Guanaco - nyama yayikulu kwambiri yaku South America yochokera ku ngamila, kholo la lama, yowetedwa zaka zoposa 6,000 zapitazo Amwenye a Quechua. Ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri yamakamera ku South America. Adakhala ku kontrakitala kwazaka zopitilira mamiliyoni awiri. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za nyama yodabwitsayi, onani izi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Guanaco
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) ("Wanaku" m'Chisipanishi) ndi nyama yonyowa yomwe imakhala ku South America yogwirizana kwambiri ndi llama. Dzinali limachokera kuchilankhulo cha amwenye achi Quechua. Awa ndi mawu akuti huanaco momwe amawonekera kale, kalembedwe kake kakuwoneka ngati wanaku). Ma guanacos achichepere amatchedwa gulengos.
Guanaco ili ndi subspecies zinayi zolembetsedwa mwalamulo:
- l. g. guanike;
- l. cacsilensis;
- l. voglii;
- l. huanacus.
Mu 1553, nyamayo idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wopambana waku Spain Cieza de Leon mu opus Chronicle yake ku Peru. Zomwe anapeza m'zaka za zana la 19 zidalola kuti zidziwike ndi nyama zakufa zakale za Paleogene zakumpoto kwa America, zomwe zidathandiza kumvetsetsa mbiri yoyambirira ya banja lamakamelo. Fuko la lamas, kuphatikiza ma guanacos, sikuti limangokhala ku South America kokha. Zotsalira zanyama zapezeka m'malo okhala a Pleistocene ku North America. Ena mwa akale akale a guanacos anali okulirapo kuposa mawonekedwe amakono.
Kanema: Guanaco
Mitundu yambiri idatsalira ku North America nthawi ya Ice Ages. Ma camelids aku North America akuphatikiza mtundu umodzi womwe watha, Hemiauchenia, wofanana ndi Tanupolama. Ndi mtundu wa ngamila zomwe zidapangidwa ku North America nthawi ya Miocene pafupifupi zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyama zoterezi zinali zofala pakati pa nyama zakumwera kwa North America zaka 25,000 zapitazo. Nyama zonga ngamila zatsatiridwa kuchokera kuzamoyo zamasiku onse kubwerera m'mafomu oyambirira a Miocene.
Makhalidwe awo adakhala ambiri, ndipo adataya omwe adawasiyanitsa ndi ngamila m'mbuyomu. Palibe zakale zakale zamtunduwu zomwe zapezeka ku Old World, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti North America inali nyumba yoyamba ya ngamila komanso kuti ngamila za Old World zidadutsa mlatho wopita ku Bering Isthmus. Mapangidwe a Isthmus of Panama adalola ngamila kufalikira ku South America. Ngamila za ku North America zidatha kumapeto kwa Pleistocene.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe guanaco imawonekera
Monga ngamila zonse, ma guanacos ali ndi khosi lalitali komanso lowonda komanso miyendo yayitali. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 90 mpaka 130 cm m'mapewa ndi kulemera kwa 90 mpaka 140 kg, ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amapezeka kumpoto kwa Peru komanso akulu kwambiri kumwera kwa Chile. Chovalacho chimayambira pakati pa kuwala kofiira ndi kofiira kofiira ndi utoto wofiira pachifuwa, mimba ndi miyendo ndi imvi kapena zakuda pamutu. Ngakhale mawonekedwe anyamayo ali ofanana mumitundu yonse, mitundu yonseyo imatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kutengera dera. Palibe mawonekedwe azakugonana kukula kapena mtundu wa thupi, ngakhale amuna ali ndi ma canine okulitsa kwambiri.
Ngamila zili ndi mitu yaying'ono, yopanda nyanga, ndi milomo yogawanika chapamwamba. Ma camelids aku South America amasiyanitsidwa ndi anzawo ku Old World posakhala ndi hump, kukula pang'ono ndi miyendo yopyapyala. Guanacos ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa ma alpaca komanso okulirapo kuposa ma vicuñas, koma ocheperako komanso owopsa kuposa ma llamas. Mu guanacos ndi llamas, ma incisors apansi amakhala ndi mizu yotseka, ndipo mawonekedwe a labial ndi zilankhulo za korona iliyonse amakongoletsedwa. Vicuñas ndi alpaca ali ndi zotengera zazitali komanso zokulirapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Guanacos ali ndi khungu lakuda pakhosi pawo. Izi zimateteza ku chiwonongeko cha adani. Anthu aku Bolivia amagwiritsa ntchito chikopa ichi popanga zidendene za nsapato.
