Phalaphala - Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono yamtundu wopitilira, yomwe imadziwika pakati pa mbalame zina zokhala ndi chikasu chowala cha m'mawere ndi kumutu. Mbalameyi idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi kuyenerera ndi wasayansi wotchuka waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 18.
Mwa akatswiri odziwa za mbalame, bunting amadziwika pansi pa dzina lachilatini "citrinella", lomwe limatanthauza "mandimu" mu Chirasha. Monga mungaganizire, dzina lodabwitsali lidayamba chifukwa chachikaso cha mbalameyo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Oatmeal
Ngakhale kuti mbalameyi idalandira sayansi mu 1758, idadziwika kuyambira kale. Zotsalira zakale za mbalame ndi oatmeal mazira zidapezeka ku Germany ndipo zidayamba zaka za 5th BC.
Banja la anthu odutsa, omwe amaphatikizapo bunting, amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Komabe, mbalameyi ili ndi mikhalidwe yakeyomwe imasiyanitsa iyo ndi mpheta wamba.
Kanema: Oatmeal
Makhalidwe a oatmeal ndi awa:
- kukula kwa mbalameyo kuli mkati mwa 15-18 sentimita;
- kulemera kwa mbalame m'malo ake achilengedwe sikupitilira magalamu 30;
- amuna ndi akazi akuda mosiyanasiyana;
- pali nthenga zambiri zachikaso (nthawi zina zagolide) pachifuwa, pachibwano komanso pamwamba pamutu wa oatmeal;
- chifuwa cha mbalame chimatha kukhala chosiyanasiyana;
- Bunting ili ndi mchira wautali (mpaka masentimita 5), zomwe sizachilendo kwa ambiri odutsa.
Mbalameyi imasungunuka kawiri pachaka. Gawo loyamba la molting limachitika mchaka. Amuna amaphimbidwa ndi nthenga zachikaso zowala, zofunikira kukopa akazi. Chowala kwambiri chachimuna, kumakhala kosavuta kwa iye kukopa wamkazi kwa iye.
M'dzinja (pafupifupi Seputembala-Okutobala), utoto wowalawo umachoka ndipo nthenga zimasanduka zachikasu, pafupifupi zofiirira. M'nyengo yozizira, zimakhala zosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, popeza ali ndi mtundu wofanana.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe oatmeal amawonekera
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa kubetcherana kumadalira zazing'ono zomwe mbalamezo zimakhala. Masiku ano asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu 6 yayikulu ya oatmeal:
Bango. Mbali yapadera ya mbalame zamtunduwu ndikuti zimakhazikika ndikumanga zisa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'mbali mwake momwe muli bango kapena bango. Kwenikweni, apa ndi pomwe dzinali limachokera. Nthawi zambiri, kubetcherana kwa bango kumakhala kumwera kwa Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal) komanso m'maiko aku Africa monga Algeria, Morocco ndi Tunisia. Ndipo ngati mbalame zokhala ku Ulaya zikuwulukira ku Africa m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti anthu okhala ku Africa amakhala moyo wawo wonse m'malo amodzi, osadzidetsa nkhawa ndi maulendo ataliatali.
Kutentha. Mtundu wa oatmealwu umakhala m'malo omwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira. Polar bunting idawonedwa pakatikati pa Siberia ndi Mongolia. Mbalame yamtunduwu imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kocheperako (mpaka masentimita 12) komanso kudzichepetsa pakudya. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mafunde aku polar amathawira kumadera akumwera kwa China ndikubwerera kumalo awo azisaka kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi.
Mapira. Imodzi mwama subspecies ochulukirapo a oatmeal. Kulemera kwake kwa mbalameyo kumafika masentimita 50, ndipo kukula kwake kumatha kupitilira magalamu 20. Asayansi ena amakonda kuwona mapira ngati mitundu ina ya mbalame, koma oyang'anira mbalame ambiri amapitiliza kunena kuti mapira ndi mtundu wina wa mabulu. Chofunika kwambiri mbalame ndikuti amuna ndi akazi amphirawo samasiyana mtundu. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'dera la Krasnodar ku Russia ndi m'chigawo cha Rostov, komanso kumpoto kwa dziko la Africa.
