Plecostomus Ndi gulu la mphamba lomwe lili m'banja la Kolchuzhny. Ndi catfish yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa ochita zokomera, yomwe ili ndi mitundu yoposa 150 yathunthu. Wofunidwa kwambiri m'banjali amatchedwa plecostomus wamba ndipo amatha kutalika mpaka 60 cm.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Plekostomus
Plecostomus idalembedwa koyamba ku Texas kumtunda kwa San Antonio River (Bexar County) mu 1962. Adawonekeranso m'madzi ena angapo ku Texas, kuphatikiza Comal Springs (Comal County), San Marcos (Hayes County), San Felipe Creek (Val Verde County), ndi White Oak Bayou. Chiyambire kupezeka kwake mumtsinje wa San Felipe, kuchuluka kwa anthu a plecostomus kwawonjezeka kwambiri.
Ku China, plecostomus adalembetsa mgulu la Huizhou la Mtsinje wa Dongjiang ku 2007. Ofufuza ena anena kuti plecostomus idalowetsedwa m'malo am'madzi mdziko muno mu 1990, koma sanapereke zambiri. Ku Colombia, anthu ambiri a plecostomus amadziwika bwino m'chigwa chakumpoto cha Cauca River. Imeneyi inali nsomba yofala kwambiri yomwe imapezeka. Plecostomus anabweretsa ku Colombia kuchokera ku Guyana.
Kanema: Plekostomus
Ambiri a plecostomuses amapezeka ku South America, makamaka Amazon Basin. Amatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, okhala ndi mitsinje yachangu komanso mitsinje yamiyala yomwe imadutsa m'nkhalango zamvula. Madzi awa, monga lamulo, amayenda mwachangu ndipo amadzaza ndi ma snag ndi zomera; mudzawapeza akubisala pakati pawo masana. Komabe, ena amapezeka mumayendedwe amchere.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mitundu iliyonse ndi yapadera ndipo palibe iliyonse yomwe imafunikira malo omwewo kapena kukhazikitsa kwa aquarium. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kulingalira mosamalitsa zosowa za mtundu womwe mukufuna kusunga. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi kukula kwa aquarium. Ma plecostomus ang'onoang'ono amatha kukhala ndi thanki ya 10-lita, pomwe mitundu yayikulu imafunikira malita 100 osachepera. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 150 ya plecostomus yapezeka, koma sizomwe zingapezeke mu aquarium.
M'munsimu muli mndandanda wa malo otchuka kwambiri a aquarium plecostomuses:
- nkhanu-ancistr (Ancistrus sp.);
- golide plecostomus (Baryancistrus sp.);
- mbidzi ya plekostomus (Hypancistrus zebra);
- plecostomus clown (Panaqolus maccus);
- Sailfish plekostomus (Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps);
- plekostomus-chipale chofewa (Woyang'anira Hypancistrus);
- Royal plecostomus (Panaque nigrolineatus).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe plecostomus imawonekera
Mitundu yambiri ya plekostomus imakhala yofiirira, komabe, mitundu ya mitundu ina imadalira malo awo. Ambiri a iwo amakhalanso ndi mawanga amchenga kapena mawonekedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Plecostomus amatchedwa "catfish yonyamula zida zankhondo" chifukwa amakhala ndi mbale zazikulu zamathambo zomwe zimaphimba thupi lawo.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zapadera kudziwa za iwo ndi pakamwa pawo; izi ndizomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza kwambiri pakutsuka ndere. Ponena za mawonekedwe awo, kuthengo amakula mpaka 60 cm m'litali, m'nyanja yam'madzi - mpaka 38 cm.
Monga mamembala ena am'banja, amakhala ndi matupi otambasuka okutidwa ndi mizere inayi yama mbale olimba. Mbale zamafupa kulibe pamimba. Ali ndi zipsepse zakuthambo, zam'mimba komanso zam'mimba. Mbalame yam'mbali imakhala ndi cheza chimodzi chowala komanso kuwala kofewa asanu ndi awiri. The kumatako anal ali limodzi coarse cheza ndi 3-5 kunyezimira zofewa.
