Whooper swan ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri ku UK koma ili ndi anthu ochulukirapo omwe amakhala nthawi yachisanu kuno atayenda ulendo wautali kuchokera ku Iceland. Ili ndi chikasu kwambiri pakamwa pake chakuda chakuda. Whooper swan ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya swan.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan
Whooper swans chisa m'nkhalango-tundra ndi taiga kudera lonse la Eurasia, kumwera kwa dera la Buick swan, kuyambira ku Iceland ndi kumpoto kwa Scandinavia kumadzulo mpaka ku gombe la Russia Pacific kummawa.
Anthu asanu akuluakulu a whooper swans afotokozedwa:
- anthu aku Iceland;
- anthu aku Northwest Continental Europe;
- kuchuluka kwa Nyanja Yakuda, Nyanja Yakum'mawa kwa Mediterranean;
- anthu akumadzulo ndi Central Siberia, Nyanja ya Caspian;
- anthu aku East Asia.
Komabe, ndizochepa kwambiri pazomwe mayendedwe a whooper swans pakati pa Black Sea / Eastern Mediterranean ndi Western and Central Siberia / Caspian Sea madera, chifukwa chake mbalamezi nthawi zina zimawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi okha okhala ku Central Russia.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Iceland chimaswana ku Iceland, ndipo ambiri amasamukira makilomita 800-1400 kuwoloka Nyanja ya Atlantic nthawi yozizira, makamaka ku Britain ndi Ireland. Pafupifupi mbalame 1000-1500 zimatsalira ku Iceland nthawi yachisanu, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumadalira nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Kanema: Whooper Swan
Chigawo chakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe chimafalikira kumpoto kwa Scandinavia ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, pomwe owerengeka akuwonjezeka kumwera (makamaka ku Baltic): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ndi Poland). A Swans amasamukira kumwera chakumadzulo, makamaka ku Europe, koma anthu ena amadziwika kuti afika kumwera chakum'mawa kwa England.
Nyanja Yakuda / Kum'maŵa kwa Mediterranean kubadwira ku Western Siberia ndipo mwina kumadzulo kwa Urals, pakhoza kukhala kulumikizana pang'ono ndi anthu akumadzulo ndi Central Siberia / Caspian Sea. Anthu a Western and Central Siberia / Caspian population. Amaganiziridwa kuti imaswana ku Central Siberia komanso nthawi yozizira pakati pa Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Lake Balkhash.
Anthu aku East Asia amapezeka ponseponse m'miyezi yotentha kumpoto kwa China komanso kum'mwera kwa Russia taiga, ndipo nyengo yachisanu makamaka ku Japan, China ndi Korea. Njira zosunthira anthu sizimvetsetsedwa bwino, koma mapulogalamu oyitanira ndi kutsatira akuchitika kum'mawa kwa Russia, China, Mongolia ndi Japan.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi chinsisi cha hule chikuwoneka bwanji
Whooper swan ndi chinsomba chachikulu chokhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.4 - 1.65. Yamphongo imakonda kukhala yayikulu kuposa yaikazi, pafupifupi 1,65 mita ndikulemera pafupifupi 10.8 kg, pomwe mkazi nthawi zambiri amalemera makilogalamu 8.1. Mapiko awo ndi 2.1 - 2.8 mita.
Whooper Swan ili ndi nthenga zoyera zoyera, zokhala ndi ulusi komanso miyendo yakuda. Theka la mlomo ndi wachikasu chikasu (kumunsi), ndipo nsonga yake ndi yakuda. Zolemba pamlomozi zimasiyana pamunthu aliyense. Zolemba zachikaso zimafalikira mu mawonekedwe amtundu kuchokera pansi mpaka ngakhale kumbuyo kwa mphuno. Masamba a Whooper amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe owongoka poyerekeza ndi ma swans ena, opindika pang'ono pakhosi ndi khosi lalitali mpaka kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Miyendo ndi mapazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda, koma zitha kukhala zotuwa zapinki kapena zokhala ndi ma pinki pamapazi.
Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthenga zoyera, koma mbalame zotuwa sizachilendo. Matenda a Fluffy ndi otuwa ndi korona wakuda pang'ono, nape, mapewa ndi mchira. Nthenga zazing'ono zakuda-bulauni pa pubescence woyamba, zakuda pa vertex. Anthu amasintha pang'onopang'ono kuyera, pamitengo yosiyanasiyana, m'nyengo yawo yozizira yoyamba, ndipo amatha msinkhu pakasupe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakutiMa Whooper swans ali ndi mawu okwera kwambiri, chilimwe komanso nthawi yozizira, okhala ndi mabelu ofanana ndi a swick a Buick, koma ndi mawu ozama, osangalatsa, komanso owopsa. Mphamvu ndi mamvekedwe zimasiyana kutengera chikhalidwe, kuyambira mokweza, zolemba nthawi zonse pamakumana mwamakani komanso kufuula kopambana kuti muchepetse "kulumikizana" pakati pa mbalame ndi mabanja.
M'nyengo yozizira, mafoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa magulu pagulu akafika pamalo achisanu. Kuyimbirana kumutu ndikofunikira posunga mgwirizano wa banja ndi banja. Amakuwa kwambiri asananyamuke, amasinthira kumamvekedwe apamwamba akamatha kuthawa. Achichepere amtundu winawake amalira mokalipa akakhala pamavuto komanso akamayenderana pang'ono nthawi zina.
Kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti chaka chilichonse, mahule amayenda nthenga zawo zouluka mdera lomwe amaswana. Mbalame ziwiri zimakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosakanikirana. Mosiyana ndi swick za Buick, pomwe ana azaka chimodzi amadziwika ndi nthenga zaimvi, nthenga zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi yozizira sizodziwika ndi za akulu.
Kodi chinsombacho chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whooper swan akuthawa
Ma Whooper swans ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana ndipo amapezeka mdera lokhazikika mkati mwa Eurasia komanso pazilumba zambiri zapafupi. Zimasamukira makilomita mazana kapena zikwi kumalo ozizira. Swans izi nthawi zambiri zimasamukira kumadera ozizira mozungulira Okutobala ndikubwerera komwe zimasalira mu Epulo.
Swoper ya Whooper imaswana ku Iceland, Northern Europe ndi Asia. Amasamukira kumwera m'nyengo yozizira mpaka kumadzulo ndi pakati pa Europe - mozungulira Nyanja Yakuda, Aral ndi Caspian, komanso madera agombe la China ndi Japan. Ku Great Britain, zimaswana kumpoto kwa Scotland, makamaka ku Orkney. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa England, komanso ku Ireland.
Mbalame zochokera ku Siberia nthawi yozizira zing'onozing'ono kuzilumba za Aleutian, Alaska. Omwe amasamukira kwakanthawi amasamukira kumadera ena akumadzulo kwa Alaska, ndipo amapezeka kawirikawiri m'nyengo yozizira kumwera chakumwera m'mphepete mwa Pacific kupita ku California. Masango apawokha komanso ang'onoang'ono, omwe samawoneka kawirikawiri kumpoto chakum'mawa, amatha kupulumuka ku ukapolo komanso omwe adachoka ku Iceland.
Amakwatirana ndi a Whooper swan ndipo amamanga zisa m'mphepete mwa madzi amadzi, nyanja, mitsinje ndi madambo osaya. Amakonda malo okhala ndi masamba obwera kumene, omwe amatha kupereka chitetezo chowonjezera ku zisa zawo ndi swans wakhanda.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene chimbudzi cha whooper chimapezeka ku Red Book. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame yokongola idya?
