Okhala kunyanja kuzizira nthawi yayitali - iyi si mbalame yokhayo yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala nyengo yovuta kwambiri, komanso cholengedwa chokongola modabwitsa chomwe chimawonekera molimba motsutsana ndi abale ake. Tsoka ilo, sangathe kuzolowera msinkhu wathu wovuta kwambiri ndipo amafunikira malingaliro apadera, osakhwima.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gagara
Mphalapala ndi mbalame ya m'madzi yakumpoto yochokera ku mtundu wa anyani. Ndi imodzi mwamagulu akale kwambiri komanso ophatikizika pakati pa mbalame zamakono. Zakale zakale kwambiri ndi za Oligocene Wakumtunda waku North America; kwathunthu, mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya malasha akale amadziwika.
Lero alipo asanu okha:
- mdima wakuda;
- wakuda kapena wakuda pakhosi - mitundu yofala kwambiri;
- red-pakhosi;
- zoyera;
- khosi loyera.
Onsewa amasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe, moyo ndi machitidwe ndizofanana. M'mbuyomu, akatswiri a zooology adazindikira mitundu inayi yokha, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wasonyeza kuti mtundu wa khosi loyera si mtundu wa anthu akuda, koma ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha.
Kanema: Gagara
Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma loon amawerengedwa kuti ndi abale apafupi azinyalala chifukwa chofanana ndi mawonekedwe awo komanso moyo wawo, koma pambuyo pake akatswiri a zoo adagwirizana kuti mbalame zimakhala ndi zofanana zofananira chifukwa cha kusintha kosinthika.
Mu morphology ndi ecology, madongosolo awiriwa alibe kufanana. Mwa pulani yofananira ndi morphologically, ma loon ali pafupi ndi chubu-nosed, ngati penguin.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mafupa a mafupa a nyamakazi ndi olimba komanso olemera, osatundumuka ngati mitundu ina ya mbalame. Chifukwa cha izi, amasinthidwa kukhala moyo wam'madzi, omwe samapita pansi kukagona.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe loon imawonekera
Mphalapala amafanana ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa bakha wamkulu kapena tsekwe, anthu ena amakula kukula ndikulemera makilogalamu 6. Nyama zazikazi zili ndi mlomo wosongoka, zimasiyana ndi mbalame zambiri zam'madzi zokongola za mitundu yawo ya nthenga.
Maonekedwe ake, amuna samasiyana ndi akazi:
- pamimba pamayera, ndipo gawo lakumtunda ndi lakuda kapena lofiirira komanso limakhala ndi mawanga oyera;
- mutu ndi khosi zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse.
Ma loon achichepere ndi achikulire alibe kachitidwe m'nyengo yozizira ndipo nthenga zimakhala zosasangalatsa. Abakha ang'ono okhala ndi khungu lofiira amaonedwa kuti ndi okongola kwambiri pakati pa anyani anyani. Mzere wotentha wapinki pakhosi pake ndi wofanana kwambiri ndipo ndiye chinthu chachikulu chosiyanitsa.
Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono okhudzana ndi thupi. Akamauluka, "amagwada" pang'ono, akupinda mwamphamvu makosi awo, ndikubweza miyendo yawo kumbuyo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati mchira. Mwa mawonekedwe awo "atawerama", amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi abakha wamba kapena atsekwe ngakhale akuthawa.
Zala zakumanja zitatu zakumiyendo yamiyendo yolumikizidwa ndi kansalu, motero zimamverera bwino kwambiri m'madzi komanso osatetezeka pansi. Ndipo nthenga ya mbalame ndiyofewa kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa kukhudza. Nthenga zotentha, zowirira zimateteza mphalapala ku hypothermia.
Kodi loon amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Loon
Nyama zambiri zimakonda madzi ozizira a kunyanja zakumpoto ndi nyanja. Malo awo okhala ndi Europe, Asia ndi North America yonse. Mimbulu imapezeka mumtambo, mapiri, nkhalango, bola ngati pali posungira pafupi, chifukwa amakhala moyo wawo wonse pafupi ndi madzi ndi madzi. Anthu ena amapita kumtunda nthawi yokhwima ndikukayikira mazira.
