Nkhandwe yakuda - woimira wamkulu wa banja la canine. Nyama yokongola, yamphamvu, imafanana ndi Galu Wam'busa waku East Europe, koma imawoneka yopepuka, yolumikizana. Nyama ndizanzeru kwambiri. Pulumutsani mwachangu ndikutsata mayendedwe. Mwa kupanga awiriawiri, amasamalira ana. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa mantha, amadzetsa ulemu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mmbulu Wofiirira
Nkhandwe wamba kapena imvi (yochokera ku Latin Canis lupus) ndi ya banja la canine. Pamodzi ndi mphalapala, nkhandwe ndi mitundu ina ingapo, amapanga mtundu wa mimbulu. Pakafukufuku wa DNA yawo, zidawululidwa kuti chinyama ndi kholo la agalu oweta, pomwe chachiwiri chimatengedwa ngati subspecies ya nkhandwe.
Wotchuka kwambiri wa chilombocho ndi Canis lepophagus, canine wokhala ndi chigaza chopapatiza chomwe chidalipo nthawi ya Miocene. Pambuyo poti mabolopages atha, pakupanga kusintha, C. lepophagus adakula kukula, chigaza chidakulanso. Zakale zakufa ku North America mwina ndi za kholo la mimbulu yonse yamakono.
Kanema: Grey Wolf
Mimbulu yoyamba imvi idayamba kuwonekera munthawi ya Pleistocene, pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni awiri zapitazo. Ena mwa iwo anali a priscolatrans a Canis, omwe pambuyo pake adasandulika kukhala C. mosbachensis, omwe kunja kwake akufanana kwambiri ndi mimbulu wamba masiku ano. Pafupifupi zaka 500,000 zapitazo, zidasinthika kukhala Canis lupus.
Munthawi ya Holocene, mitunduyi idakhazikika ku North America, komwe nkhandwe yoyipa idakhalako kale. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nyama yayikulu, nkhandwe yoopsa idazimiririka pafupifupi zaka zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo. Kuwoneka kwa nkhandwe imvi kunadzetsa mpikisano wa nyama zazing'ono komanso zopatsa chidwi, zomwe zidathandizira kuti zitheke.
Mitunduyi ili ndi ma subspecies 37 malinga ndi Mammal Species of the World ndipo 38 malinga ndi United Taxonomic Information Service, 13 mwa iwo adatha kale. Anthu ambiri kale amawerengedwa ngati subspecies, koma pambuyo pake adalumikizidwa chifukwa chakusowa kwamitundu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe imvi imawonekera
Wodya nyama wocheperako, wokhala ndi lamuloli lamphamvu, miyendo yayitali, amafota kwambiri. Khosi ndi lalifupi komanso lakuda, kumbuyo kuli kutsetsereka, mutu ndi wokulirapo wokhala ndi mphumi lonse, mphuno ndi wamfupi. Chovalacho ndi cholimba; mzera wakuda umadutsa mmbali mwa phirilo, wowonekera kwambiri mwa amuna. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa, wokhala ndi mithunzi ya bulauni komanso yofiira. Pamiyendo ndi m'mimba, utoto wake ndi wopepuka.
Mawonekedwe a thupi:
- kutalika kwa thupi - 100-160 cm;
- mchira kutalika - 30-50 cm;
- kutalika kufota - 75-90 cm;
- kulemera - 35-70 kg;
- kulemera mu chaka 1 - 20-30 makilogalamu.
Akazi ali pafupifupi 20% ocheperako komanso opepuka. Kukula kwake kumapangitsa nyamayo kukhala imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri m banja. Anthu amakula mpaka zaka 2.5-3. Pakadali pano, amalemera pafupifupi 50 kilogalamu. Anthu okhala ku Siberia ndi Alaska ndi okulirapo pang'ono, kulemera kwawo kumapitilira 70 kilogalamu.
Chinyama chimathamanga mutu mutu. Khutu limodzi limakhala tcheru kutsogolo, linalo kumbuyo. Mukamayenda, mchira umadzipendekera; ikathamanga, imakwezedwa kumbuyo kwake. Njirazi ndizofanana ndi za galu, koma zokulirapo zazikulu, zowoneka bwino. Kutalika kwa njirayo ndi masentimita 10-12. Mosiyana ndi zala za canine, zala za nkhandwe zimasungidwa mu "mpira".