Mawonekedwe achikaso. Mitundu yokhayo yolumikiza yomwe imamanga m'nkhalango za Siberia. Amadziwika ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu (kulemera mpaka magalamu 18) ndi mutu wakuda, pomwe nsidze zachikasu zimawonekera. M'nyengo yozizira, mabala achikasu amathamangira ku India kapena kuzilumba zotentha zaku China.
Remez. Imodzi mwamitundu yoyipa kwambiri ya oatmeal. Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mbalame ndi nkhalango za Scandinavia ndi gawo la Europe ku Russia, ndipo nthawi yozizira imawulukira ku South Asia. Mbalame zina zamtunduwu zimatha kuuluka pafupifupi makilomita 5,000 pamwezi! Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndiwachilendo kwambiri. Remez oatmeal ili ndi mutu wakuda ndi khosi loyera bwino, lomwe limasiyana ndi mtundu wa nthenga zonse.
Oatmeal wamba. Amakhala m'chigawo chonse cha Eurasia, kupatula zigawo za arctic ndi mapiri omwe ali pamwamba pa kilomita imodzi. Chodziwika bwino cha ma subspecies awa a buntings ndikuti ndimakhalidwe oyendayenda. Mwachidule, kaya mbalame zimauluka nthawi yachisanu kapena ayi zimadalira malo awo.
Mwachitsanzo, ma buntunt omwe amakhala ku Russia amathawira nthawi yayitali ku Spain kapena mayiko aku Africa, pomwe omwe amakhala ku Crimea kapena Sochi samathawa nthawi yozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe oatmeal amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene mbalameyi imakhala.
Kodi oatmeal amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Oatmeal ku Russia
Mbalame ndizofala kumayiko onse (kupatula Antarctica), koma ambiri amakhala ku Europe, Russian Federation ndi New Zealand.
Zosangalatsa: Mpaka zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, kunalibe oatmeal ku New Zealand. Anabweretsedwa mwadala, koma palibe amene amaganiza kuti mbalame zingachuluke mofulumira kwambiri. Nyengo yozizira modabwitsa ku New Zealand, kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi madzi komanso kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa adani achilengedwe - zonsezi zidathandizira kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalame kukukulirakulira, kusuntha ma budgies ndi mbalame.
Ngakhale mikhalidwe yovuta yachilengedwe siyopinga kwa mbalame zokonda moyo izi. Zokwanira kunena kuti amakhala kudera la Kola Peninsula, Denmark ndi Finland, ndipo madera ndi mayiko amenewa ndiotchuka chifukwa cha nyengo yayitali komanso nyengo yachilimwe.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mbalame zakhala zikuyenda bwino kumapiri a Caucasus komanso ku Krasnodar Territory ku Russia. Malo osungirako zachilengedwe ambiri am'mapiri a Caucasus komanso nyengo yotentha m'derali ndiabwino kupikisanapo. Mbalamezi zinakhazikika mwachangu m'mbali yonse ya Caucasus mpaka kumapiri a Iran.
Kufalikira mwachangu kwa malo okhala mbalame kumathandizidwa ndikuti kubetcherana sikuwopa anthu ndipo amatha kupanga chisa ngakhale kufupi ndi njanji ndi mizere yamagetsi yamagetsi.
Kodi oatmeal amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame Bunting
Oatmeal samasankha chakudya. Amadyetsa mbewu zambiri zambewu ndi mbewu za forage mofanana.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimakonda:
- tirigu;
- phala;
- balere;
- mbewu zamasamba;
- mtola wobiriwira;
- lunguzi;
- chovala;
- yarrow;
- buluu.
Pofuna kusonkhanitsa bwino mbewu ndi mbewu, oatmeal imakhala ndi mlomo waufupi koma wamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyo idaphwanya ma spikelets mwachangu kwambiri ndikumeza mbewu. M'mphindi zochepa chabe, mbalameyi imatha kulimbana ndi spikelet ya tirigu kapena kusankha mbewu za chomera.
Kwa miyezi ingapo pachaka, oatmeal amafunikira chakudya chama protein, kenako mbalameyo imayamba kusaka tizilombo. Kuti igwire tizilombo tomwe timauluka, mbalameyi siyithamanga mothamanga mokwanira komanso mwaluso, ndipo ndi tizilombo tokha tomwe timakhala pansi timapeza chakudya. Bunting imagwira bwino ziwala, mayflies, caddisflies, akangaude apakatikati, nsabwe zamatabwa, mbozi ndi agulugufe osweka.
