Chilombo chokhala ndi dzina loyipa sichikupezeka - nkhandwe yoopsa anafa zikwi zambiri zapitazo. Anakhala ku North America nthawi yoyambirira ya Pleistocene. M'mbiri yonse ya Dziko Lapansi, inali imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinali (malinga ndi gulu lovomerezeka) ku canine. Ndipo mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wa nkhandwe (Caninae).
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: nkhandwe yoopsa
Ngakhale kuti pali kufanana kwina ndi nkhandwe imvi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "abale" awiriwa - omwe, mwanjira ina, adathandizira mtundu umodzi kuti upulumuke ndikutsogolera pakutha kwa anthu chirombo chowopsa komanso chowopsa. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa mawoko a nkhandwe inali yayifupi pang'ono, ngakhale inali yamphamvu kwambiri. Koma chigaza chinali chaching'ono - poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe imvi yofanana. Kutalika, nkhandwe yoopsa idapambana mmbulu wakuda, kufikira pafupifupi 1.5 m.
Kanema: Dire Wolf
Kuchokera pa izi zonse, zitha kumveka zomveka - mimbulu yoyipa idafika kukula kwakukulu ndi yayikulu kwambiri (kwa ife mimbulu imvi), yolemera (yosinthidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse) pafupifupi 55-80 kg. Inde, morphologically (ndiye kuti, potengera kapangidwe ka thupi), mimbulu yoyipa inali yofanana kwambiri ndi mimbulu yakuda imvi, koma mitundu iwiriyi, siyofanana kwenikweni monga imawonekera poyamba. Kungoti chifukwa anali ndi malo osiyana - nyumba yamakedzana inali Eurasia, ndipo mawonekedwe a nkhandwe yoyipa adapangidwa ku North America.
Pamaziko a izi, mawu otsatirawa akudziwonetsera okha: Mitundu yakale ya nkhandwe yoyipa yapachibale idzakhala pafupi ndi mphalapala (waku America) kuposa nkhandwe imvi yaku Europe. Koma ndi zonsezi, munthu sayenera kuiwala kuti nyama zonsezi ndi za mtundu umodzi - Canis ndipo zimayandikana wina ndi mnzake munjira zingapo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mmbulu wowoneka bwino
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa nkhandwe yowopsya ndi chibadwa chake chamakono kunali kufanana kwa morphometric - wolusa wakale anali ndi mutu wokulirapo pang'ono wolingana ndi thupi. Komanso, ma molars ake anali okulira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mimbulu imvi ndi amphaka aku North America. Ndiye kuti, chigaza cha nkhandwe yoopsa chikuwoneka ngati chigaza chachikulu kwambiri cha nkhandwe imvi, koma thupi (ngati latengedwa molingana) ndi laling'ono.
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zakale amakhulupirira kuti mimbulu yoopsa idadya zokhazokha, koma si asayansi onse omwe ali ndi malingaliro awa. Kumbali imodzi, inde, mano awo akulu odabwitsa amachitira umboni zonyansa zakutchire (akuyang'ana chigaza, muyenera kulabadira zomaliza zam'mbuyomu ndi mandibular molars). Umboni wina (ngakhale wosakhala mwachindunji) wowona nyama izi ukhoza kukhala wowerengeka. Chowonadi ndichakuti pakupanga mawonekedwe a nkhandwe yoopsa ku North America, agalu amtundu wa Borophagus amatha - omwe amadya zakufa.
Koma zitha kukhala zomveka kuganiza kuti mimbulu yoyipa ndiyomwe imangobowoleza. Mwina amayenera kudya nyama zakufa nthawi zambiri kuposa mimbulu imvi, koma nyama izi sizinali zoyenera (mwanjira ina, akatswiri) obisala (mwachitsanzo, afisi kapena mimbulu).
Kufanana kwa imvi ndi nkhandwe zimawonedwa pamakhalidwe am'mutu. Koma mano a chilombo chakale anali okulirapo, ndipo mphamvu yoluma inali yayikulu kuposa onse odziwika (kuyambira omwe adatsimikiza mimbulu). Mawonekedwe amano adapereka mimbulu yoopsa yokhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, imatha kupweteketsa zilonda zowononga kuposa ziwombankhanga zamakono.
