Mbalame - mbalameyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri, idakhala chizindikiro cha wonunkhira yemwe amakhala mwa kudya mitembo yovunda. Mabungwewo siosangalatsa kwambiri, koma mutha kuwayang'ana mbali inayo: mosiyana ndi adani, ziwombankhanga sizivulaza kwambiri mitundu ina, pomwe zimabweretsa phindu lina.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Vulture
Mbalame zoyambirira zinachokera ku archosaurs zaka 155-160 miliyoni zapitazo. Kholo lawo silinakhazikitsidwe, ndipo pali malingaliro angapo onena za momwe iwo amachokera ku nyama zakutchire adayamba kuwuluka. Chifukwa chake, asayansi angapo amakhulupirira kuti poyamba adalumphira pamtengo ndipo pang'onopang'ono adayamba kuwuluka, kenako nkukhala weniweni.
Ofufuza ena amatsatira zomwe poyamba anaphunzira kulumpha kuti akalumphe pamitengo ndi tchire. Palinso mitundu ina. Momwe mbalame zimaphunzirira kuuluka ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa, kutengera izi, zidzakhala zotheka kudziwa ndi momwe chisinthiko chawo chidachitikira.
Kanema: Vulture
Ngakhale zitakhala kuti, amayenda pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ma pterosaurs amalamulira mlengalenga kwa mamiliyoni ambiri kwazaka. Mitundu ya mbalame yomwe idakhala padziko lapansi nthawi imeneyo, munthawi ya Mesozoic, sinapulumuke mpaka lero. Gawo lalikulu la iwo linamwalira pamodzi ndi ma dinosaurs - zinali zitatha izi kutha komwe mbalame zinayamba kusintha kwambiri.
Kenako owoneka ngati nkhwangwa adawonekera - ndipo miimba ili m'ndondomeko iyi. Izi zidachitika zaka 48-55 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mbalamezo zatha - mbadwo wamakono udayamba kuwonekera patatha zaka makumi khumi miliyoni, ndipo miimba idawonekeranso nthawi yomweyo. Adafotokozedwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758 ndipo adalandira dzinalo ku Latin Neophron percnopterus.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ku Egypt, ziwombankhanga zimadziwika kuyambira kale ngati "nkhuku ya afarao." Amalemekezedwa mdziko muno kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo sanathamangitsidwe ndi ma piramidi, komwe nthawi zambiri amakhala. Ndipo lero, kupha chiwombankhanga kumalangidwa ndi malamulo kumeneko.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Vulture
Vulture ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika 60-70 cm, mapiko ake amapitilira mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kulemera kwake kumafikira 1.6-2.3 kg. Nthenga zake ndi zoyera, ndipo m'mphepete mwa mapikowo muli nthenga zakuda zowonekera kwambiri. Nthenga pafupi ndi pakhosi zimakhala zachikasu.
Mvuule umaonekera ndi dazi lake; khungu lake limakhala lachikaso lowala, ngakhale lili ndi mthunzi wa lalanje, ndipo izi ndizabwino kwambiri. Titha kunena kuti mawonekedwe achilendo a mutu ndiye gawo lake lalikulu, lomwe mbalameyi ndiyosavuta kuzindikira. Kuphatikiza apo, tuft imadziwika, yomwe imatuluka akakhala ndi nkhawa.
Mimbulu yachinyamata imakhala yofiirira mwachikaso, yamawangamawanga pang'ono. Akamakula, nthenga zawo zimawala mpaka kufika poyera. Iris ya mbalameyi ndi yofiirira ndi kuwala kofiira, mchira ndi woboola pakati.
Mlomo m'munsi mwake ndi wachikaso-lalanje, ndipo kumapeto kwake kumakhala kwakuda, kuwerama. Ndi yofooka komanso yopyapyala, ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe mbalamezi zimadyetsa nyama zakufa, komanso zazing'ono: sizingang'ambe khungu lolimba.
Zingwe zake ndizofowoka, chifukwa chake sangathe kunyamula nyama yayikulu, komanso kumenya nawo nkhondo - ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu kapena zikhadabo, chifukwa chake chiwombankhanga sichichita bwino nawo pankhondo. Ndiye kuti, chilengedwe chomwecho chakonzeratu kuti ayenera kudikirira moleza mtima kufikira ena onse atakhutitsidwa.
Kodi nkhwazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Vulture akuthawa
Mbalameyi imakhala m'madera ambiri, ngakhale poyerekeza ndi mtundu wapitawu, yomwe idakalipo tsopano yatsika kwambiri.
Zimaphatikizapo:
- Africa - lamba waukulu m'mbali mwa Tropic of Capricorn kuchokera ku Senegal kumadzulo kupita ku Somalia kum'mawa;
- Pafupi ndi East;
- Asia Minor;
- Iran;
- India;
- Caucasus;
- Pyrenees, Morocco ndi Tunisia;
- Chilumba cha Balkan.