Kodi chinsomba chodya chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Whooper swan wochokera ku Red Book
Nsomba za Whooper zimadyetsa makamaka zomera za m'madzi, koma zimadyanso mbewu, udzu, ndi zinthu zaulimi monga tirigu, mbatata, ndi kaloti - makamaka m'nyengo yozizira pomwe zakudya zina sizipezeka.
Swans achichepere komanso osakhwima okha ndi omwe amadyetsa tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi ma crustaceans, popeza ali ndi protein yambiri kuposa achikulire. Akamakula, zakudya zawo zimasintha kukhala zakudya zopangira zomera zomwe zimaphatikizapo zomera zam'madzi ndi mizu.
M'madzi osaya, ma swoper swans amatha kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo yolimba yolimba kukumba m'matope omizidwa, ndipo monga ma mallards, amagwa, ndikulowetsa mutu wawo ndi khosi m'madzi kuti awulule mizu, mphukira, ndi ma tubers.
Swoper amadya nyama zopanda mafupa ndi zomera zam'madzi. Makosi awo ataliatali amawapatsa malire kuposa abakha amfupi momwe amatha kudyera m'madzi akuya kuposa atsekwe kapena abakha. Swans izi zimatha kudyetsa m'madzi mpaka 1.2 mita kuzama ndikudzula zomera ndikuchepetsa masamba ndi zimayambira za mbewu zomwe zikukula m'madzi. Ma Swans amafufuzanso potola mbewu kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi kapena m'mphepete mwa madzi. Pamtunda, amadya tirigu ndi udzu. Kuyambira mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1900, khalidwe lawo lachisanu linasintha ndikuphatikizapo kudyetsa nthaka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Whooper swan bird
Nyengo ya mbalame ya chinsansa imakhala ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chakudya chopezeka mosavuta. Kuikira mazira nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Amakhalira m'malo okhala chakudya chokwanira, madzi osaya komanso osadetsedwa. Kawirikawiri zisa zimangokhala m'madzi amodzi. Madera obisalirawa amakhala kuyambira 24,000 km² mpaka 607,000 km² ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi pomwe wamkazi adaswa.
Mkazi amasankha chisa ndipo chachimuna chimateteza. Awiri awiriwa a mbalame zotsekemera amatha kubwerera ku chisa chimodzimodzi ngati adakwanitsa kulera ana kalekale. Mabanjawo amanga chisa chatsopano kapena kukonza chisa chomwe adagwiritsa ntchito zaka zapitazo.
Malo opezera zisa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo okwera pang'ono ozunguliridwa ndi madzi, mwachitsanzo:
- pamwamba pa nyumba zakale za beaver, madamu kapena milu;
- pazomera zokula zomwe zimayandama kapena zokhazikika pansi pamadzi;
- pazilumba zazing'ono.
Ntchito yomanga zisa imayamba mkatikati mwa Epulo ndipo imatha kutenga milungu iwiri kuti ithe. Amuna amasonkhanitsa zomera zam'madzi, udzu ndi ma sedges ndikuziyika kuzakazi. Amayamba kupindirakudzala pamwamba kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito thupi lake kupanga kukhumudwa ndikuikira mazira.
Chisa kwenikweni ndi mbale yayikulu yotseguka. Mkati mwa chisa mwadzaza pansi, nthenga ndi chomera chofewa chomwe chimapezeka mozungulira. Zisa zimatha kufikira mita 1 mpaka 3.5 ndipo nthawi zambiri zimazunguliridwa ndi dzenje la 6 mpaka 9 mita. Ngalandezi nthawi zambiri zimadzazidwa ndi madzi kuti zikhale zovuta kuti nyama zodya nyama zifike pachisa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Whooper swan anapiye
Swoper swans imaswanira m'madambo amadzi oyera, m'mayiwewe, m'nyanja komanso m'mitsinje yocheperako. Swans ambiri amapeza okwatirana asanakwanitse zaka 2 - nthawi zambiri nthawi yachisanu. Ngakhale ena amatha kukhala chisa nthawi yoyamba ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ambiri samayamba mpaka atakwanitsa zaka 3 mpaka 7.
