Grane Kireni Ndi mbalame yokongola komanso yodabwitsa. Mbalamezi zimakondedwa komanso kulemekezedwa ndi anthu kuyambira kale kwambiri. Umboni wa izi ndi zojambula zamiyala zomwe zidasiyidwa ndi Pithecanthropus zaka 50-60 zikwi zapitazo. Komanso, zojambula zofananazo zidapezeka ndi asayansi m'makontinenti onse. Ku Igupto wakale, cranes imvi ankatchedwa "mbalame za dzuwa" ndipo amaperekedwa nsembe kwa milungu nthawi yapadera. Masiku ano, ndi anthu ochepa okha amene amawapembedza, koma ku Japan mbalamezi ndizofunika kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gray Crane
Grey crane (Grus grus) ndi ya banja la Cranes. Iyi ndi mbalame yodabwitsa kwambiri, yoposa mita imodzi kutalika kwake ndi mapiko otalika mpaka mita ziwiri. Amuna amatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 6 ndipo akazi mpaka 5 kg. Palibe mawonekedwe azakugonana mbalame kupatula kulemera ndi kukula kwake. Pafupifupi nthenga zonse za kireni wamba ndi imvi kapena imvi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zizitha kubisala pakati pa nyama zolusa zam'mapiri komanso zam'madzi.
Kanema: Grey Crane
Msana ndi mchira wa kireni ndi wakuda pang'ono kuposa mtundu wa nthenga zazikulu, ndipo mimba ndi mapiko ndizopepuka pang'ono, mapikowo ali ndi mtundu wa nthenga zazikulu zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda m'mphepete mwake ngati malire. Komanso chakuda, mwina pang'ono mumdima wakuda, mbali yakutsogolo ya mutu wa mbalameyi imapangidwa utoto. Kumbuyo kumakhala kotuwa. Kumbali ya mutu kuli mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera yoyambira yomwe imayambira pansi pa maso mpaka kumapeto kwa khosi.
Mulibe nthenga mbali ya parietal pamutu pa crane, ndipo khungu la dazi lili ndi mtundu wofiyira ofiira womwe umawoneka ngati kapu yaying'ono yofiira. Mlomo wa mbalameyo ndi wopepuka, pafupifupi woyera. Miyendo ndi yakuda. Zigawo za cranes imvi zimasiyana ndi achikulire ang'ono pang'ono kukula komanso pamaso pamapeto pake pa nthenga pamutu ndi m'khosi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chomera chodziwika bwino, geranium, adachipatsa dzina loti crane.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi crane imvi imawoneka bwanji
Monga tanenera kale, akazi ndi amuna pafupifupi samasiyana wina ndi mnzake. Mtundu wa mbalame mu mbalame zazikulu zimakhala zotuwa, madera ena okha ndi akuda kapena oyera. Khosi la cranes ndi lalitali, m'malo mwake ndi locheperako, titha kunena - lokongola. Mbali yambali ya mutu wa mbalame ndi yamadazi, yomwe siyomwe ili mbali yamtunduwu, chifukwa "kapu" yotereyi imapezeka mumitundu ina yambiri ya mbalamezi. Maso a cranes ndi ang'ono, amakhala pambali pamutu, mdima, pafupifupi wakuda, wokhala ndi chingwe chofiira.
Mbali zazikulu za Crane wamba:
- pakhosi ndi pamutu pali mikwingwirima yoyera yowoneka bwino iwiri yomwe imayenda mbali kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi pansi;
- kutalika - mpaka 115 cm;
- mapiko - mpaka 200 cm;
- kulemera kwamwamuna - 6 kg, kulemera kwazimayi - 5 kg;
- kutalika kwa milomo - mpaka 30 cm;
- muubwana, maulawo ndi otuwa, koma okhala ndi utoto wofiyira;
- khungu paws ndi mtundu wakuda imvi kapena wakuda;
- nthunzi za imvi, zomwe zimathandiza kubisala pakati pa udzu wamtali ndi nkhalango zamitengo;
- nthawi ya moyo - mpaka zaka 40;
- Kutha msinkhu kumachitika ali ndi zaka 3-6;
- kutalika kwa mtunda wothamanga patsiku - mpaka 800 km;
- panthawi ya kusungunuka (chilimwe), kutayika kwa nthenga zonse zoyambirira ndizodziwika, chifukwa chake mbalame sizimatha kuwuluka kwakanthawi ndikungoyenda pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Mwachilengedwe, cranes imvi amatha kukhala zaka 20 mpaka 40, ndipo mu ukapolo, mbalame zimakhala zaka 80.