Pofuna kuthana ndi nyengo yovuta komanso yosinthasintha yomwe amakumana nayo, ma guanacos apanga kusintha komwe kumapangitsa kuti athe kusintha mosintha kusintha kwachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, posintha momwe matupi awo alili, anthu amatha "kutsegula" kapena "kutseka" mtundu wamawindo otentha - madera aubweya wopyapyala kwambiri womwe umakhala kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwawo - kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa malo otseguka akhungu omwe amatha kusinthana ndi kutentha ndi chilengedwe chakunja. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwachangu kutenthe msanga kutentha kozungulira kukatsika.
Kodi guanaco amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Lama Guanaco
Guanaco ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, ngakhale yosasiya, kuyambira kumpoto kwa Peru kupita ku Navarino kumwera kwa Chile, kuchokera kunyanja ya Pacific kumpoto chakumadzulo mpaka ku Atlantic Ocean kumwera chakum'mawa, komanso kuchokera kunyanja mpaka mamita 5000 m'mapiri a Andes. ... Komabe, kufalikira kwa guanacos kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu.
Kusaka kosalekeza, kugawanika kwa malo okhala, mpikisano ndi ziweto zapafamu, ndikuyika mipanda kwachepetsa kugawa kwa guanacos mpaka 26% yamtundu wake woyambirira. Zachidziwikire, anthu ambiri akumaloko awonongedwa, ndikupanga malo obalalika kwambiri m'malo ambiri.
Kufalitsa kwa guanacos ndi dziko:
- Peru. Anthu akumpoto kwambiri ku guanaco ku South America. Zimapezeka ku Kalipui National Park mu dipatimenti ya Libertad. Kum'mwera, anthu amafika ku Salinas Aguada Blanca National Reserve m'madipatimenti a Arequipa ndi Moquegua;
- Bolivia. Chiwerengero cha guanacos chosungidwa m'chigawo cha Chaco. Posachedwa, nyama zawonedwa kum'mwera kwa mapiri pakati pa Potosi ndi Chukisaka. Kupezeka kwa guanacos kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Tarija kunanenedwa;
- Paraguay. anthu ochepa okhala m'miyendo adalembedwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Chaco;
- Chile. Guanacos amapezeka m'mudzi wa Putre kumpoto chakumalire ndi Peru kupita pachilumba cha Navarino kudera lakumwera kwa Fueguana. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha guanaco ku Chile chakhazikika m'magawo a Magallanes ndi Aisen kumwera kwenikweni;
- Argentina. Ma guanacos ambiri padziko lapansi amakhala. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kumakhudza pafupifupi Patagonia yense waku Argentina, kuchuluka kwa anthu ku guanaco kumwazikana kwambiri kumadera akumpoto mdzikolo.
Guanacos amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pozolowera nyengo yovuta, ngamila zimatha kuthana ndi nyengo yosiyana kwambiri ya Chipululu cha Atacama ku Chile komanso nyengo yotentha ya Tierra del Fuego. Nyama zimakonda malo owuma, otseguka, kupewa malo otsetsereka ndi mapiri. Mwambiri, malowa amadziwika ndi mphepo yamphamvu komanso mvula yochepa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe guanaco amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nyama idya.
Kodi guanaco amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Guanaco mwachilengedwe
Guanacos ndi odyetsa nyama. Monga okhala madera okhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana, atha kugwiritsa ntchito magwero azakudya zosiyana siyana ndikuwonetsa machitidwe odyetsa omwe amasiyanasiyana mlengalenga komanso munthawi. Amapezeka m'malo anayi mwa khumi a South America: minda yamapululu ndi youma, mapiri ndi madambo, nkhalango ndi nkhalango zotentha. M'mapiri a Andes, mitundu iwiri ya shrub, Colletia spinosissima ndi Mulinum Spinosum, ndi yomwe imadya kwambiri chaka chonse.
Komabe, zakudya zomwe amakonda sizikupezeka, ma guanacos adzadyedwa:
- bowa;
- ndere;
- maluwa;
- cacti;
- zipatso.
Kuphatikiza zakudya zomwe mumadya nthawi zonse ndi zitsamba ndi izi. Zakudya zabwino za mitunduyo komanso kagayidwe kabwino ka mphamvu zamadzi zidawathandiza kupulumuka m'malo ovuta, kuphatikiza nyengo zowuma kwambiri. Anthu ena amakhala m'chipululu cha Atacama, komwe sikugwa mvula m'malo ena kwazaka zopitilira 50.