Atafika kumalo oswana, awiriwa amachita zikhalidwe zosakanikirana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwedeza mitu yawo ndi kugundana mapiko akuwombana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pawiri la whooper swans nthawi zambiri limalumikizidwa kwa moyo wonse, ndikukhalabe limodzi chaka chonse, kuphatikiza kusamukira limodzi mwa anthu osamuka. Komabe, kwawonedwa kuti ena mwa iwo amasintha okondedwa awo pamoyo wawo, makamaka pambuyo pa chibwenzi chomwe chidasokonekera, ndipo ena omwe amuna awo adatayika sakwatiranso.
Mwamuna akakwatirana ndi mtsikana wina wamng'ono, nthawi zambiri amapita kwa iye kudera lake. Akakwatira mkazi wachikulire, amapita kwa iye. Mkazi akataya mnzake, amayamba kukwatirana mwachangu, ndikusankha wamwamuna wachichepere.
Mabanja okhudzana amakonda kukhala limodzi chaka chonse; komabe, kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, amakhala ochezeka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana ndi ma swans ena ambiri. Komabe, m'nyengo yoswana, awiriawiri aziteteza malo awo mwankhanza.
Mazira nthawi zambiri amaikidwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka Juni, nthawi zina chisa chisanamalize. Mkazi amaikira dzira limodzi tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 5-6 oyera. Komabe, nthawi zina apezeka mpaka khumi ndi awiri.Ngati ili ndi gawo loyamba lazimayi, pali mazira ocheperako ndipo mazira ambiri amakhala osabereka. Dzira lili pafupifupi 73 mm m’lifupi ndi 113.5 mm m’litali ndipo limalemera pafupifupi 320 g.
Clutch ikangotha, yaikazi imayamba kufungatira mazira, omwe amakhala pafupifupi masiku 31. Munthawi imeneyi, yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndi malo obisalapo ndipo imateteza yaikazi kuzilombo. Nthawi zosowa kwambiri, yamphongo imatha kuthandiza m'mazira ambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mkati mwa makulitsidwe, yaikazi imangosiya chisa kwa kanthawi kochepa kuti idyetse zomera zapafupi, kusamba kapena kuvala. Komabe, asanachoke pachisa, amakwirira mazirawo ndi chisa kuti awabise. Yamphongo amakhalanso pafupi kutetezera chisa.
Adani achilengedwe a nyamayi
Chithunzi: Swans Whooper
Whooper swans amawopsezedwa ndi zochita za anthu.
Zochita izi ndi monga:
- kusaka;
- chiwonongeko cha chisa;
- kupha;
- kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso madambo am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka ku Asia.
Zowopseza malo okhala anyani ndi awa:
- kukulitsa ulimi;
- kudyetsa ziweto mopitirira muyeso (mwachitsanzo nkhosa);
- ngalande zamadambo othirira;
- kudula zomera kuti zizidyetsa ziweto m'nyengo yozizira;
- kukonza misewu ndi kuipitsa mafuta chifukwa chofufuza mafuta;
- ntchito ndi mayendedwe;
- nkhawa kuchokera kuzokopa alendo.
Kusaka nsomba mosavomerezeka kumachitikabe, ndipo kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi ndizomwe zimapha anthu ambiri ku swoper nyengo yachisanu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe. Poizoni wotsogozedwa ndi kumeza kwa mfuti mtsogolo mwausodzi kumakhalabe vuto, ndi ziwerengero zazikulu za omwe amafunsidwa ali ndi milingo yayikulu yamagazi. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti idadwala chimfine cha mbalame, chomwe chimapwetekanso mbalame.