Kodi crane imakhazikika kuti?
Chithunzi: Crane yaimvi ya mbalame
Malo omwe crane wamba amakhala ku Europe (kumpoto chakum'mawa) ndi Asia (kumpoto). Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimabisala ku Africa (kumpoto), Pakistan, Korea, India, Vietnam, ndi chilumba cha Iberia. Malo okonda mbalame okhalamo amakhala ozizira kwambiri m'madambo, mitsinje yamadzi ndi nyanja. Amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi mitengo ya alder. Pofunafuna chakudya, cranes nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo olimapo.
Makungu akuda ndi mbalame zosamuka. Kawiri pachaka - nthawi yophukira ndi masika, zimauluka mtunda wautali kuchokera kumalo osungira zisa kupita kumalo ozizira komanso mosemphanitsa, zomwe zimafunikira ndalama zambiri zamagetsi. Pachifukwa ichi, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zikuluzikulu zambiri (mpaka anthu masauzande angapo) amasonkhana m'malo otetezeka ndikupuma, kupeza mphamvu asananyamuke. Malo otetezeka oterewa akhoza kukhala: zilumba, mchenga kulavulira, madambo akuya.
M'mawa, mbalame zimasonkhana m'mphepete ndikuwulukira kumalo odyetserako ziweto, ndipo madzulo zimabweranso m'mphepete mwa usiku. Munthawi imeneyi, mbalame sizikhala ndi nkhawa ndi kupezeka kwa anthu kuthengo kapena kupezeka kwa zida zosiyanasiyana. Inali nthawi ino yomwe mutha kuwawona ali pafupi, komanso kumva mawu awo. Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti zigawo zakumpoto komanso koyambirira kwa Okutobala zigawo zakumwera, cranes zimasamukira kumwera. Pokhala ndi mapiko otambalala, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yowuluka momwe mafunde ofunda (ma thermals) amagwidwa, kuwathandiza kuti azisunga mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu zawo momwe angathere.
Kuuluka kwa ma cranes kumwera ndichosangalatsa: gululo limanyamuka mwadzidzidzi, limayamba kuzungulira, kutulutsa kurlyk, kukwera mmwamba ndikwezeka pamafunde amlengalenga, kulunjika mphete mpaka itasowa kwathunthu kumwamba.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe crane imvi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi crane imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crane crane pothawa
Cranes yakuda ndi mbalame za omnivorous, motero mndandanda wawo ndiwosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira nyengo.
M'nthawi yachilimwe-chilimwe, zimakhazikitsidwa ndi:
- zinyama zazing'ono - achule, mbewa, abuluzi, njoka, nsomba, anapiye;
- zamoyo zopanda mphamvu - mphutsi, molluscs, crustaceans;
- zipatso za mitengo ndi zitsamba - zipatso, mtedza, acorn, mbewu;
- mphukira, masamba, maluwa a chithaphwi;
- tizilombo, komanso mphutsi zawo.
M'dzinja, asananyamuke nyengo yachisanu, kireni amadyetsa makamaka m'minda, momwe amadya mbewu zambiri za mbewu zaulimi ndi zokometsera za mbatata zomwe zimatsalira atakolola. Chakudya china chokondedwa cha cranes panthawiyi ndi mbande za tirigu m'nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chake, menyu yophukira yayikulu kwambiri imathandizira magalasi kuti apeze nyonga ndi nyonga asananyamuke.
Ngati pali minda yodzala ndi tirigu pafupi ndi malo okhala cranes, ndiye kuti mbalamezo zimayesera kudyetsa kumeneko, ngakhale kuwopseza zokolola. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ethiopia, kuwukira kwakanthawi kwa kabare wamba m'minda yomwe yangobzalidwa sikungakhale tsoka lonse. Makamaka mukawona kuti kulibe malo ambiri oyenera ulimi (pambuyo pake, Africa), ndipo miyezo yamoyo mdziko muno ndiyotsika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gray crane kuchokera ku Red Book
Cranes amakonda kukhala ndi chisa m'madambo kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje. Nthawi zina, chisa cha cranes chimapezeka pafupi ndi munda wa tirigu, makamaka ngati pali madzi pafupi. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha malo obisalapo ndikuti ziyenera kutetezedwa bwino.