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mukamayenda, makamaka mukamathamanga, nyama imaponda njirayo. Mapazi akumbuyo amatsata ndendende mapazi apambuyo. Zotsatira zimakonzedwa molunjika.
Chigaza ndi chachikulu, mphuno zake ndi zazikulu. M'kamwa muli mano 42 akuthwa, omwe amatha kupilira katundu wa ma megapascals 10. Kutaya mano kwa chilombo kumakhala koopsa ndipo kumabweretsa njala. Asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu yopitilira 10 yazosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe owonekera a chilombocho - mkwiyo, mkwiyo, zosangalatsa, kuopseza, chikondi, kukhala tcheru, mantha, bata.
Kodi nkhandwe imvi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mmbulu wamtchire m'nkhalango
Potengera malo okhala, nyama zomwe zidakhalapo m'mbuyomu zinkakhala zachiwiri pambuyo pa anthu. Awa anali ambiri akummwera kwa dziko lapansi. M'nthawi yathu ino, malo okhala mimbulu achepetsedwa kwambiri. Masiku ano, chilombochi ndichofala m'madera ambiri aku Europe, ku North America, Asia, ku Indian subcontinent.
Malire akumpoto a malowa ndi gombe la Arctic Ocean. Kumwera - madigiri 16 kumpoto. Nyama zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma zimasiyanitsa ma steppes, tundra, semi-chipululu, nkhalango. Madera a nkhalango zowirira amapewa. Ma subspecies akulu kwambiri amapezeka mumtunda, ang'onoang'ono amakhala kumadera akumwera.
M'madera amapiri, limakhala m'malo kuyambira kumapazi mpaka kumapiri a Alpine. Amakonda malo otseguka. Amatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Mu taiga, idafalikira pamalire a taiga. Nyama zimayika malire a malo awo ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe.
Gawo lokhalamo gulu limodzi ndi makilomita 30-60. Chakumapeto kwa kasupe-koyambirira kwa chilimwe, gululo likasweka, dera lomwe limakhalamo limagawanikanso. Dera labwino kwambiri limapita kwa banja lalikulu. Ku steppes ndi tundra, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza anthu akuyenda kumbuyo kwa ziweto kapena agwape.
Pakubereka ana, malo ogwiritsira ntchito zachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri - zitsamba zazitsamba, ming'alu yamiyala, maenje a nyama zina. Nthawi zina zolusa zimawakumba okha. Anawo atakula, banja limasiya kugwiritsa ntchito phanga; amakhala m'malo ena otetezeka kuti azibisala.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhandwe imvi imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mdani uyu amadya.
Kodi nkhandwe imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mmbulu wakuda m'nyengo yozizira
Mimbulu ndi nyama zolusa. Chakudya chimapezeka posaka mwachangu, kufunafuna ozunzidwa.
M'madera osiyanasiyana, mimbulu imadyetsa nyama zosiyanasiyana:
- tundra - mphalapala;
- Lamba wamtchire - nkhumba zakutchire, mphalapala, agwape, agwape;
- steppes ndi zipululu - antelopes.
Nthawi zambiri nyamayo imatha kugwidwa ikusaka ziweto - ng'ombe, nkhosa, akavalo, ndipo nthawi zina agalu. Pakalibe nyama yayikulu, hares, mbewa, ndi gopher amagwidwa. M'chilimwe sadzalephera kuwononga chisa cha mbalame ndikusangalala ndi mazira kapena anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zina amatha kutulutsa tsekwe zoweta pagulu.
Izi zimachitika kuti nyama yamphongo, nkhandwe, nkhandwe zimakhala nyama. Makamaka anthu anjala amatha kusokoneza chimbalangondo m'phanga. Sadzanyoza kudya mtembo wa ziweto, nyama zodwala, zofooketsedwa ndi ndewu, kuwomberedwa ndi alenje. Mu nyengo yanjala, amakonda kubwerera kuzotsalira za nyama.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe gulu la mimbulu lidapha chimbalangondo chaching'ono.