Mphepete mwa nyanja yamapiri, yomwe imayendera limodzi ndi chipululu, imawalola kuti apulumuke m'malo otchedwa "oog fogg". Kumene madzi ozizira amakumana ndi nthaka yotentha ndipo mpweya umazizira m'chipululu, ndikupanga chifunga motero ndi nthunzi yamadzi. Mphepo yamkuntho imawomba chifunga m'chipululu, ndipo cacti imagwira madontho amadzi. Nthawi yomweyo, ndere zomwe zimamatira ku cacti zimamwa chinyezi ngati siponji. Guanacos amadya ndere ndi maluwa a nkhadze.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Guanaco alpaca
Guanacos ali ndi machitidwe osinthasintha, machitidwe awo amatha kukhala pansi kapena kusamukira kwina, kutengera kupezeka kwa chakudya chaka chonse. Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, amapezeka m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: magulu am'magulu, magulu amphongo, ndi amuna amodzi. Magulu am'banja amatsogozedwa ndi amuna akulu akulu ndipo amakhala ndi akazi achikulire osiyanasiyana komanso achinyamata.
Amuna achikulire osabereka, opanda zigawo amapanga magulu amphongo a anthu 3 mpaka 60 ndipo amadyera m'malo osiyana. Amuna okhwima omwe ali ndi gawo koma palibe akazi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amuna okhaokha, ndipo amatha kupanga magulu pafupifupi anthu atatu. Momwe zachilengedwe zimakhalira zimakhazikitsa gulu pambuyo pobereka. M'madera omwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso chakudya chokhazikika, anthu amakhala mokhazikika, ndipo amuna amaberekana, kuteteza magawo awo azakudya.
Chosangalatsa: Guanacos nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumtunda wapamwamba, mpaka 4000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Kuti akhale ndi mpweya wochepa, magazi awo amakhala ndi maselo ofiira ofiira. Supuni ya tiyi ya magazi a nyama ili ndi maselo ofiira pafupifupi 68 biliyoni, omwe ndi kanayi kuposa anthu.
Amayi amatha kuchoka kukapanga magulu azisanu a anthu 10 mpaka 95. M'madera omwe chilala kapena chipale chofewa chimachepetsa kupezeka kwa chakudya, ma guanacos amapanga magulu osakanikirana okwana 500 ndikusamukira kumadera otetezedwa kapena olemera. Kusamuka kumeneku kumatha kukhala kopingasa kapena kopingasa, kutengera nyengo ndi madera. Pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pamakulidwe anyumba kuderalo. Kum'mawa kwa Patagonia, kukula kwake kumakhala pakati pa 4 mpaka 9 km², pomwe kumadzulo kwa Patagonia ndikukula kuposa kawiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Guanaco Cub
Amuna amateteza malo omwe amadyetsedwa kuti asalandidwe ndi amuna achilendo. Maderawa, omwe amateteza ku zilombo zolusa komanso amatumikiranso ngati chakudya choberekera akazi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 0.07 ndi 0.13 km². Amakhala otanganidwa mwina chaka chonse kapena nyengo ndi mabanja.
Ngakhale dzinalo, mamembala am'banja linalake sali pachibale. Gulu lirilonse limakhala ndi gawo lamwamuna m'modzi komanso akazi ndi ana. Chiwerengero chonse cha achikulire kuyambira 5 mpaka 13. Amuna amakhala gawo lazaka zapakati pa 4 ndi 6. Ma canine owonjezera amphongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma duel.
Khalidwe laukali mu ma guanacos amuna limaphatikizapo:
- Kulavulira (mpaka 2 m);
- kuopseza kukhazikika;
- kutsatira ndi kuthawa;
- kuluma pa miyendo, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi khosi la otsutsa;
- kuwomba thupi;
- kulimbana kwa khosi.
Mitundu ya Guanacos imaswana kamodzi pachaka. Kukondana kumachitika m'magulu am'banja kuyambira koyambirira kwa Disembala mpaka koyambirira kwa Januware. Anawo amabadwa mu Novembala kapena Disembala. Nthawi ya bere ndi miyezi 11.5, mkaziyo amabala mwana wa ng'ombe kamodzi pachaka, wolemera pafupifupi 10% ya kulemera kwa amayi. Mapasa ndi osowa kwambiri. Chifukwa chokhala ndi pakati kwanthawi yayitali, anawo amatha kuyimirira mphindi 5-76 atabereka. Anawo amayamba kudyetsa masabata angapo atabadwa, ndipo pakadutsa miyezi 8 amadyetsa okha. Akazi achichepere a Guanaco amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri. Amuna ali ndi zaka 2-6. Chaka chilichonse, 75% ya akazi achikulire ndi 15 mpaka 20% ya amuna achikulire amaswana.