Nthawi yodzala zisawawa imayamba molawirira - kumapeto kwa Marichi. Mbalame zingapo, pofika pang'ono kufika ndikupuma, zimayamba kumanga chisa. Cranes amathanso kubwerera ku chisa chawo chakale ngati sichingasinthe. Mtunda pakati pa zisa umatsatiridwa. Amatha kupezeka wina ndi mnzake mkati mwa utali wosachepera 1 km, kapena kupitilira apo. Cranes imvi nthawi zambiri amasankha malo azisamba pamapiri okutidwa ndi masamba owirira.
Chaka chilichonse, atasakaniza mazira ndi kudyetsa anapiye, akuluakulu amayamba kusungunuka. Munthawi imeneyi, mbalame zimalephera kuuluka, chifukwa amataya nthenga zonse zowuluka. Pa nthawi ya molting, pazifukwa zachitetezo, amayesa kupita kumalo ovuta kufikako. Nthenga zazikulu za mbalame zimayambiranso nyengo yozizira isanayambike, ndipo yaying'ono imapitilira kukula pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Makanema achichepere molt mosiyana: nthenga zawo zimasintha pang'ono pasanathe zaka ziwiri. M'chaka chachitatu cha moyo, amadzipereka ngati achikulire.
Chosangalatsa cha ma cranes amvi ndi mawu awo. Awa ndi mawu olira kwambiri a lipenga omwe amatha kumveka mkati mwa utali wopitilira 2 km. Mothandizidwa ndi izi (kurlykany), ma cranes amalumikizana, amachenjeza abale awo za zoopsa, itanani okondedwa awo munyengo yokhwima.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Family of Cranes Common
Cranes yakuda ndi mbalame zomwe zimakonda maubale amodzi. Maanja amapangika kwa moyo wonse ndipo amasiyana pokhapokha m'modzi mwa awiriwa atamwalira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cranes amafunafuna wokwatirana akadali m'malo ozizira. Zisa za mbalame nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa paphiri laling'ono, lokulirapo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Zomangira zisa: moss, peat, nthambi zowuma. Chisa ndi chotchinga chosazungulira chofika mita imodzi.
Pambuyo pa masewera olimbirana, limodzi ndi nyimbo ndi kuswana, mkaziyo amaikira mazira 1 mpaka 3 pachisa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika mkatikati mwa Meyi. Nthawi yosakaniza nthawi zambiri imatenga masiku 30-35. Zonse zazimuna ndi zazimuna zimasanganiza mazira. Pomwe kholo limodzi limathawa kukadya ndikutsuka nthenga, lachiwiri limakhala pachisa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi yonseyi, mapiko a cranes amaphimba nthenga zawo ndi matope ndi cholinga choti azibisala ndi kudziteteza kwa adani.
Anapiye nthawi zambiri amatsegulira masiku angapo atasiyana. Amakula molingana ndi mtundu wa ana okhaokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anapiye onse akauma ndikutha kuyenda, nthawi yomweyo amasiya chisa ndikutsatira akuluakulu kulikonse. Makolo amapeza chakudya ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawadyetsa ana omwe akutsatira.
Atangobadwa, anapiye a crane imvi amaphimbidwa ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri, lomwe limasintha kukhala nthenga pakatha miyezi ingapo. Anapiye akangokhala ndi nthenga, amatha kuuluka ndikudyera okha.
Adani achilengedwe a crane wamba
Chithunzi: Gray Cranes
Akuluakulu a cranes otuwa ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe, chifukwa ndi mbalame zazikulu, zochenjera, zowuluka bwino. Ndi chilichonse, ngakhale chiwopsezo chaching'ono, ma cranes amayamba kufuula, kudziwitsa abale awo ndikukwera kumwamba, komwe amakhala otetezeka. Ngati nyama iliyonse ili pafupi ndi chisa, m'modzi mwa makolowo amayesetsa kumutenga, kutsanzira wovulalayo.