Kodi nkhandwe yoopsa inkakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yoyipa yakuda
Malo okhala mimbulu inali North ndi South America - nyama izi zimakhala m'makontinenti awiri pafupifupi zaka 100,000 BC. Nthawi ya "kutukuka" kwamitundu yoyipa ya nkhandwe idagwera munthawi ya Pleistocene nyengo. Izi zitha kuunikidwa posanthula zakale za nkhandwe zomwe zimapezeka pakufukula komwe kumachitika m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zakale zakale za nkhandwe zakumbidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa kontrakitala (maiko aku Florida) komanso kumwera kwa North America (dera, ichi ndi chigwa cha Mexico City). Monga mtundu wa "bonasi" pazomwe zapezedwa ku Rancho Labrea, zisonyezo zakupezeka kwa nyama izi ku California zidapezeka m'malo ozungulira a Pleistocene omwe ali ku Livermore Valley, komanso m'magawo azaka zofananira zomwe zili ku San Pedro. Zitsanzo zomwe zidapezeka ku California ndi Mexico City zinali zazing'ono ndipo zinali ndi miyendo yayifupi kuposa zomwe zimapezeka ku Central ndi kum'mawa kwa United States.
Mitundu yoyipa ya nkhandwe pamapeto pake inatha limodzi ndi kutha kwa mammoth megafauna pafupifupi zaka 10,000 BC. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa nkhandwe yayikulu ndikufa kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama zikuluzikulu munthawi yazaka zapitazo za Pleistocene, zomwe zimatha kukhutiritsa zilombo zazikulu. Ndiye kuti, banal njala idachita gawo lalikulu. Kuphatikiza pa izi, anthu omwe akutukuka mwachangu a Homo sapiens ndi mimbulu yodziwika bwino, zathandizira kuti nkhandwe yoopsa ngati mtundu wawo isoweke. Anali iwo (ndipo makamaka oyamba) omwe adakhala mpikisano watsopano wazakudya za mdani amene wasowa.
Ngakhale panali njira yabwino yosakira, mphamvu, ukali komanso kupirira, mimbulu yoyipa sinathe kutsutsa chilichonse kwa munthu wololera. Chifukwa chake, kukana kwawo kubwerera, komanso kudzidalira, adachita nthabwala yankhanza - olusa owopsawo adasandulika. Tsopano zikopa zawo zinkateteza anthu ku chimfine, ndipo mano awo adakhala zokongoletsa zachikazi. Mimbulu yakuda idakhala yanzeru kwambiri - idayamba kuthandiza anthu, ndikusandulika agalu oweta.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhandwe yoopsa inkakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe adadya.
Kodi nkhandwe yoopsa idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mimbulu yolusa
Chakudya chachikulu pamndandanda wa mimbulu yoyipa inali njati zakale komanso ma equid aku America. Komanso, nyamazi zinkadya nyama ya ma sloth akuluakulu komanso ngamila zakumadzulo. Nyama yayikulu imatha kukana ngakhale paketi ya mimbulu yolusa, koma mwana, kapena nyama yofooka yomwe yasochera pagulu, imatha kukhala chakudya cham'mawa cha mimbulu yolusa.
Njira zosaka sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe agalu agulu amagwiritsa ntchito kufunafuna chakudya. Popeza kuti chinyama ichi sichinanyoze ndikudya, pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti ndi njira yake yamoyo komanso kapezedwe kake, nkhandwe yowoneka yoopsa kwambiri imawoneka ngati fisi kuposa mmbulu womwewo.
Komabe, nkhandweyo inali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro ake odyera nyama kuchokera ku nyama zonse zomwe zidadya kuchokera kubanja lawo. Poganizira za madera a North America, ndi maenje ake owoneka bwino, momwe zidutswa zazikuluzikulu zidagwera, imodzi mwanjira zomwe zimakonda kwambiri kupeza chakudya cha nkhandwe zowopsa (monga obisalira ambiri) inali kudya nyama yokhazikika mumsampha.
Inde, nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama zambiri nthawi zambiri zimagwera mumisampha yachilengedwe, pomwe zolusa zimadya nyama zomwe zikufa popanda vuto lililonse, koma nthawi yomweyo zimafa nthawi zambiri, ndikumata phula. Kwa zaka makumi asanu, dzenje lililonse limayikidwa pafupifupi odyetsa 10-15, ndikusiya anthu am'nthawi yathu ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zophunzirira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kutha mimbulu yoyipa
D. guildayi, imodzi mwamagulu a nkhandwe ovuta omwe amakhala kumwera kwa United States ndi Mexico, nthawi zambiri nyama zonse zolusa zimagwera m'mayenje ofinya. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zakale apeza, zotsalira za nkhandwe zowopsa ndizofala kwambiri kuposa zotsalira za mimbulu imvi - chiwonetserochi cha 5 mpaka 1 chikuwonekera. Potengera izi, ziganizo ziwiri zikusonyeza.
Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa mimbulu nthawi imeneyo kunaposa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya nyama zolusa. Chachiwiri: poganizira kuti mimbulu yambiri iwonso idazunzidwa ndi maenje akuthwa, titha kuganiza kuti anali kusaka komwe amasonkhana m'magulu awo ndikudyetsa makamaka osati nyama zakufa, koma nyama zomwe zimagwidwa m'mayenje a bituminous.