Pamene matupi amadzi amaundana, mbalame zimauluka m'magulu kupita kumadzi osazizira. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira makamaka ku Black, Baltic kapena White Seas, m'mphepete mwa Pacific, Atlantic Ocean. Nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi machitidwe achilendo posamuka, pomwe njira yoti nyengo yachisanu isiyanenso ndi njira yosamukira nyengo yachisanu, yomwe imangokhala mitundu yochepa ya mbalame.
Ana ang'onoang'ono amakhala m'madzi ofunda nthawi yawo yonse yachilimwe, nthawi zina mpaka kutha msinkhu. Masika, ma loon nthawi zonse amafika mochedwa, pomwe pali madzi oyera ambiri kale.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu akomweko ku Far North, ochepa, amagwira nyama zamtundu umodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame zamalonda kuti azidya nyama yawo. Komanso, m'mbuyomu panali kusodza kwapadera kwa ma loon a "ubweya wa mbalame", kapena "loon", koma chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafashoni ndi kutsika kwa zofuna, lero sizikuchitika.
Kodi loon amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Black loon
Nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja ndi m'nyanja ndizomwe zimakonda kudya. Ikamawedza, mbalameyo imayamba idumphira m'mutu, ndikuyang'ana m'munsi mwake, kenako imamira mwakachetechete. Pofunafuna nyama, anyani amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi makumi angapo ndikupumira kwa masekondi 90.
Mukamayenda mwachangu pagawo lamadzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamapazi oluka, omwe nthawi zonse amasunthira kutali. Nthawi zambiri, posambira, mapiko amakhudzidwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala atagona kumbuyo ndi kutetezedwa ku chonyowa ndi nthenga zokutira kumbuyo, mapiko ndi nthenga zazitali, ndikupanga mtundu wa thumba. Chitetezo china pakunyowa ndi mafuta amtundu wa supra mchira, womwe anyaniwo amadzoza nthenga zawo.
Ngati nsomba sizikwanira, ndiye kuti ma loon amatha kudya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe madzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja amalemera: molluscs, crustaceans, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mbalame sizinyoza ngakhale ndere. Nthawi zina, zimasambira pansi penipeni pa nsomba, zimagwidwa ndi maukonde.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ng'ombe pamodzi ndi ma penguin ndiomwe amakhala ndi mbiri yabwino yakumira m'madzi. Pali zochitika pamene mbalamezi zinagwidwa ndi asodzi akuya pafupifupi mamita 70.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama zambiri ndi mbalame za kunyanja, ndipo zimasamukira kunyanja zamadzi opanda mchere m'nyengo yokhazikika kapena kupumula posamuka. Mbalame zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimbikira kwawo posankha malo okhala komanso nyengo yachisanu. Amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse m'madzi, kutuluka pamtunda kokha kukaikira mazira.
Akuluakulu molt mu kugwa asanachoke - ndiye kuti nthenga zosazolowereka zimasintha kukhala mtundu umodzi. M'nyengo yozizira, nthenga iliyonse imagwa nthawi imodzi, ndipo anyani sangathe kukwera m'mlengalenga kwa miyezi 1-1.5. Pofika mu Epulo m'pamene mbalame zimapeza nthenga za chilimwe.
Zimauluka mwachangu, nthawi zambiri zikung'ung'uza mapiko awo, osayenda pang'ono. Amangonyamuka pamwamba pamadzi, ndikumwaza mphepo kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zonse amakhala pansi pamadzi ndi mimba, kwinaku akukweza mapiko awo m'mwamba, ndikukhazika miyendo yawo kumbuyo. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ndi momwe miyendo ilili, mbalamezo zimakhala zosasunthika pamtunda. Nyamayi imakhala pansi pamadzi; pakagwa ngozi nthawi zambiri siyimukira, koma imamira.
Mu gulu louluka la anyani mulibe munthu wamkulu, chifukwa chake kuchokera kumbali ndegeyo ingawoneke ngati yosokonekera. Gululo limakhala ndimagulu ang'onoang'ono obalalika, pakati pake mtundawo umatha kufikira makumi angapo a mamitala.