Komabe, magulu a mazira ndi ana aang'ono nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Khwangwala, ziwombankhanga, akabawi, ziwombankhanga zagolide, nkhandwe, nguluwe zakutchire, mimbulu, zotchinga, agalu amphaka amatha kuwononga zisa ndikusaka anapiye. Komanso, cranes ambiri amatha kuwopsezedwa ndi anthu, popeza mbalame nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'minda yomwe yabzala kumene, kudya ana, osaphukira mbewu zambewu. Pakati panjira iyi si vuto - kufupi ndi chakudya china chokwanira, chanyama ndi chomera.
Ku Africa, chifukwa cha nyengo yake yotentha, kuli chakudya chochepa kwambiri chamoyo. Chifukwa chake, ma crane akuda nthawi zambiri amalowa minda ya alimi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri ku Ethiopia, popeza ma crane ambiri amvi amapita kudera lino kukakhala nyengo yachisanu. Alimi, powona gulu lonse lankhandwe m'minda yawo ndikuyesera kuteteza mbewu zawo, amangowombera ambiri, ngakhale ndizoletsedwa mwalamulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi crane imvi imawoneka bwanji
Masiku ano, anthu okhala ndi crane wamba padziko lapansi ali opitilira 250 zikwi. Ambiri mwa iwo amakonda kukhala pachisa m'misasa yaku Scandinavia ndi Russia.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa manambala ndikuchepa kwa malo achilengedwe, omwe amakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu (ngalande zamadambo, kumanga madamu, kudula mitengo kwakukulu, kuwombera kosaloledwa).
Zonsezi, kuchuluka kwa ma cranes ofiira kudatsika kwambiri mzaka za m'ma 60-70 mzaka zapitazi, ndipo zidachitika chifukwa chakukumbukiridwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi komwe kumachitika m'mazipembedzo a USSR wakale pofunafuna kukulitsa malo olima achonde komanso chikhumbo cha utsogoleri wadziko lino kukwaniritsa zomwe nthawi zina sizingatheke pazachuma chomwe chidakonzedwa.
Crane wamba amalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine, Red Book of Belarus, komanso Red Book of the Saratov Region (Russia), motetezedwa "Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi kuchuluka kokhazikika komanso malo ochepa".
Cranes nthawi zonse amapita kudera la Saratov kuti apange mazira ndi kuswana anapiye. Munthawi imeneyi, magulu ambiri a mbalamezi amadziwika m'chigawochi. Chiwerengero cha cranes imvi chokhala m'malo otetezedwa chimasinthasintha pazaka, koma chonsecho sichinasinthe, ndiye kuti, sichikuwonjezeka, koma sichicheperanso.
Chitetezo cha Cranes Common
Chithunzi: Gray crane kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa crane wamba padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuli pang'onopang'ono, kukucheperachepera. Vutoli ndilofunika kwambiri m'maiko aku Europe, gawo la Europe la Russian Federation, ku Central Asia, komwe madambo ndi mitsinje yaying'ono imawuma komanso chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe, potero kumachepetsa malire a magawo oyenera kukhala ndi moyo komanso kukaikira mbalamezi.
M'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikiza malo okhala nkhwani wamba, kusaka mbalamezi ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Komabe, ku Israel ndi ku Ethiopia, alimi sakukhutira ndi izi, omwe cranes zawo zimawombera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti adyetse.
Bungwe la International Fund for Conservation of Cranes likuyesetsa kuthetsa nkhaniyi mwanjira yoti aliyense akhutire. Crane wamba ali pamndandanda wapadera wa CITES (World Conservation Union) ndipo ali ndi mtundu wa mitundu, mayendedwe ndi kugulitsa komwe sikuletsedwa popanda chilolezo chapadera.
Pozindikira kuchuluka kwa cranes wamba, mabungwe onse apadziko lonse lapansi adateteza mbalame, pomaliza "Mgwirizano wosunga mbalame zam'madzi zosamukira" pakati pawo, ndikuphatikizanso mtundu uwu mu International Red Book.
Pa Greece Yakale imvi crane anali mnzake wanthawi zonse wa milungu yambiri, monga Apollo, Hermes, Demeter. Agiriki akale amawona mbalamezi ngati amithenga a masika ndi kuwala, chizindikiro cha luntha ndi kukhala tcheru. Wolemba ndakatulo wakale wachi Greek Homer anali wotsimikiza kuti zinsomba, zouluka kumwera m'nyengo yozizira, zimadya ma pygmy.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/12/2019
Tsiku losintha: 14.08.2019 nthawi ya 22:00