Akatswiri a zamoyo akhazikitsa lamulo - nyama zonse zolusa zimasaka nyama yanyama yomwe kulemera kwake sikupitirira kulemera kwathunthu kwa mamembala onse a gulu lomwe likulimbana. Atasinthidwa kuti akwaniritse nkhandwe, akatswiri ofufuza zakale adazindikira kuti nyama yawo yolemera pafupifupi 300-600 kg.
Ndiye kuti, zinthu zomwe amakonda kwambiri (m'gulu lolemera) anali njati, komabe, ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya, mimbulu imakulitsa "menyu" wawo, kuyang'anira nyama zazikulu kapena zazing'ono.
Pali umboni kuti mimbulu yoyipa yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa m'maphukusi idafunafuna anamgumi osambitsidwa kumtunda ndikuwadya ngati chakudya. Poganizira kuti paketi ya mimbulu imvi imatafuna mphalapala yolemera makilogalamu 500, sikukanakhala kovuta paketi ya nyamazi kupha ngakhale njati yathanzi yomwe yasochera m'gululi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dire Wolf Cubs
Kafukufuku wa a Palaeontologists of thupi la nkhandwe komanso kukula kwa chigaza adazindikira mawonekedwe azikhalidwe. Mapeto ake akuwonetsa kuti mimbulu imakhala m'magulu awiri okha. Posaka nyama zolusa zimagwiranso ntchito awiriawiri - ofanana ndi mimbulu imvi ndi agalu a dingo. "Msana" wamagulu omwe anali kuwukira anali awiriawiri amuna ndi akazi, ndipo mimbulu yonse yomwe inali m'gululi inali owathandiza. Kupezeka kwa nyama zingapo pakusaka kunatsimikizira kuti nyama yophedwa kapena wovulalayo watetezedwa mu dzenje la phula kuchokera pomwe nyama zina zimalowerera.
Mwachidziwikire, mimbulu yoopsa, yosiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zawo ndi misa yayikulu, koma nthawi yomweyo kupirira pang'ono, idagunda nyama zathanzi zomwe zinali zazikulu kuposa iwo. Kupatula apo, mimbulu imvi yomwe ili m'matumba imasaka nyama zamiyendo yothamangira - bwanji, ndiye kuti mimbulu yolimba kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri sinathe kulimbana ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zochedwa. Kudziwikiratu za kusaka kunakhudzidwanso ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - zodabwitsazi m'mimbulu zoyipa zidafotokozedwa mosiyana ndi mimbulu imvi.
Mwinamwake, iwo, monga amphaka a kumpoto kwa America, ankakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo sanakonzekere gulu lalikulu, monga mimbulu yotuwa. Ndipo amapita kukasaka m'magulu a anthu 4-5. Gulu limodzi ndi mimbulu ing'onoing'ono ya 2-3 ndi "otsutsa". Khalidweli linali lomveka bwino - lokwanira kutsimikizira zotsatira zabwino (ngakhale njati zokhazokha zokhazokha sizingalimbane ndi ziwombankhanga zisanu nthawi imodzi), ndipo sipadzakhala chifukwa chogawa nyama zambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu 2009, chisangalalo chosangalatsa chidawonetsedwa pazowonetsera makanema, wamkulu yemwe anali nkhandwe yoopsa. Ndipo kanemayo adatchulidwa ndi nyama yomwe idalipo kale - zomveka bwino. Chofunika kwambiri pa chiwembucho ndichakuti asayansi aku America adakwanitsa kuphatikiza DNA yaumunthu ndi DNA ya nkhandwe yoopsa yotengedwa m'mafupa a nyama zakale - nyama yamagazi yodya nyama yomwe idalamulira m'nyengo yachisanu. Zotsatira za zoyeserera zachilendozi zinali mtundu wosakanizidwa wowopsa. Mwachilengedwe, chirombo choterocho sichinkakonda kukhala makoswe a labotale, chifukwa chake adapeza njira yotulukira ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a mimbulu yambiri
Chithunzi: Momwe mmbulu wowoneka bwino
Omwe akupikisana nawo kwambiri nyama yayikulu pakadali mimbulu yoyipa anali smilodon ndi mkango waku America. Zodya zitatuzi zidagawana anthu monga njati, ngamila zakumadzulo, mammoth a Columbus, ndi masadoni. Kuphatikiza apo, nyengo yosintha mwamphamvu idadzetsa mpikisano pakati pa adaniwo.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo komwe kudachitika pachimake chomaliza cha madzi oundana, ngamila ndi njati zimasamuka kuchokera kumalo odyetserako ziweto ndi madambo makamaka kudera lamapiri, kukadya ma conifers. Pokumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nkhandwe yoopsa (monga onse omwe akupikisana nayo) mu "menyu" inali ndi ma equids (mahatchi amtchire), ndipo ma sloth, njati, masodoni ndi ngamila zinali zochepa kukhala pakati pa odyerawa "pachakudya chamasana", ziwetozo zidayamba kuchepa mwachangu ... Ziweto zomwe tatchulazi zinali ndi nambala yocheperako motero sizinathe "kudyetsa" nyama zomwe zimaswana.