Thupi la plecostomus ndi imvi ndi mawanga ofiira ndi mawonekedwe. Ali ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala pamwamba pamutu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ali ndi nembanemba yomwe imaphimba maso awo, yomwe imawathandiza kuwongolera kuwala kwa maso awo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za nsombayi ndi mchira wake kumapeto; ili ndi mawonekedwe a mwezi, gawo lakumunsi ndilitali kuposa kumtunda.
Kodi plekostomus amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Plekostomus m'madzi
Plecostomus catfish imapezeka m'madzi atsopano komanso amchere am'magombe a Guiana, Brazil ndi Venezuela, komanso ku Rio de la Plata pakati pa Uruguay ndi Argentina. Amakonda mitsinje yothamanga ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi gawo laling'ono. Mitunduyi imawerengedwa kuti ndiyotheka kusintha ndipo yadziwika ku Gulf of Mexico, mwina yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi akatswiri azamadzi. Amawonedwa ngati olanda ku Texas.
Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, ngakhale mitundu yambiri ili ndi malire ochepa ndipo imapezeka m'malo ena amtsinje. Ma plecostomus ambiri amakhala mumitsinje, mitsinje yopanda madzi, ena amakhala m'madzi akuda acidic, ndipo ena amakonda malo amchere opanda phokoso. M'madera othamanga kwambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito makapu awo oyamwa kuti adziphatikize pamiyala ndi mitengo yodzaza madzi, kuti apewe kutsetsereka kutsika.
Plecostomuses amapezeka m'madzi ofewa, otsika a pH kuthengo, komabe mitundu yambiri yomwe imagulitsidwa masiku ano imakulitsa malonda ndipo imalekerera zamagetsi ambiri. PH ya 7.0 mpaka 8.0, kukula kwa 3 ° mpaka 10 ° dKH (54 mpaka 180 ppm) ndi kutentha kwa 23 mpaka 27 ° C kudzakhala kokwanira pamitundu yambiri ya akapolo ogwidwa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba za plecostomus zimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi plekostomus imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Catfish plecostomus
Ambiri a plecostomus amagulitsidwa ngati "odyera algae", zomwe zingapangitse kuti mukhulupirire kuti ndi odyetsa; Komabe, ambiri ndi nyama zodya nyama ndipo amatha kudyetsa nsomba zazing'ono, zopanda mafupa ndi nkhanu. Mitundu ina imadyetsanso nkhuni, motero onetsetsani kuti mwasanthula mitundu yomwe imakusangalatsani kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zawo.
Ponena za plekostomus wamba, malingaliro olakwika wamba ndikuti amatha kukhala ndi ndere zokha. Izi sizowona, chifukwa chakudya choterocho chimachepetsa nsomba, ndipo chimavulaza thanzi lawo. Zakudya zawo ziyenera kukhala ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi ndere; nthawi zina amatha kudya nyama / chakudya chamoyo. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ma pellets apamwamba apange maziko azakudya za plecostomus.
Plecostomus itha kudyetsedwa ndi masamba awa:
- saladi;
- zukini;
- sipinachi;
- nandolo wosenda;
- nkhaka.
Yoyenera kuchokera pachakudya chamoyo:
- mphutsi zamagazi;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhanu;
- mphutsi.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti ma plecostomus amafunikira fiber yambiri pazakudya zawo; kuwadyetsa masamba ambiri kumathandiza kukwaniritsa zosowa za ziweto. Muyeneranso kuwonetsetsa kuti nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza nkhuni, zomwe zitha kuthandiza ndi chimbudzi chawo. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino, dyetsani plekostomus wanu zakudya zamtundu wapamwamba ndikusintha zakudya zanu zamasamba tsiku lililonse. Pazakudya, ma plecostomus amakhala usiku. Chifukwa chake, amadya bwino kwambiri madzulo musanazimitse magetsi mu aquarium.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba plekostomus
Chinthu choyamba kudziwa za nsombayi ndikuti imayenda usiku. Izi zikutanthauza kuti masana simudzawona zambiri zomwe akuchita. Masana amatha kuwoneka amanyazi ndipo mudzawapeza akubisala pakati pa zomera ndi mapanga mkati mwanu thanki.