Kuphatikiza pa maderawa, pali ziwombankhanga m'malo ena, makamaka ku Mediterranean - mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa France ndi Italy. M'mbuyomu, anali ochulukirapo, ndipo mbalameyi inkakhala m'nyanja yonse ya Mediterranean.
Pali ngakhale anthu ochepa ku Russia, ku Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Territories, komanso ku North Ossetia ndi Dagestan. Chiwerengero chonsecho ndi chochepa - pafupifupi anthu 200-300. Mbalameyi imakonda kukhazikika pamiyala, nthawi zambiri imakhala m'nkhalango, koma okhawo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi nkhalangoyi. M'nkhalango mulibe chakudya, koma msipu ndi nkhani ina. Amakhalanso pafupi ndi midzi.
Ndikofunika kuti pali dziwe pafupi ndi malo okhala: ziwombankhanga zimawonedwa pafupipafupi, zimangopita kumeneko osati kukamwa kokha, komanso chakudya - nthawi zambiri zimakhala zambiri pafupi, kuwonjezera apo, zimakonda kusambira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Amatha kusuntha maulendo ataliatali, nthawi zina makilomita masauzande. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi ina panali chiphokoso chaboma, pomwe ku Saudi Arabia, imodzi mwa mbalameyi idapezeka mu Israeli yomwe idayikidwapo - idakayikiridwa zaukazitape.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chiwombankhanga chimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mbalame imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Vulture vulture
Mbalame zimadya:
- zovunda;
- zipatso;
- mazira;
- zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu;
- zinyalala nyama.
Zimadziwika kuti ziwombankhanga zimadya nyama yowola: mbalame zina zambiri zomwe zimadya zimadya, koma sizopanda pake kuti miimba imalumikizidwa nayo kuposa ina iliyonse, chifukwa imakhala pamalo oyamba pachakudya chawo. Izi zikhoza kukhala mitembo ya zinyama, zokwawa, mbalame zina, nsomba, ndi zina zotero.
Amakonda mitembo ya nyama zazing'ono: chifukwa cha mulomo wofooka, sangathe kuthyola khungu la nyama zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, ngati uwu ndi mtundu wina wosasunthika, chiwombankhanga chitha kungodikirira mpaka nyama zina zitadzaza, kenako kuyesera kutola zotsalira zomwe siziyenera kukokedwa mwamphamvu mthupi; kapenanso kudikirira mpaka mtembowo ufafanizike ndi kuwola.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, chifukwa zovunda zambiri sizingapezeke nthawi zonse, koma nthawi zonse mumakhala zinyalala zambiri komanso pafupi nawo. Mpheta imatha kuwadyanso: amapeza chakudya chotsalira, chakudya chovunda, ndi zina zotero, ndikugawana pakati pawo. Akhozanso kudya zipatso mwachindunji kuchokera kumitengo.
Amatha kudya ngakhale ndowe: zachidziwikire, m'malo omaliza, koma osati chifukwa amasokonezeka ndi makomedwe ndi kununkhira - malingaliro awo onse, mwachiwonekere, amapotozedwa kwambiri. Kungoti thanzi lawo ndi mphamvu zake ndizotsika kwambiri, koma ngakhale kuchokera kuchimbudzi, miimba imatha kupeza ma calories.
Ngakhale amakonda chakudya chomwe sichingathe kukanidwa, amawononga nyama zina, makamaka mbalame: nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa za anthu ena, zimadya mazira ndi nkhuku. Omenyedwayo sangalimbane ndi gulu lonse la ziwombankhanga, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangosiya chisa, kusiya ana kuti akhadzulidwe.
Ziwombankhanga zimathamanga mofulumira pansi, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kugwira nyama zazing'ono monga makoswe, abuluzi kapena njoka. Komabe, amachita izi kawirikawiri, chifukwa kwa iwo palibe kusiyana - kaya ndi nyama yakufa kapena nyama yamoyo, koma yachiwiri imafunikanso kugwidwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Vulture ku Andes
Chombocho chimauluka mosavuta ndipo chimatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri kwa wofunafuna nyama. Poyerekeza ndi chakudya chofananira cha mbalame, sichimakonda kuuluka ndikuwuluka mwachangu. Nthawi yomweyo, amayang'ana nyama iliyonse kulikonse. Mbalame zina sizimamuopa, ndipo ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono zimauluka momasuka.
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zapanga awiriwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala limodzi kwazaka zambiri ndipo zimakhala mchisa chimodzi. Amatha kuuluka kupita kwina, koma pokhapokha ngati zinthu zitawakakamiza, nthawi zambiri chifukwa choti padalibe chakudya chochepa pafupi. Amakoka nthambi ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, mafupa, zingwe kupita kuzisa, ndikutulutsa kapangidwe kake kachilendo.