Pamphepete mwa nyanja, amadya mitembo ya zisindikizo zakufa zotsukidwa kumtunda. Nyama yanjala mosazengereza idzaukira achule, abuluzi, njoka kapena kachilomboka. Anthu akummwera amaphatikizapo zipatso, zipatso, ndipo nthawi zina bowa pazakudya zawo. M'mapiriwo, amakonza zowononga mavwende ndi mavwende kuti athetse ludzu lawo, ndikuwazunza nyengo yotentha. Kuphatikiza apo, samadya chivwende choyamba chomwe amakumana nacho, koma amaluma mpaka atapeza chakupsa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mmbulu Wofiirira
Zolusa zimayenda usiku. Amafuula mokweza posonyeza kupezeka kwawo. Mothandizidwa ndi izi, anthu amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kumtunda wautali, kulira kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwana wina ndi mnzake, kutenga ufulu pazinthu zawo, komanso kusamalira wokondedwa wawo wamtsogolo.
Posaka, mimbulu imachita zinthu mwakachetechete, osapanga mawu osafunikira. Mwa mphamvu zonse za zinyama, kumva ndi kotukuka kwambiri, ndikutsatira kununkhiza, kuwona - m'malo achitatu. Zosintha ndi magwiridwe antchito zimapangidwa bwino ndipo zimaphatikizidwa bwino ndi mphamvu, mphamvu, liwiro ndi zina zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka.
Mimbulu imangolira, komanso kulira, yap, kusisima, khungwa. Mu paketiyo, chizindikirocho kuti chiwonetsedwe chimaperekedwa ndi mtsogoleri. Enawo adayamba. Phokoso ili ndilofanana ndi kubangula kwa galu wokwiya wokonzeka kulipira. Kukuwa kwakukulu kumamveka madzulo kapena usiku, koma osati tsiku lililonse. Kukuwa pamodzi kumatanthauza chizindikiro chokhala mgulu la anthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Wolemba zachilengedwe F. Mowet adakumana ku tundra yaku Canada ndi Eskimo wotchedwa Utek, yemwe amamvetsetsa mawu amva omwe amatumizidwa ndi mimbulu.
Fungo limalola zolengedwa kuti zimve nyama mpaka makilomita atatu kutali. Mphuno zawo ndi zazikulu kakhumi ndi mphambu 14 kuposa zamunthu, koma kununkhira kwawo ndikwabwino kuposa 100. Anthu amasiyanitsa mitundu ya mamiliyoni 5 ya kununkhiza, pomwe mimbulu imasiyanitsa 200 miliyoni. Zambiri za chirombo zimabwera kudzera mu fungo.
Zowononga sizisaka pafupi ndi phanga lawo. Pofunafuna nyama, amayenda makilomita 8-10 kuchokera kwawo. Nyama zimatha kuthamanga 50-60 km / h. Usiku, amatha kuyenda makilomita 70-80. Kuti athandize, amafunika mamita 4 kuti apikisane pa liwiro lonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mmbulu wamtchire wamtchire
Mimbulu yakuda ndiyokwatirana. Ali ndi moyo wabanja. Gululo limakhala ndi anthu atatu kapena 40. Amakhala ndi alpha wamwamuna, wamkazi wa alpha, ana awo ndi abale. Awiriwo akhalapo mpaka m'modzi mwa anzawo atamwalira. Ana a zinyalala imodzi samakwerana; chibadwa chimawapangitsa kufunafuna anzawo a gulu lina.
Nthawi yoswana ndi Januware-Epulo. Momwe anzawo a alpha awiriwo amatetezerana mwaukali kwa anthu ena, mikangano imakulirakulira. Amuna amayenda mozungulira mimbulu imodzi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ndewu zazimayi, nthawi zambiri zimapha.
Akangopanga awiriwo, anzawowo nthawi yomweyo amayang'ana malo oyenera kubadwa nawo ana amtsogolo. Pakadali pano, amuna ndi akazi amakopana wina ndi mnzake, opaka mbali zawo. Mmbulu ukangoyamba kutentha, ma pheromones amabisidwa ndi mkodzo wake, kuwonetsa wamwamuna kuti akwatire.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Nthawi ina, kuyambira 3 mpaka 13 makanda obadwa amabadwa. Pakatha milungu iwiri, amayamba kuwona. Choyamba, anawo amadya mkaka wa amayi awo, kenako makolowo amawabwezeretsanso nyama. Kenako oberedwa amaphedwa. Gulu lonselo limagwira nawo ntchito imeneyi.