Munthawi yogwira, mudzawona kuti ndi nsomba zapansi ndipo amayenda pang'onopang'ono pansi pa thankiyo. Poyenda pang'onopang'ono, amachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotsuka nderezo m'madziwo. Mudzawonanso kuti amagwiritsa ntchito chikho chokoka ndikulumikiza magalasi kapena miyala mumtsinjewo. Ndikofunikira kudziwa apa kuti ngakhale azidya ndere, chakudya chawo sichiyenera kukhala chokha. Masitolo ambiri ogulitsa ziweto amalengeza kuti ndi odyera ndere, zomwe ndizowopsa chifukwa amafunikira zakudya zina.
Plekostomus nthawi zambiri amakhala ochezeka ndipo amakhala mwamtendere akadali achichepere ndipo amatha kusungidwa munyanja yamchere. Oyandikana nawo bwino a plekostomuses ndi cichlids, macropod (guramic), tetras ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Koma ngakhale mudakali achichepere, muyenera kupewa kuyiyika ndi discus ndi nsomba zamngelo, chifukwa ma plecostomus amadziwika kuti amawalowerera.
Zosangalatsa: Okwatirana ang'onoang'ono am'madzi am'madzi a aquarium sayenera kulowa mkamwa mwa plecostomus; ngati kuli kotheka, ndiye kuti nsomba zotere zimangomudya msanga.
Pakadali zaka, plecostomus imapitilira msanga nsomba zina ndipo imayenera kusungidwa mumtsinje wake wopanda oyandikana nawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Plekostomus
Tsoka ilo, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kubereka kwa plekostomus, ndipo ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kubereketsa kwawo mu aquarium. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuswana mu ukapolo. Plecostomus nthawi zambiri sichimera m'madzi, koma imapangidwa m'madziwe ambiri, monga ku Southeast Asia ndi Florida.
Ndi nyama zopanga oviparous, kuthengo nthawi zambiri zimabala m'mapanga opangidwa ndi matabwa kapena miyala. Plekostomus amaikira mazira ochulukirapo pamalo athyathyathya. Amadziwika kukhetsa maiwe a dothi ndi kufukula kwawo. Ku Texas, maenje a nyama izi ndi akuya mita 1.2-1.5. Maenje nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otsetsereka opanda dothi lamiyala, ndipo amawonekera makamaka m'mayiwe am'mizinda omwe asokonezeka kwambiri. Amuna amalondera phanga kapena kuboola mpaka mazira atuluka.
Kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa plecostomus pafupifupi mazira 3000. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazimayi zochokera mumtsinje wa San Marcos ku Texas kuyambira pa mazira 871 mpaka 3367. Amakhulupirira kuti Plecostomuses imabereka kangapo kwakanthawi. Mitundu ingapo yama oocyte idanenedwa ku Texas, kuwonetsa zochitika zingapo zobala. Nyengo yobala, kutengera kuchuluka kwa gonadosomatic, imayamba kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembara. M'madera awo, Plecostomuses amawonetsanso nthawi yopitilira miyezi isanu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula.
Plecostomus mwachangu amayenera kudyetsedwa zakudya zamapuloteni monga mphutsi, mchere wa nauplii shrimp, mapiritsi a algae, kapena disc disc. Thanki yapadera iyenera kupangidwira kuti abereke mwadala, ndipo amadzi am'madzi ayenera kuwadyetsa chakudya chamoyo kapena chachisanu kwa milungu ingapo kuti awongolere.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yayitali ya plecostomus ndi zaka 10 mpaka 15.
Adani achilengedwe a plecostomus
Chithunzi: Momwe plecostomus imawonekera
Plekostomus ikhoza kudyedwa ndi mbalame (cormorants, heron, ndi pelicans), alligator, ng'ona, otters, njoka zamadzi, akamba amchere amchere, ndi nsomba zolusa kuphatikizapo nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi nsomba zazikulu.