Ku guanacos, ana aamuna ndi akazi onse satulutsidwa m'mabanja kumapeto kwa masika kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe, ali pakati pa miyezi 11 ndi 15. Amayi azimayi apachaka nthawi zambiri amayenda okha kapena limodzi pakati pa amuna okhaokha. Kapenanso, atha kulowa nawo magulu azimayi kapena mabanja. Amuna azaka chimodzi amalowa nawo magulu azimuna, komwe amakhala zaka 1 mpaka 3, kukulitsa maluso awo omenyera mwa kusewera mwamakani.
Adani achilengedwe a guanaco
Chithunzi: Banja la Guanaco
Zowononga zazikulu za guanacos ndi cougars, omwe amakhala nawo m'malo awo onse, kupatula chilumba cha Navarino ndi zilumba zina za Tierra del Fuego. M'madera ena, nyama yamtchire imakhala pafupifupi 80% yakufa kwa ng'ombe. Ngakhale ma cougars akhala okhawo ovomerezeka odyetsa kwa zaka zambiri, ofufuza posachedwapa anenapo za nkhandwe za achinyamata ndi nkhandwe za Andean, zomwe zimapezeka ku Tierra del Fuego, komanso madera ena a guanaco.
Chosangalatsa: Amayi aku Guanaco amatenga gawo lofunikira poteteza ana awo kuzilombo. Kupsinjika kwa amayi kwa omwe angadye nyama kumaphatikizapo kuwaopseza, kulavulira, kuwukira ndi kumenya mateche. Izi zimathandizira kwambiri kupulumuka kwa ma guanacos achichepere.
Kwa ma guanacos, moyo wamagulu ndi njira yofunikira yolimbana ndi adani. Chifukwa chodziwa msanga malo oopsa, omwe amakhala m'magulu amatha kukhala nthawi yocheperako komanso nthawi yochuluka kufunafuna chakudya kuposa anthu okhala okha. Ku guanacos, choyambirira kuchita kwa omwe angathe kuwononga ndi kuthawa. Chithunzicho chimayang'anitsitsa kulumikizana ndi nyamayo mpaka itayandikira, kenako nkuwomba alamu kuti ichenjeze gulu lonselo ndi kuthawa.
Njirayi ndiyothandiza polimbana ndi ma cougars omwe samathamangitsa nyama zawo mtunda wautali. Mosiyana ndi njira yolusa kwambiri ya nyama zazing'ono monga nkhandwe za Andes. Mlandu udalembedwa pomwe achikulire a guanacos adatenga nawo gawo podzitchinjiriza polimbana ndi nkhandwe. Anamuyimitsa, kumukankha, ndipo pamapeto pake adamuthamangitsa, zomwe zidalepheretsa guanaco wachichepere kutsatira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe guanaco imawonekera
Popeza ma guanacos adakalipo ku South America, amadziwika kuti Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kwambiri. Komabe, kuyang'anira mosamala anthu akumaloko ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa kuchuluka. Izi ndizowona makamaka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kogwira ndikumeta ubweya wamtundu wina wamtchire, womwe ungakhale ndi zotsatira zoyipa zina kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Guanacos amapatsidwa ulemu chifukwa chofewa, kutentha kwakumva. Ili pamalo achiwiri atavala vicuna. Zobisika, makamaka ana ankhosa amtunduwu, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa zikopa zofiira zambwe chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa ndi kapangidwe kake. Monga ma llamas, ma guanacos amakhala ndi malaya awiri okhala ndi tsitsi lakuthwa komanso mkanjo wofewa.
Anthu guanaco Komanso pakuwopseza kufalitsa matenda kuchokera ku ziweto, kusaka kwambiri, makamaka pakhungu la ma gulengos ang'onoang'ono. Kupulumuka kwawo kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka chifukwa cha ulimi wambiri komanso kudyetsa nkhosa kwambiri. Maofesi omangidwa ndi oweta ziweto amasokoneza njira zosamukira ku guanacos ndikupha ana awo, omwe amakodwa ndi mawaya. Chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwaumunthu, ma guanacos tsopano amakhala ndi zochepera 40% zamtundu wawo woyambirira, ndipo anthu omwe alipo kale amakhala ochepa ndipo amagawika kwambiri. Maboma aku Argentina, Bolivia, Chile ndi Peru amayang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ma guanacos amtchire m'malire awo, koma kukhazikitsa malamulo sikuyendetsedwa bwino ndipo malo ambiri ku guanaco satetezedwa bwino.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/12/2019
Tsiku losintha: 08/14/2019 ku 22:10