Komabe, kusaka phukusi ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhandwe zowopsa kumawalola kuti apikisane bwino ndi adani achilengedwe, omwe anali opambana kuposa ena onse, koma amakonda "kugwira ntchito" okha. Kutsiliza - Ma Smilodon ndi mikango yaku America zidasowa kale kuposa mimbulu yoyipa. Koma zomwe zilipo - iwo eniwo nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama zamatumba a nkhandwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mimbulu yolusa
Malo okhala anthu anali gawo la America pafupifupi zaka 115,000-9340 zapitazo, kumapeto kwa Pleistocene komanso koyambirira kwa Holocene. Mitunduyi idachokera kwa kholo lawo - Canis armbrusteri, yemwe amakhala mdera lomweli pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni - 300 zaka zikwi zapitazo. Mitundu yayikuru kwambiri ya mimbulu yonse idafikira mpaka madigiri a 42 kumpoto (malire ake anali chotchinga mwachilengedwe ngati matalala akulu). Kutalika kwambiri komwe kunapezeka zotsalira za nkhandwe yowopsa ndi mita 2255. Olanda nyama amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - m'malo athyathyathya ndi m'mapiri, m'mapiri okhala ndi nkhalango komanso m'mapiri a ku South America.
Kutha kwa mitundu ya Canis dirus kunachitika nthawi ya Ice Age. Zinthu zingapo zidapangitsa izi. Choyamba, anthu amtundu woyamba anzeru adabwera kuderali komwe kuli mimbulu yoopsa, yomwe khungu la nkhandwe yomwe idaphedwa inali zovala zofunda komanso zabwino. Kachiwiri, kusintha kwanyengo kunasewera nthabwala yankhanza ndi mimbulu yoopsa (makamaka, monga zilombo zina zonse za nthawi ya Pleistocene).
M'zaka zomaliza za Ice Age, kutentha kwamphamvu kunayambika, kuchuluka kwa nyama zikuluzikulu zodyetsa, zomwe zimapanga chakudya chachikulu cha nkhandwe yoopsa, mwina zidasowa kwathunthu kapena kusiya kumpoto. Pamodzi ndi chimbalangondo chachifupi, chilombochi sichinali chothamanga komanso chothamanga kwambiri. Msana wamphongo wamphamvu komanso wolimba womwe wapangitsa kuti ziwetozi zizilamulira mpaka pano zakhala zolemetsa zomwe sizinawalole kuti azolowere chilengedwe chatsopano. Ndipo mmbulu woyipa sunathe kukonzanso "zokonda zake zam'mimba".
Kutha kwa nkhandwe yoopsa kunachitika ngati gawo la kutha kwakukulu kwa zamoyo zomwe zidachitika ku Quaternary. Mitundu yambiri yazinyama yalephera kuzolowera kusintha kwanyengo komanso zomwe zimayambitsa bwalo lamasewera. Chifukwa chake, sikoyenera kunena kuti anthu olimba mtima komanso owopsa amasintha koposa zonse - nthawi zambiri kupirira, kutha kudikirira, ndipo koposa zonse, chikhalidwe, mayendedwe amikhalidwe ndiofunikira kwambiri.
Inde, anthu akuluakulu anyamakazi akale anafika kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 97, thupi lawo linali masentimita 180. Chigoba chake chinali 310 mm, komanso mafupa okulirapo ndiponso amphamvu kwambiri chinaonetsetsa kuti nyamayo ikugwidwa mwamphamvu. Koma zikhomo zazifupi sizinalole kuti mimbulu yolusa izithamanga ngati mimbulu kapena mimbulu imvi. Kutsiliza - mitundu ikuluikulu yazaka chikwi idasinthidwa ndi omwe akupikisana nawo omwe adatha kusintha kusintha kwachilengedwe.
Nkhandwe yoyera - chodabwitsa nyama wakale. Maphukusi a mimbulu yakuda ndi mphalapala amakula bwino masiku ano, ndipo zakale zakale za mmbulu zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zakale adapeza zitha kuwonedwa ngati ziwonetsero zofunikira mu Rancho Labrey Museum (yomwe ili ku Los Angeles, California).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/10/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 12:57
