndipo pofika kugwa kwa chaka chotsatira kubadwa kwachangu kumabadwa.
Pakati pa nsombazi zonse mu katrans, mimba imatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Chigawo chaching'ono chokha cha miluza chimapulumuka kufikira pakubadwa - 6-25. Amabadwa ndi mikwingwirima yama cartilaginous paminga, zofunikira kuti mayi shark akhalebe ndi moyo pobereka. Zophimba izi zimatayidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Kutalika kwa shark akhanda kumene ndi 20-28 cm ndipo amatha kudziyimilira okha motsutsana ndi zilombo zazing'ono, komabe ambiri amafa m'miyezi yoyamba yamoyo. Poyamba, amadyera mu yolk sac, koma amangodya chilichonse mwachangu ndipo amayenera kufunafuna chakudya paokha.
Shark nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kwambiri, kuposa anthu achikulire: amafunikira chakudya kuti akule, kuwonjezera apo, amawononga mphamvu zambiri ngakhale kupuma. Chifukwa chake, amafunika kudya mosalekeza, ndipo amadya nyama zazing'ono zambiri: plankton, mwachangu nsomba zina ndi amphibiya, tizilombo.
Pofika chaka amakula mwamphamvu ndipo zomwe amawopseza zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, kukula kwa katran kumachepetsa ndipo kumatha msinkhu pofika zaka zapakati pa 9-11. Nsombazi zimatha kukula mpaka kufa, koma zimachita pang'onopang'ono kwambiri, chifukwa chake palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa katran kwa zaka 15 mpaka 25.
Adani achilengedwe a Katrans
Chithunzi: Momwe Katran amawonekera
Katranas achikulire amatha kuopsezedwa ndi anamgumi opha ndi nsombazi zazikuluzikulu: onse sanyansidwa kuzidya. Polimbana nawo, ma katrans alibe chodalira, atha kuvulaza orcas, ndipo ngakhale izi ndizofooka: mano awo ndi ochepa kwambiri kwa zimphona izi.
Ndi nsombazi zikuluzikulu zolimbana ndi ma katran ndi bizinesi yowopsa. Chifukwa chake, mukakumana nawo, komanso anamgumi akupha, zimangotembenukira ndikuyesera kubisala - zabwino, kuthamanga komanso kupirira zimakupatsani mwayi wopulumuka. Koma simungachedwe ndi izi - mungoyala, ndipo mutha kukhala m'mano a shark.
Chifukwa chake, a Katrani amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, ngakhale akapuma, ndipo ali okonzeka kuthawa. Amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu panthawi yomwe iwowo amasaka - chidwi chawo chimangoyang'ana pa nyamayo, ndipo mwina sangazindikire momwe chilombocho chimasambira ndikukonzekera kuponya.
Vuto lina ndi anthu. Nyama ya Katran ndiyofunika kwambiri; chakudya cha balyk ndi zamzitini chimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, chifukwa chake chimagwidwa pamalonda. Chaka chilichonse, anthu amagwira anthu mamiliyoni ambiri: mwina, izi ndizoposa anamgumi opha ndipo nsomba zonse zimaphedwa limodzi.
Koma ambiri, sikunganenedwe kuti katran wamkulu amakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri, ndipo ambiri amakhala ndi moyo kwazaka zambiri: komabe, pokhapokha atakwanitsa kupulumuka zaka zoyambirira za moyo, chifukwa ndizoopsa kwambiri. Ma katrans achichepere ndi achichepere amatha kusakidwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono zapakatikati, komanso mbalame ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, pamene ziwopsezo zikukula, zimachepa, koma katran imasandulika nyama yoopsa kwambiri, kupha ngakhale nyama zomwe zimamuwopseza - mwachitsanzo, nsomba yolusa imavutika nayo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale nyama ya katran ndi yokoma, munthu asatengeke nayo, ndipo ndibwino kuti ana achichepere ndi amayi apakati asadye nkomwe. Kungoti ili ndi zitsulo zolemera zambiri, ndipo zochulukirapo ndizovulaza thupi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Katran munyanja
Imodzi mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya shark. Nyanja ndi nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi zimakhala ndi katrans ambiri, chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chimawopseza mitunduyo, amaloledwa kugwidwa. Ndipo izi zachitika mozama: kuchuluka kwa zopangidwazo kunali m'ma 1970, kenako nsomba zapachaka zinafika matani 70,000.
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, nsomba zachepa pafupifupi katatu, koma ma katrani akukololedwa mwakhama m'maiko ambiri: France, Great Britain, Norway, China, Japan, ndi zina zambiri. Malo ogwirira ntchito kwambiri: Nyanja ya North Atlantic, momwe anthu ambiri amakhala.
Amagwidwa mwakhama chifukwa chamtengo wapatali pachuma.:
- nyama ya katran ndi yokoma kwambiri, ilibe fungo la ammonia, yomwe imafanana ndi nyama ya nsombazi. Amadyedwa mwatsopano, mchere, zouma, zamzitini;
- mafuta azachipatala ndi luso amachokera pachiwindi. Chiwindi chimatha kukhala mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwa nsombazi;
- mutu, zipsepse ndi mchira wa katran zimapita pakupanga guluu;
- Maantibayotiki amapezedwa kuchokera m'mbali mwa m'mimba, ndipo mafupa amachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ochokera ku cartilage.
Katran yomwe imagwidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi - sizosadabwitsa kuti nsomba iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri ndipo imawedza. Komabe, kupanga kwatsika m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi pazifukwa: ngakhale pali ma katrans ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, m'madera ena chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusodza kwambiri.
Catrans amabala ana kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zimawatengera zaka khumi kuti afike pokhwima pogonana, chifukwa mtundu uwu umazindikira kusodza mwachangu. Popeza panali ambiri kale, izi sizinawonekere nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, anali atagwidwa kale mamiliyoni makumi, kufikira pomwe zidadziwika kuti anthu anali atachepa kwambiri.
Zotsatira zake, tsopano kumeneko, monga madera ena, pamakhala magawo oti agwire nsombazi, ndipo akagwidwa ngati zodula, ndichizolowezi kuzitaya - ndizolimba ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo.
Katran - fanizo lamoyo loti ngakhale nyama yodziwika kwambiri, munthu amatha kukhala ndi laimu, ngati atamwedwa moyenera. Ngati m'mbuyomu panali ambiri kunyanja ya North America, ndiye chifukwa cha usodzi wopitilira muyeso, anthu anali atasokonekera kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuyenera kukhala kochepa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/13/2019
Tsiku losintha: 14.08.2019 nthawi 23:33