Kufunika kwa chakudya cha mapuloteni kumachitika chifukwa ndikofunikira kuyikira mazira ndikudyetsa anapiye. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zimayamba kugwira tizilombo pafupifupi mwezi umodzi zisanayike mazira. Chifukwa chake, amapereka mphamvu ya chipolopolo cha dzira ndikutsimikizira kukula kwa mazirawo.
Mbalame zazing'ono zikauluka kutali ndi chisa, kufunika kwa chakudya chama protein kumazimiririka ndipo oatmeal imasiya kugwira tizilombo, ndikusinthanso kudya zamasamba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Oatmeal panthambi
Oatmeal imakula bwino m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zazikulu, m'nkhalango zowonekera, komanso m'nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imapezeka m'mitsinje yamadzi osefukira, m'misewu ngakhale patali ndi zingwe zamagetsi. Oatmeal imakula bwino muudzu kapena m'tchire, momwe zimakhala zosavuta kubisala, kupanga chisa, kapena kupeza chakudya.
Oatmeal amadzidalira mumlengalenga, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo amatha kukwera pamwamba kwambiri. Koma pansi, mbalameyi siyikutayika. Imayenda msanga pamtunda, imatha kuyenda mwachangu posaka chakudya ndipo imachedwa kupilira ikamagwira tizilombo. Oatmeal amafulumira kuzolowera munthu ndipo satayika konse pamaso pake. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimatha kuwuluka kupita kuminda yamasamba, nyumba zazing'ono za chilimwe ngakhale m'mizinda, ngati pangafunike kutero.
Mbalame zimathera tsiku lonse kufunafuna chakudya, chifukwa chake kubetcherana nthawi zambiri kumapezeka mu tchire kapena muudzu. Kukwapula sikukuyenda mbalame, amakhala chaka chonse awiriawiri, koma amakhala moyandikana wina ndi mnzake, nthawi zina amakonza zisa mita zochepa.
Pokhapokha pakadutsa olamulirawo, kumenyanako kumakhamukira m'magulu a mbalame 40-50 ndikupita kumayiko ofunda. Nthawi zambiri, kukwatirana kumalumikizana ndi mbalamezo ndikuyenda nawo maulendo ataliatali.
Chosangalatsa: Kukwapula amuna ndi kwawo koyamba kuchoka pamalo obisalira, koma nawonso ndi oyamba kubwerera. Akazi amangouluka patadutsa masiku ochepa (ndipo nthawi zina milungu), ndipo sizikudziwika kuti izi zikugwirizana bwanji.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bunting Wachikaso
Kubera njuchi ndi mbalame zosowa zomwe zimatha kubala ana awiri pa nyengo. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi kanthawi kochepa kokometsera mazira komanso kuchepa kwa anapiye, omwe amafulumira kukhala pamapiko.
Amphongo ndiwo oyamba kubwerera kumalo obisalako, ndipo nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika ngakhale chisanu choyamba chisanasungunuke. Pakatha milungu ingapo, zazikazi zimabwerera ndipo awiriawiri amayamba kupanga. Mbalame sizikhala ndi ubale wokhazikika, ndipo mwalamulo, kubetcherana kumapanga awiriawiri chaka chilichonse.
Kuti akope akazi, amuna samangogwiritsa ntchito nthenga zachikaso zowala, komanso kuimba mokweza, mokweza. Nthawi zambiri, awiriwo amapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa Meyi ndipo amayamba kumanga chisa limodzi. Udzu wamtali, zitsamba komanso madera omwe amasungidwa ndi dzuwa amasankhidwa ngati malo okhala.
Munthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi kukhwima kwa anapiye, kubetcherana kumakhala moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri ndipo kumakhala kovuta kuwatsata ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera. Anapiye amaswa m'mazira patatha milungu iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, samakhala amaliseche, koma okutidwa ndi fluff, omwe amasintha kukhala nthenga pambuyo pa milungu ingapo.
Amuna okha ndi omwe amachita kudyetsa banja, chifukwa wamkazi amakhala nthawi yayitali pachisa. Ndipakati panthawiyi pomwe kumayang'anizana kusaka tizilombo ndikubweretsa ku chisa. Poyamba, yamphongo imadyetsa anapiyewo ndi chakudya chosokedwa mu khosi lotupa, koma pakatha milungu ingapo imabweretsa nyama yonseyo.