Mkati mwa potseguka thanthwe kapena phanga, pafupi ndi chisa, zotsalira za nyama zambiri zimabalalika - miimba imadyera pomwepo pomwe idapezako, koma zidutswa za nyama zimatha kutengedwa kuti zikadye pambuyo pake. China chake chimatsirizabe, koma zotsalazo sizichotsedwa ndi miimba, fungo lowola silimawasokoneza.
Nthawi yomweyo, amayang'anitsitsa ukhondo ndi dongosolo la nthenga, ndipo tsiku lililonse amawononga nthawi yambiri kutsuka nthenga ndikuzikonza bwino. Kwenikweni, chiwombankhangacho sichikhala chete, ndikosavuta kuchimva, ndipo mawu ake amatha kudabwa ndimayimbidwe ake: ndizovuta kuyembekezera zotere kuchokera ku mbalame yotereyi.
Sachita mantha ndi anthu, ku Africa amatha kuwonekera m'malo okhala, komwe amakhala mosalekeza padenga la nyumba ndikupita kumalo otayira zinyalala. Amatha kutchedwa mbalame zodzikuza, amatha kulanda chakudya m'manja mwawo, amalimbikitsidwa ndi kupikisana pakati pa gulu lankhosa - amuna onyada kwambiri amayesetsa kutsogola wina ndi mnzake ndikukhala oyamba kudya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mimbulu iwiri
Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a khumi ndi awiri kapena awiri. Ena amakhala patokha ndi magulu, osalimba kapena awiriawiri, kawirikawiri awa amayenera kudikirira mpaka nyama itakhuta. Nyengo ikafika pakatikati pa masika, amapanga awiriawiri.
Mwambo wawo wokwatirana ndi wosavuta: amuna ndi akazi amachita gule - amadzuka ndi kugwera pansi mozama, amatembenuka, akuyika zala zawo patsogolo, kuti ziwoneke ngati azimenya nkhondo. Mwambo ukamatha, amamanga chisa kapena amakulitsa chomwe chamangidwa kale zaka zapitazo.
Kenako chachikazi chimagwira, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mazira awiri, choyera ndi mawanga abulauni. Kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, makolo onse amawasakaniza mosinthana. Anapiye obadwa kumene amakhala okutidwa ndi madzi oyera, ndipo makulitsidwe awo samathera pamenepo: kwa sabata yoyamba kapena ziwiri, mkazi amakhala mokhazikika mchisa, popeza anapiye amafunika kutenthedwa.
Kokha pamene madzi oyambawo asintha kukhala okhwima m'pamene imayamba kutuluka mchisa kuthandiza champhongo kupeza chakudya cha anapiye. Akangodzazidwa ndi nthenga, amatuluka muchisa ndikuyamba kukupiza mapiko awo, koma sangathe kuuluka panobe.
Amadzuka pamapiko patangotha masabata 11-12 atadulidwa, koma amakhala ndi makolo awo ngakhale zitatha izi, ngakhale kwakukulu kuti amadzidyetsa okha, akuuluka ndi makolo awo. M'dzinja, amayamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo kuchokera kumadera ozizira amathawira nthawi yachisanu, komwe amakhala mpaka atatha msinkhu - izi zimachitika ali ndi zaka zisanu.
Chosangalatsa: Mimba yam'mimba imatulutsa asidi wamphamvu kuposa ziweto zina, ndichifukwa chake imatha kudya nyama yovunda: asidi imapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tonse, ndikupangitsa kuti isakhale yopanda vuto.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Vulture
Mwa adani a ziwombankhanga:
- zolusa mbalame;
- nkhandwe;
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- zonunkhira zina.
Palibe zoopsa zambiri zomwe mbalame zazikulu zimakumana nazo: zolusa sizimazisaka, chifukwa ndizosavuta kuti zithawe zopanda kuthawa, komanso kwa zomwe zikuuluka ndizazikulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi maso owoneka bwino, kuti athe kuzindikira mdani ali patali ndikuwuluka modekha kutali ndi iye.
Zowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo ndi ena obisala: mimbulu ilibe mwayi wolimbana nawo, chifukwa chake, ngakhale atafika msanga, amatha kuthamangitsidwa ndi nyama. Amayenera kudikirira mpaka aliyense atakhutira, kupatula owononga ochepa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala opanda chilichonse.
Zowopseza anapiye: zisa za miimba zimawonongedwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama, mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi, ndi ana omwe atuluka kale pachisa amatha kudyedwa ndi mimbulu ndi nkhandwe - ndipo ngakhale makolo awo ali pafupi, sangachitepo kanthu kuwateteza.