Pakutha chilimwe, ana amayamba kusaka. Ngakhale makolo amateteza ana awo mwachangu, ana 80% amamwalira mchaka choyamba. Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri, amuna azaka 3. Ukalamba umayamba zaka 10-12. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 15.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe imvi
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe imvi imawonekera
Zoyang'anira nkhalango zili ndi adani ochepa zachilengedwe. Kulimbana kumatha kuchitika pakati pa mimbulu ndi amphaka, zimbalangondo. Nthawi zina, ikasaka nyama zolusa zitha kuvulazidwa ndi mphalapala, njati kapena mahatchi. Njala ndi mdani wamkulu. Onse akulu ndi ana agalu amamwalira.
Koma chiwopsezo chachikulu chimachokera kwa anthu. M'mbuyomu, anthu amawopa adani chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza pamaso pawo. Koma tsopano, m'badwo wakutukuka kwachitukuko, mimbulu ikhala kunja kwa lamulo. Amawukira anthu kawirikawiri, kupatula ngati ali ndi chiwewe, koma amapikisana nawo pachakudya cha anthu, nthawi zina amalimbana ndi ziweto.
Podzitetezera, anthu amasaka nyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe sizodziwika ndi umunthu. Kusaka kumachitika mwachisangalalo, ndikuphatikizana ndi ma hound, ma greyhound, ziwombankhanga zagolide, mothandizidwa ndi misampha, kugwira mwachinyengo, kutsatira njanji, ndi mfuti.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zinyama zimatchedwa dongosolo la nkhalango pazifukwa. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwawo, kufalikira kwa miliri pakati pa nyama zina nthawi zambiri kumachitika.
M'mayiko ambiri, nyama zimakhala ndi chithunzi cholakwika. Mu Middle Ages, mimbulu imakhulupirira kuti imatumikira satana. Kuyambira kale, olanda nyama akhala ngwazi zoipa za nthano. Ma pretexts awa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kupha nyama. M'malo mwake, chiwonongeko chimakhala chovomerezeka ngati mimbulu ili ndi matenda a chiwewe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mmbulu Wofiirira
M'mayiko ena, nkhandwe yakuda ikuopsezedwa kuti ithe. Zambiri mwa izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mantha amunthu otaya ziweto. Chilombocho chili ndi poizoni wopanda chifundo ndikuwombera. Izi zidabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zolengedwa, chifukwa chake m'malo ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Minnesota, nkhandwe idadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Kusintha kwa malo kumathandizanso kuchepa kwa anthu. Ku Canada, Greece, Finland, Italy, Poland, Alaska, Middle East, boma lonselo limawerengedwa kuti ndi lolimba. Kupha nyama mopanda chilungamo komanso kuwononga malo okhala kukuopseza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu ku Hungary, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia, Romania.
Chiwerengero cha mitunduyo sichikudziwika. Ndizowonekeratu kuti ikuchepa mwachangu. Ngakhale ma subspecies ambiri amawerengedwa kuti atheratu, kuchuluka kwathunthu sikungalole kulowa mumtunduwu mu Red Book. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri amatetezedwa ndi Annex II wa Msonkhano wa CITES.
Mawerengero omaliza adachitika mu 1998. Ku Alaska, anthu okhazikika amalembetsa - 6-8 anthu. Pafupifupi 60 mimbulu yakuda imakhazikika ku Canada. Ku Russia, anthu 30,000 adalembetsa, ku Belarus - 2,000, China - 6,000, India - 1,600, Estonia - 500, Latvia - 900, Kazakhstan - 9,000, ndi zina zambiri.
Nkhandwe yakuda ali ndi chipiriro chapadera komanso amatha kusintha malo okhala. Nthano zambirimbiri zonena za nkhandwe zimapanga mtsogoleri wosatsutsika wa nyama.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/06/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 22:33