Izi ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri zomwe zimayesetsa kuti zizikhala kutali ndi anthu, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuzisandutsa ziweto, komanso liwu la ma loon limasiyana mosiyanasiyana, limatha kutsanzira kulira kwa mbalame ndi nyama zina.
Zina mwaphokoso zomwe amapanga ndizofanana ndi mawu amunthu, mwachitsanzo:
- akamayika gawo lawo komanso mukamadzaikira mazira, kulira kwawo kumafanana ndi kulira kwamphamvu kwa nyama;
- pakagwa ngozi, zimatulutsa mawu ochenjeza owakumbutsa kuseka kwaumunthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu akumpoto ali ndi nthano yoti magulu a anyani, omwe akuwuluka akuthawa, amapita limodzi ndi mizimu yamalinyero akufa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Loon chick
Mnyamata amakhala ndi amuna okhaokha komanso awiri okha. Amatha kubereka ali ndi zaka zitatu zokha, amakhala ndi moyo zaka 15-20. Chisa cha malume pafupi ndi matupi amadzi oyera. Zisa zimamangidwa ndi udzu, zomera zovunda pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe. Kuchokera paliponse mwa maenje awiri kapena atatu amatsogolera kumadzi, mothandizidwa ndi ma loon omwe amapezeka mgulu lawo kwakanthawi. Nthawi zambiri zisa zimakhala zonyowa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri mbalame sizimagona pansi pake.
Masewera olimbirana a malon ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa. Anthu omwe ali ndi maphokoso osamva amatsatirana, mofulumira akuyendetsa pamwamba pamadzi ndikutambasula khosi lawo. Kuswana kumachitika pamadzi. Pakaphulika mpaka masiku angapo, mkazi amatayira mazira amodzi kapena atatu a bulauni wakuda. Mazira amawotchera masiku 25-30 ndi anthu onsewa, koma nthawi zambiri ndi akazi.
Nyama zakutchire zimatha kuteteza mbalame zawo ku mbalame ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawononga. Nyama ikuluikulu kapena bambo atayandikira malo obisalapo, mbalameyo imaundana pachisa kenako, ndikupinda khosi lake, ikangolowa m'madzi mwachangu.
Potuluka patali, mbalameyi imasambira ndi mwayang'anani m'mbali mwa nyanja, osamveka chilichonse. Ngati zowalamulira zaswedwa kale, mbalame zimasokoneza nyama yolusayo ndi ana m'njira zonse zotheka: imadumphira m'madzi, ikufuula mokweza ndikuseka, ikuphwanya mapiko awo. Achinyamata amabadwira mu nthenga zakuda. Anapiye amakhala okonzeka posambira ndikusambira, koma kwa masiku angapo oyamba amabisala muudzu. Adzakhala odziyimira pawokha pakangodutsa milungu 6-7, ndipo nthawi imeneyo isanafike amapatsidwa chakudya ndi makolo awo nsomba zazing'ono ndi zopanda mafupa.
Adani achilengedwe a anyani
Chithunzi: Kusambira
M'chilengedwe, achikulire ali ndi adani ochepa, chifukwa amakhala osamala kwambiri ndipo pangozi atha kulowa pansi pamadzi kapena kutulutsa kulira koopsa, ndikuyamba kukupiza mapiko awo mokweza. Mosiyana ndi izi, mitundu ina ya anyani samakonda kulowa m'madzi, koma kunyamuka.
Ngati mbalame zokhwima zogonana zimatha kudzitchinjiriza kapena, kuthawa kwakanthawi, kuwombana kwawo nthawi zina kumawonongedwa ndi akhwangwala, nkhandwe, ma skuas. Zinyama zazing'ono zitha kukhalanso nyama yawo, ngakhale makolo awo amawasamalira.
Munthu si mdani wa anyani. Nyama ya mbalame zam'madzi izi sizimasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo zimangodyedwa kawirikawiri komanso ndi anthu aku Far North.
Zoopsa zazikuluzikuluzi zimadza chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kuwononga kwa nyanja zamchere ndi zinyalala zamafuta kumapha ma loon ambiri kuposa adani achilengedwe.