Zowononga zambiri zimakhala zovuta kumeza plekostomus chifukwa cha nsomba zam'madzi ndi zida zankhondo, ndipo zidadziwika kuti mbalame (pelicans) zidafa poyesa kumeza anthu akulu. Kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa ndikuteteza komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi nsombazi zikazunzidwa kapena kuwopsezedwa: zipsepse za msana ndizokhazikika ndipo zipsepse zimakulitsidwa, ndikupangitsa nsomba kukhala zazikulu ndikosavuta kuti adani amumeze.
Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo "plecostomus" limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kuti "pakamwa pakapindidwa", kutanthauza pakamwa pa nsomba iyi, yofanana ndi chikho chokoka, chomwe chili pansi pamutu pake.
Koma nthawi zambiri ma plekostomus okha ndi adani a nsomba zina. Mwachitsanzo, Dionda Diaboli (Mtsinje wa Mdyerekezi) ndi Fonticol's Eteostoma (Kasupe wa Darter) ali pangozi chifukwa chokhala ndi plecostomus. Mitunduyi imapikisana wina ndi mnzake kuti akhale ndi ufulu wolamulira chuma, ndipo ngwazi ya nthano yathu mosakayikira ipambana nkhondoyi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Plekostomus nsomba
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha plecostomus ku Texas chiri ku San Felipe Bay, Val Verde County. Chiyambireni kupezeka kwa tsambali, anthu akuchulukirachulukira, ndikuchepa kwamtundu umodzi kwamitundu yodya zachilengedwe. Madzi oyambira mumtsinje wa San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas akhala ndi anthu ambiri amtunduwu kwazaka zopitilira 50.
Ku Florida, plecostomus ndiye nyama zopambana kwambiri, zochulukirapo komanso zofala, pomwe anthu amafalikira pakatikati ndi kumwera kwa Florida. Poyerekeza, Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission (2015) idati anthu a Plecostomus, ngakhale adakhala ku Florida kuyambira zaka za 1950, sikofala, makamaka m'matauni a Miami-Dade ndi Hillsboro. ... Kuchuluka kwa anthu achikulire omwe adayambitsa kuchuluka kwa plecostomus kumayesedwa ngati malo okhalamo omwe akusokonezedwa ndi zinthu zosafunikira, monga malo osungira, mitsinje yamatauni, mayiwe am'mizinda ndi ngalande.
Zovuta za plecostomus pazachilengedwe zam'madzi zawonedwa chifukwa chakubweretsa anthu awo ku Texas (mitsinje ya San Antonio ndi San Marcos ndi mtsinje wa San Felipe). Plecostomus imatha kupikisana pazida (chakudya ndi malo okhala) ndi nsomba zachifundo komanso zamoyo zam'madzi, kusokoneza zisa, kudya mazira a nsomba zakomweko, ndikusokoneza mayendedwe a trophic ndi njinga zamchere m'malo okhala m'madzi.
Plecostomus imatha kusungitsa chuma chawo mumtsinje wa San Marcos chifukwa chakukula msanga kwa mitunduyo, kuchuluka kwake komanso kutalika kwa moyo. Kukula kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama zitha kuyimira phosphorous mu oligotrophic system ya Mtsinje wa San Marcos. Izi zitha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola zoyambirira mwa njira yochepetsera mbewu zamchere, zomwe zimatha kukhudzanso zokolola zachiwiri za mbewu zosatha. Mumtsinje wa San Antonio, a plecostomus amatenga nawo gawo pochepetsa miyala yamiyala yapakati yodyera Campostoma anomalum algae.
Plecostomus Ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi. Amakonda kudya ndere, komanso amakonda kudya nyama. Nthawi zina amatchedwa "osonkhanitsa zinyalala" chifukwa cha zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyeretsa komwe kumachitika pansi pamadzi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nsombayi ndimagona usiku wonse ndipo ili ndi chikope chapadera chomwe chimateteza masomphenya ake padzuwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/12/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/14/2019 pa 21:57