Mwakutero, zomwe zikuwopseza ma swans swans zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kuwonongeka, kuphatikizapo kudyetsa nyama mopitilira muyeso, chitukuko cha zomangamanga, chitukuko cham'mbali mwa nyanja ndi madambo pazinthu zokulitsa zaulimi, zomangamanga zamagetsi, nkhawa zokopa alendo. ndi mafuta otayika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi chinsisi cha whooper chikuwoneka bwanji
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, anthu padziko lonse lapansi a whooper swans ndi mbalame 180,000, pomwe anthu aku Russia akuyerekezedwa kuti ali pakati pa 10,000-100,000 komanso pakati pa anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Europe chikuwerengedwa kuti ndi mabanja okwana 25,300-32,800, omwe amafanana ndi anthu okhwima 50,600-65,500. Mwambiri, ma swoper swans pano amadziwika kuti ndi Red Book ngati omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri. Anthu amtunduwu akuwoneka kuti ndi osakhazikika pakadali pano, koma mitundu yake yambiri imapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwunika.
Whooper swan yawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kufalikira kwakumpoto kwa Europe mzaka zapitazi. Kuswana koyamba kunanenedwa mu 1999 ndipo kuswana kunanenedwa mu 2003 patsamba lachiwiri. Chiwerengero cha malo oberekera chawonjezeka mwachangu kuyambira 2006 ndipo mitunduyo akuti ikuswana m'malo 20. Komabe, malo osachepera asanu ndi awiri adasiyidwa patatha chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwakanthawi kochulukirapo pambuyo pazaka zingapo.
Kuwonjezeka kowonjezereka kwa anyani a swan kumatha kubweretsa mpikisano wowonjezeka ndi ma swans ena, koma pali malo ena ambiri oberekera popanda swans. Ma swoper a Whooper amatenga gawo lofunikira pamagawo azomera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa masamba omwe amatayika akamadya macrophyte, fennel, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukula kwamadziwe pakatikati.
Whooper Swan Guard
Chithunzi: Whooper swan wochokera ku Red Book
Kutetezedwa kwalamulo kwa ma swoper swans posaka kunayambitsidwa m'malo ndi mayiko omwe sangakwanitse (mwachitsanzo, mu 1885 ku Iceland, mu 1925 ku Japan, mu 1927 ku Sweden, mu 1954 ku Great Britain, mu 1964 ku Russia).
Momwe lamuloli limakhazikitsidwira limasinthasintha, makamaka kumadera akutali.Komanso, mitunduyi imatetezedwa molingana ndi misonkhano yapadziko lonse monga European Community Directive yokhudza mbalame (mitundu ya Zakumapeto 1) ndi Berne Convention (mitundu ya Zakumapeto II). Anthu aku Iceland, Black Sea ndi West Asia nawonso akuphatikizidwa mgulu A (2) mu Pangano la Conservation of African and Eurasian Waterfowl (AEWA), lopangidwa pansi pa Convention on Migratory Species.
Zomwe zikuchitika poteteza mahule aopa ndi awa:
- malo okhala kwambiri amtunduwu amasankhidwa ngati madera omwe ali ndi chidwi mwasayansi komanso madera otetezedwa;
- Ndondomeko ya Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Management Scheme ndi Ndondomeko Yowona Zachilengedwe ikuphatikizapo njira zotetezera ndikusintha malo a whooper swans;
- kuyang'anira malo ofunikira pachaka malinga ndi pulani ya Wetland Bird Survey;
- kalembera wanthawi zonse.
Whooper swan - tsekwe lalikulu loyera, mlomo wake wakuda womwe uli ndi malo akulu achikaso amakona atatu. Ndi nyama zodabwitsa, zimakwatirana kamodzi kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo anapiye awo amakhala nawo nthawi yonse yachisanu. Masamba a Whooper amabala kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia ndipo amasamukira ku UK, Ireland, Southern Europe ndi Asia nthawi yachisanu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/07/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 nthawi ya 22:54