Chosangalatsa: Luntha la ziwombankhanga limawonetsedwa ndi momwe amaswa mazira a nthiwatiwa. Chipolopolo chawo ndi chokulirapo, ndipo sungathe kuuboola ndi kamwa, chifukwa miimba iwaponya miyala. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mwala wawung'ono kuti asawononge dzira. Ngati sikunali kotheka kuthyola, amasankha mwala wolemera pang'ono, kenako wina, ndi zina mpaka udasweka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga chikuwonekera
Ngakhale koyambirira ngakhale pakati pa zaka zapitazi, ziwombankhanga zinali ponseponse - sizitanthauza kuti zidatchuka kwambiri. Panali ambiri osati ku Africa kokha, komanso m'malo akulu aku Asia ndi kumwera kwa Europe. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo pafupifupi m'malo onse adachepa mwachangu mzaka zotsatira.
Zotsatira zake, m'malo ena omwe amakhala, kulibenso, m'malo ena kuli ochepa, ndipo poyamba m'maiko ena amasamalira kuteteza mitunduyo, chifukwa m'menemo idatsala pang'ono kutha, kenako chiwopsezo chidadzuka kwa anthu padziko lapansi. Mitunduyi tsopano ili pangozi (EN), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziyenera kutetezedwa m'malo onse.
Chiwerengero cha ziwombankhanga chatsika kwambiri mzaka zapitazi zam'zaka zapitazi. Chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri chimakhala mankhwala othandizira katemera wa ziweto: amakhala owopsa kwambiri kwa miimba, kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito muulimi, mwachitsanzo, pochiza minda yolimbana ndi tizilombo.
Kutsika kwa ziwombankhanga kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kudangokhala koopsa, ndipo m'malo ena kukupitilizabe motere:
- ku Europe ndi Middle East, adatsika ndi theka pazaka kuyambira 1980 mpaka 2001;
- kuzilumba za Canary kuyambira 1987 mpaka 1998, anthu adatsika ndi 30%;
- ku India, kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2017, adatsika ndi 35%. Pafupi ndi Delhi, anthu 30,000 anali amoyo, tsopano atha - mbalame 8-15 zokha zomwe zatsala.
Chitetezo cha ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Vulture waku Red Book
M'mayiko ambiri, zoletsa zayambitsidwa pazinthu zapoizoni za mbalamezi, koma pakasamuka, ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimapita kumayiko komwe sizigwire ntchito. Chifukwa chake, popewa kutha kwawo, zoyesayesa za mayiko ochuluka zikufunika, ndipo mpaka pano sanathe kuwalumikiza.
Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwachitika m'zaka za zana latsopanoli - ziwombankhanga sizikutsika mwachangu monga kale, ngakhale zikuchepa. Kuphatikiza pa kuletsa zinthu zapoizoni, njira zina zingapo zimafunikira. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro a International Union for Conservation of Nature akuphatikiza kayendedwe ka kudyetsa komwe kuli ochepa.
Pali mayiko ambiri kumene izi zachitika, ndipo zochitika zoterezi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa osati kwa mbalame zokha, komanso kwa omwe akukonzekera okha, popeza akatswiri azachilengedwe amabwera kudzawona izi. Kumalo ena, ziwombankhanga zimagwidwa ukapolo, zimaphunzitsidwa kukhala pamalo amodzi kenako zimatulutsidwa kuthengo. Umu ndi momwe anthu amapangidwira, omwe ndiosavuta kuteteza.
Ku Russia, ziwombankhanga zisa zokha, chimodzimodzi, njira zodzitetezera zimafunikira. M'mbuyomu, adakumana ku Crimea, koma tsopano asiya, komabe, amapitabe ku Caucasus. Ambiri aiwo ali ku Dagestan, koma ngakhale kumeneko mzaka zaposachedwa zachepa kwambiri kuposa kale.
Ngakhale izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta m'malo ozizira, kuwonongeka kwa mikhalidwe m'malo obereketsa kudathandizanso kuchepa uku. Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi, zidaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Books zamadera omwe oimira ake amapitabe ku chisa.
Pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi, akukonzekera njira zingapo, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsa malo angapo odyetsera mbalame, kupanga malo osungira zisa zawo mosungika, kusunga zisa zawo zonse, kuti apange dongosolo lachitetezo chatsatanetsatane.
Khalani, chiwombankhanga, mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga kapena mphamba, sichimalumikizidwa ndi chinthu chodzikweza komanso chodzikuza, koma kuzimiririka kumangofunika kupewa. Kupatula apo, ziwombankhanga ndizofunikira kwambiri monga owononga zakufa: monga momwe ofufuza apezera, m'malo omwe adasowapo, nyama yakufa imapitilira, ndichifukwa chake nyama zimatha kudwala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/13/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09.09.2019 nthawi 15:01