Pakangotha mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene abadwa, anapiye amaima pamapiko ndipo pang'onopang'ono amayamba kupeza chakudya paokha. Popanda kuyembekezera anapiye kuti atuluke m'chisa, chachimuna ndi chachikazi chimayamba masewera atsopano oswana ndikukonzekera kuswana ana achiwiri.
Adani achilengedwe obetcherana
Chithunzi: Momwe oatmeal amawonekera
Mbalameyi ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Makamaka, nyama zolusa monga akabawi, kite, gyrfalcons ndi akadzidzi amasaka kulumikiza. Chifukwa chakuti kulumikiza sikuchepera kwambiri mlengalenga, kumakhala kosavuta kwa osaka mlengalenga. Oatmeal imapulumutsidwa kokha mosamala, kutha kubisala mu tchire ndi udzu wamtali, komanso chifukwa choti mbalameyo sikukwera kwambiri.
Pansi, phala amadikirira kuti awonongeke. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa chisa cha mbalame ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yonse yodya nyama (kuphatikizapo amphaka oweta) amatha kudya mazira kapena anapiye. Nthawi zambiri, nkhandwe ndi mbira zimasaka zisa zikudya ndikudya mazira ndi anapiye. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, mbalame sizingapewe izi mwanjira iliyonse, ngakhale yamphongo imayesetsa kuteteza malo okhala.
Mankhwala amakono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ogulitsira amathanso kuwononga nkhuku. Kudyetsa tirigu wothandizidwa ndi mankhwala, mbalame zimapatsidwa poizoni ndikufa zisanasiye ana.
Chosangalatsa: M'zaka zaposachedwa, anthu abweretsa mavuto ambiri ku oatmeal. Oatmeal wokazinga amawerengedwa kuti ndi achilendo ndipo ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'malesitilanti ambiri aku Europe. Popeza mbalameyi imakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, timayiyika m'khola lomwe laikidwa m'chipinda chamdima. Mukapanikizika, oatmeal imayamba kudya mosalekeza ndipo m'masiku ochepa imakulitsa kulemera kwake katatu.
Kenako mbalameyo imira mu vinyo wofiira ndikuwotcha kwathunthu ndi matumbo. Mtengo wa mbalame yokazinga ngati imeneyi itha kukhala mpaka mayuro 200!
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame Bunting
Chiwerengero chenicheni chobetcherana sichikudziwika kwa akatswiri azakuthambo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koipa, pali anthu kuyambira 30 mpaka 70 miliyoni padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake kusowa kapena kutsika kwakukulu kwa mbalame sikuwopsezedwa.
Koma pazaka 10 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zisaona ku Europe kwatsika kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalame zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, ku France, mbalame zonse zinagwidwa mokakamizidwa, ndipo kwa zaka zingapo oatmeal inali pamndandanda wazodyera zonse zotsogola mdzikolo. Malinga ndi asayansi, 50-60 zikwi oatmeal amadya pachaka, ndipo izi zimachedwetsa kukula kwa anthu onse.
Mu 2010, chilengezo chapadera chidalandiridwa m'maiko a EU, malinga ndi zomwe zaletsedwa:
- gwirani oatmeal wonenepa ndi kupha pambuyo pake;
- kuwononga zisa za mbalame kapena kuzisonkhanitsa kuti zisonkhanitse;
- kugula ndi kugulitsa mbalame;
- pangani mafuta oatmeal.
Izi zidachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma buntunt omwe agwidwa, koma sizinateteze mbalame zonse. M'madera ena a France, mbalame zamtunduwu zakhala zosowa ndipo sizinapezeke. Mokulira, madera osakhalamo a Siberia ndi Mongolia ndi amodzi mwa madera ochepa omwe kubetcherana kumakhala kotetezeka ndipo sikuwopsezedwa ndi china chilichonse kupatula adani achilengedwe opangidwa ndi chilengedwe chomwecho.
Phalaphala khalani ndi utoto wowala kwambiri ndipo mumadziwika ndi kuimba kosangalatsa komanso kosangalatsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndiopindulitsa kwambiri potchera tizilombo tovulaza komanso kudya mbewu za udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, oatmeal amatha kusungidwa kunyumba ngati mbalame yanyimbo, ndipo idzakusangalatsani ndi kuyimba kwake kwazaka zingapo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/06/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 nthawi ya 22:26