Mbalamezi, zosinthidwa mwachilengedwe, zimatha kukhala m'madzi oyera okha, ndipo zimakhudzidwa ndimankhwala osiyanasiyana. Ngati ma loon sapeza nkhokwe yokhala ndi madzi oyera oikira mazira, ndiye kuti theka la milanduyo sadzaikira mazira. Pamene mbalame zimasanganitsa mazira, ana ambiri amafa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe loon imawonekera
Mphamvu zakubereka za anyani ndizotsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amafa chifukwa chazovuta zachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amagwera maukonde a asodzi, nthawi zina amakhala osaka mwangozi osaka, omwe nthawi zambiri amawasokoneza ndi mbalame zina.
Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu ndi anthu a Black-throated Loon ndi White-billed Diver. Mwachitsanzo, ku Europe kuli abakha 400 okha a bakha wakuda pakhosi, ku Black Sea - osapitilira mazana asanu.
Mitundu iwiriyi ili mu Red Book of Russia ndipo ili ndi mitundu yazachilengedwe. Kumbu lomwe lili ndi bere lofiira limaphatikizidwa m'buku lachitetezo la zigawo zingapo mdziko muno. Udindo wa mitundu ina ya loon ndiwokhazikika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kwa zaka zambiri mu umodzi mwamizinda ya boma la Nevada ku United States m'mbali mwa nyanja yamapiri ndi madzi amchere, mwambowu unkachitika chaka chilichonse. Anthu adakumana ndi gulu la mbalame zomwe zimayima pachitsimechi kuti zizidya ndikulimba pakasamuka. Nyanjayi itayamba kukhala yopanda madzi komanso mchere ndi zinthu zina zoyipa m'madzi ake zidachuluka, mwambowo udatha. Mimbuluyo idangoima pamenepo, ikuuluka mozungulira.
Ma loon sagwirizana ndi anthu. Ndizosatheka kuzikulitsa m'malo opangira, makamaka kuti tibereke ana, chifukwa chake palibe famu imodzi momwe mbalame zanzeruzi zimatha kusungidwa.
Woyang'anira wachinyama
Chithunzi: Gagara wochokera ku Red Book
Pofuna kuteteza kuchuluka kwa anyani onse, munthu sayenera kusokoneza malo omwe amakhala. Zomwe zimawopseza anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuipitsa madzi a nyanja ndi nyanja, makamaka ndikuwononga mafuta pakukula kwa mafuta. Kuchepa kwa nsomba za pelagic kumadzetsanso kuchepa kwa ziweto.
Ng'ombe zimatetezedwa m'malo osungidwa ndi malo osungirako zinthu m'maiko angapo aku Europe, zigawo zingapo za Russia. Ntchito ili mkati yopanga zakaznik m'malo am'magulu akuluakulu okhala ndi ma loon, ndikuti lamulo loletsa migodi ya peat pafupi ndi maderawa. Kusodza ndi maukonde m'malo odyetserako ziweto ndi kubisalira mbalame ziyenera kuletsedwa kwathunthu.
Chodetsa nkhawa chimakhudza kubereka kwa anthu. Alendo komanso asodzi akamayendera m'mbali mwa nyanja, anyani omwe akukhala pamenepo amakakamizidwa kuchoka m'malo awo, motero amapha ana awo. Izi ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri, chifukwa chake sizibwerera kubzala. Nyama zikuluzikulu zimaleka kufika kunyanja kumene anthu amayendera kwambiri.
M'dera la Russia, ma loon akuwopsezedwa makamaka ndikusintha madamu m'matumba apamwamba chifukwa chakuchita zandalama komweko komanso kufa kwa ana achikulire, m'makonde a asodzi.
Mwezi, pokhala mbalame yakale kwambiri, yapulumuka mpaka nthawi yathu ino, ndipo ndizodabwitsa! Zitha kutchedwa kuti zakale zenizeni. Pofuna kuteteza mitundu iyi kuti isakhale mbiri yakale, anthu amafunika kukhala tcheru ku loon ndi zosowa zawo zoberekana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/09/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 12:31
